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Srijantripathireport 150324061518 Conversion Gate01 PDF
Srijantripathireport 150324061518 Conversion Gate01 PDF
Submitted
in partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the work, which is being presented in the Practical
Training Seminar report for practical training taken at 220kv G.S.S
ALLAHABAD CANTT(UP),10/06/2014 to10/07/2014 submitted by Mr
SRIJAN TRIPATHI a student of fourth year (VII Sem) B.Tech. in
Electrical Engineering as a partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology is a record of student’s work carried out and
found satisfactory for submission.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/I)
Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the practical training seminar,
entitled “220 K.V GRID SUBSTATION ALLAHABAD CANTT (U.P)”in partial
fulfillment for the award of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Electrical Engineering,
submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Arya College of Engineering
&Research Centre, Rajasthan Technical University is a record of my own work carried under
the Guidance of Mr. A.K.Singh (G.S.S,).
I have not submitted the matter presented in this Report anywhere for the award of any other
Degree.
(Signature of Candidate)
SRIJAN TRIPATHI
11EAYEE049
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/III)
Acknowledgement
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our Practical Training Guide
Mr.A.K.Singh & Mr. Chandra Mohan, 220kv Substation, UPPTCL, Cantt Allahabad.
For guiding me from the inception till the completion of the project. We sincerely
acknowledge him for giving his valuable guidance, support for literature survey, critical
reviews and comments for our Project.
We would like to first of all express our thanks toDr. Pooja Agarwal, Director of Arya
Main Campus,for providing us such a great infrastructure and environment for our overall
development.
We express sincere thanks to Prof(Dr.)I C Sharma the Principal of ACERC, for his kind
cooperation and extendible support towards the completion of our project.
Words are inadequate in offering our thanks to Mr. Deepak Sharma, H.O.D of EE
Department, for consistent encouragement and support for shaping our project in the
presentable form.
We also express our deepest thanks to Mr. Avdesh Agarwal for his support in providing
technical requirement and fulfilling our various other requirements for making our project
success.
We also like to express our thanks to all supporting EE faculty members who have been a
constant source of encouragement for successful completion of the project.
Also our warm thanks to Arya College of Engineering &Research Centre, who provided
us this opportunity to carryout, this prestigious Project and enhance our learning in various
technical fields.
Srijan Tripathi
11EAYEE049
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/IV)
Abstract
Substation is situated nearby ALLAHABAD CANTT. It is 1km away from city, the
substation is equipped with various equipments and here are various arrangements for the
protection purpose.
The equipments in the G.S.S. are listed previously.
At this substation following feeders are established.
220 KV G.S.S CANTT is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution substation as
well it has not only step down station but also the distribution work.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/V)
LIST OF FIGURES
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/VI)
TABLE LIST
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/VII)
SYMBOLS
1 TWO WINDING
TRANSFORMER
2 THREE WINDING
TRANSFORMER
3 AUTO TRANSFORMER
4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
5 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
7 REACTOR
8 LIGHTENING ARRESTER
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/VIII)
CONTENTS
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-2015/PTS/XI)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 U.P.P.T.C.L.
Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Co-operation Limited a company under the Companies
Act, 1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "UTTAR PRADESH POWER
TRANSMISSION CO- OPERATION LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its
Registered Office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, has been established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of
UTTAR PRADESH under the provisions of the UTTAR PRADESH Power Sector Reform act
1999 as the successor company of UPPTCL. The UPPTCL has granted UPPTCL a license for
transmission and bulk supply vide UPPTCL/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001
dated 30.4.2001 to function as Transmission and Bulk Supply Licensee in the State.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/1)
Under the provision of the Electricity Act, 2003, UPPTCL has been declared as State
Transmission Utility (STU) by Govt. of UTTAR PRADESH. Section 39(1) of this act,
prohibits the STU to undertake business of trading of electricity, however UPPTCL continued
its function of transmission of bulk power from generating stations to inter-phase point of
Discoms from 1st April 2004. Now the Distribution Companies are directly contracting with
Generating Companies in accordance to the share allocated by the State Government. UTTAR
PRADESH Power Procurement Cell (UPPPC) has been established for purchase of power on
behalf of Discoms.
UPPTCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art
technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the
country.UPPTCL provides the pathway for power within whole of UTTAR PRADESH.
UPPTCL owns, builds, maintains and operates the high-voltage electrical transmission system
that helps to keep the lights on, businesses running and communities strong. UPPTCL also
owns the shared generating projects as representative of erstwhile UPEB.
Our customers include electricity generators, distribution companies and open access
consumers who count on UPPTCL to deliver power from the location of generation to inter-
phase point of Discoms enabling them to supply where it's needed in the homes and
businesses they serve. Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these
customers. As a public utility whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity
to millions of electricity users, UPPTCL has following duties and responsibilities:
1. Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.
2. Planning and co-ordination relating to intra-state transmission with all concerned
agencies such as CTU, State Govt., generating companies, licensees, Regional Power
Committees etc.
3. Ensuring development of an efficient, co-ordinate and economical system of intra-state
transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
4. Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of
transmission charges.
5. Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any other
authority is established by the State Govt.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/2)
Now UPPTCL is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company" .UTTAR PRADESH POWER
TRANSMISSION CO-OPERATION LIMITED which will be the transmission Company and
three regional distribution companies namely Uttar PradeshVidyutVitaran Nigam Ltd.
The Transmission Company will own and operate all the 400kV, 220 kV, 132kV and
electricity lines and system in State and will also be responsible for procuring power.
The three Distribution Companies will operate and maintain the electricity system below 132
kV in the state and their respective areas.
Along these transmission lines secondary substation are created where voltage is further
stepped down to sub transmission and primary distribution voltage.
A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical
energy from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a
substation is an intermediate link between the generating station and consumer.
For economic transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the
generated voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this
purpose substations are installed. The normal voltages for transmission are 400 kV, 220 kV,
132 kV and for distribution 33 kV, 11 kV etc.
Electricity boards are setup in all states of India which are responsible for:-
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
They also construct, install and maintain all the station made for these purpose. In UTTAR
PRADESH U.P.P.T.C.L is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical power all
over UTTAR PRADESH. It has its own generating station and it’s also gets power from
various other stations also. Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over UTTAR
PRADESH with the help of grid stations. Depending on the purpose, substations may be
classified as:-
1. Step up substation
2. Primary grid substation
3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/3)
5. Bulky supply and industrial substation
6. Mining substation
7. Mobile substation
8. Cinematograph substation
The control room is equipped with protective relays, ammeters, voltmeters, energy meters and
frequency and power factor meters. D.C. supply is heart of GSS batteries are used for this
purpose. They have separate charging circuit also. For communication purpose P.L.C.C. is
used which has its various components.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/4)
power . The main bus is connected to jack bus .This gives way to feeders transmitting power
to 11 feeders 0f 33KV.
220 KV INCOMING/ OUTGOING FEEDERS
1. REWAROAD LINE
2. FATEHPURLINE
132 KV OUTGOINGFEEDERS
1. REWAROAD LINE
2. MANURI LINE
33 KV OUTGOING FEEDERS
1. KENDRANCHAL
2. KHUSROBAGH
3. NEW MES
4. WESTEND -I
5. KANPUR ROAD
6. WESTEND- II
7. KARELI - II
8. KARELI - I
9. N.C.R
10. I.I.I.T
11. KASARI MASARI
220 KV G.S.S , is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution substation as well it has
not only step down station but also the distribution work.
The electrical work in a substation comprises of
1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.
2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of circuit breaker.
5. Selection of lightning arrestor [LA].
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/5)
6. Selection of rating of power transformer.
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthling grids and protection against lightening strokes.
10. Auxiliaries.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/6)
Fig1.2:- Single Line Diagram Of 220 KV GSS , ALLAHABAD CANTT
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/7)
CHAPTER 2
POWER TRANSFORMER
A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the voltage
is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa. Power transformer are called
autotransformer fitted with a on load tap changer [OLTC]
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/9)
Continuous rating KVA 50000/70000/100000
Customer's order No. & date P.O. No. RSEB/SE/SSPC/E3A2/TN.2409/
EMCO/ NO. 2446 dated 10/11/95.
W.O. No. and Sr. No. HT-1362/11674
Phases 3
Frequency 50 Hz.
Normal voltage ratio at No Load 220/132/11 KV
Connections Star/Star (Auto)/Delta
Vector Group Y
Tapping’s on HV +10% to -15% of HV in 1.25% steps on HV
for HV variation.
Type of tap changer OLTC Type 3-x DI 500 star.
150/150-12233 W (HHE Make)
Details of CT HV WTICT, class 5, 10 VA/308.8/1.8A
LV WTICH, class 5,10 VA/437.4/1.8A
HV Protection CT, 600/1A, Class P5
LV Protection CT, 600/1A, Class P5
Cooling ONAN/ONAF/OFAF
Terminal Arrangement HV 245 kV/800 A, OIP Condenser
bushing with 600 BCT.
IV Bushing 145 kV/800 A O.I.P. Condenser
busing with 300 BCT 36 kV/2000 A Neutral
bushing Short stem type.
Total weight of transformer 128430 kg.
Weight/Quantity of oil 43430 kg/48800 Liters
Untankling weight 55000 kg.
Untanking height 9000 mm
Transport weight 68000 kg. (Without oil)
Table 2.1Specification of plant transformer
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/10)
2.2 CORE
Magnetic circuit is a three limbed care type construction; each limp being interleaved with
miter joints with top and bottom yokes the winding surrender with three limbs. The lamination
are made from high grade cooled rolled grain oriented alloy steel. The insulation on
lamination is varnish.
The cooling ducts are provided parallel to the plane of laminations the yoke are clamped with
by means of clamping per sling plate.
They are clamped with bolts for lifting the core with 8 lighting blotters are provided insulated
from each other to withstand a pressure of 2 kV, 50 c/s AC for one minute.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/11)
CHAPTER 3
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformer is used for monitoring the current for the purpose of measuring and
protection. They can be classified as dead tank inverter type. The dead tank current
transformer accommodates the secondary core inside the tank, which is at the ground
potential. The insulated primary passes through the porcelain and the tank and the terminals
into the top chamber. The primary used in such types of construction is of ‘U’ type. The
inserted secondary cores are insulated to the system voltage and hence inside the top chamber
which is at the line potential. Before commissioning of the current transformer the earthing of
the power terminal and base is essential, otherwise excessive high voltage appears at the
power factor terminals and leads to heavy spark. The secondary terminal of the core should be
short circuited and earthed which are not in use otherwise excessive high voltage will be
developed across the current transformer secondary. The current transformer should always be
in vertical position so that gas forming at the top does not enter the insulated part. The current
transformer actually steps down the current so that it can be measured by standard measuring
instrument. There are three current transformers in each feeder. The current transformers are
inserted into energy incoming and outgoing feeder from 220 kV systems for measurement.
The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with the line
carrying the current to be measured and therefore the primary current is not determined by the
load on the secondary of the current transformer. The primary consists of a very few turns and
there is no appreciable voltage across it. The secondary consists of a very large number of
turns. The ammeter or wattmeter current coil is connected directly across the secondary
terminals thus a current transformer operates its secondary nearly under short circuit
conditions. The secondary circuit is connected to ground in many cases.
Instrument transformers perform two important functions: they serve to extend the range of
the measuring instrument, much as the shunt or the multiplier extends the range of the dc
ammeter. They also serve to isolate the measuring instrument from the high voltage power
line. The primary winding of the current line transformer is connected directly to the load
circuit, while the secondary is open circuited. The voltage across the open terminal can be
very high (because of the step up ratio) and could easily break down the insulation between
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/12)
the secondary windings. The secondary winding of a current transformer should therefore
always be short circuited or connected to a relay coil.
2. Now a day mostly separate current transformers units are used instead of bushing
mounting CT’s on leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and the base
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/13)
should be earthed properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain on
the terminal.
3. When connecting the jumpers. Mostly secondary connections are taken to junction
boxes where star delta formation is connected for three phases and final leads taken to
protection /metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit
remaining opens as it leads to extremely high voltages which ultimately damage the
CT itself.
4. Current transformers can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and
the electrical inputs for the operation of protective relays associated with the
transmission anddistribution circuits or for power transformers. These current
transformers have the primary winding connected in series with the conductor carrying
the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary winding is thus insulated from
the high voltage and can then be connected to low-voltage metering circuits.
5. Current transformers are also used for street lightning circuits. Street lightning requires
a constant current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is used to
provide that constant current. In this case the current transformer utilizes a moving
secondary coil to vary the output so that a constant current is obtained.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/14)
CHAPTER 4
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER/CVT
A potential transformer (P.T.) is used to transform high voltage of power line to a lower value,
which is in the range of an AC voltmeter or the potential coil of an AC voltmeter.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/15)
4.2.1 DESCRIPTION
The capacitive voltage transformer comprises of a capacitor divider with its associated
electromagnetic unit. The divider provides an accurate proportioned voltage, while the
magnetic unit transforms this voltage, in both magnitude and phase to convenient levels
suitable for measuring, metering, protection etc. All WSI capacitor units have metallic bellows
to compensate the volumetric expansion of oil inside. The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the
potential points are electrically tied and suitably shielded to overcome the effect of corona
RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are available for system voltages of 33 kV to 420
kV.
4.2.2 APPLICATION
1. Capacitive voltage transformers can be effectively as potential. Sources for measuring,
metering, protection, carrier communication and other vital functions of an electrical
network.
2. CVT are constructed in single or multi unit porcelain housing with their associated
magnetic units. For EHV system cuts are always supplied in multi unit construction.
3. In case of EHV cuts the multi unit system has many advantages easy to transport and
storing, convenience in handling.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/16)
4.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
The electromagnetic potential transformers are used for the system voltages up to or below
132 kV, due to the economic aspects. The basic principle of these transformers is same as
power transformers. The high alternating voltages are reduced in a fixed proportion for the
measurement purpose with the help of electromagnetic type potential transformer. These are
extremely accurate ratio step down transformer. The windings are low power rating windings.
Primary winding consist of large number of turns while secondary has less number of turns
and usually rated for 110 V, irrespective of the primary voltage rating. The potential
transformer used larger core and conductor sizes compared to conventional power
transformer.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/17)
CHAPTER 5
BUS-BARS
If the bus-bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure heights are low and minimum
clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus-bars suitable ACSR conductors are
strung/tensioned strain by tension insulator discs according to system voltages. In the widely
used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 kg depending upon the size of
conductor used and tensioning is manual by means of rope pulleys or by pull lifts. It may also
with the help of tractors.
Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus bars
would affect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators.
Clamps or even affect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions.
The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition
damaging the bus bars itself.
The bus bar is provided with lightening protection to safeguard the equipment against direct
stroke by providing aerial earth wire giving a protection at 30 degree i.e. height and earth wire
such that all the equipment and bus bar should be covered with in this 30 degree.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/18)
5.1 BAR BUS ARRANGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPES
WHICH ARE BEING ADOPTED BY U.P.P.T.C.L
1. Single bus bar arrangement.
2. Double bus bar arrangement.
a. Main bus with transformer bus.
b. Main bus-l with Main bus-ll.
3. Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.
5.3 DOUBLE BUS BAR / CONTAINTS MAIN BUS-I WITH MAIN BUS-ll
ARRANGEMENTS
This scheme has two bus bar so that-
1. Each load may be fed from either bus.
2. The load circuits may be divided in two separate groups if needed from operational
consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance and cleaning of insulators.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/19)
This arrangement has been quite frequently adopted where the loads and continuity of supply
is necessary. In such a scheme a bus coupler breaker is mostly provided as it enables on load
change over from one bus to other.
The normal bus selection isolators cannot be used for breaking load currents. The arrangement
does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of supply.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/20)
CHAPTER 6
ISOLATORS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
When to carry out inspection or repair in the substation installation a disconnection switch is
used called isolator. Its work is to disconnect the unit or section from all other line parts on
installation in order to insure the complete safety of staff working. The isolator works at no
load condition. Theydo not have any making or breaking capacity.
Isolators are used to isolate the bus when it is not in working condition. If the bus is to be
Isolators are also called as disconnect switches or air break switches. Shut down then it is
isolated from the main bus. The moving and fixed contacts is done so that all the three phase
of the isolator close and open simultaneously and there is a full surface contact between
moving and fixed contacts. The adjustment of the tendon pipes, leveling of post isolator, stops
Holts in the fixed contacts etc. are done for smooth operation of isolator. Isolators are
provided at both ends of the bus. There are ten isolators provided at 400 kV substations.
Following type of isolator provided at 400 kV substations.
Following type of isolator are being used in R.S.E.B
a. Isolator without earth blades.
b. Isolator with earth blades.
c. Tendon isolator
On fundamental basis the isolating switches can broadly divided into following categories
1. Bus isolator
2. Line isolator cum earthing switch
4. Transformer isolating switch.
6.2 OPERATION
The operation of an isolator may be hand operated without using any supply or may be power
operated which uses externally supplied energy switch which is in the form of electrical
energy or energy stored in spring or counter weight.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/21)
In a horizontal break, center rotating double break isolator, 3 strokes are found. Poles are
provided on each phase. The two strokes on side are fixed and center one is rotating. The
center position can rotate about its vertical axis at an angle of 90. In closed position, the
isolating stroke mounts on galvanized steel rolled frame. The three poles corresponding to 3
phases are connected by means of steel shaft.
Isolators are of two types -
1. Single pole isolator
2. Three pole isolator
.
Figure 6.1:- Isolators
6.3 RATING OF SOME ISOLATOR
1. Air breaker isolator
Table 6.3.1.
Type VLE
Short time amperes 40 ka/sec
Auxiliary voltage 220 v dc
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/22)
2. Air breaker isolator
Table 6.3.2.
Type Main
Volt 420 Kv
Rated amps 2000 amp
Impulse voltage 1425 Kv
Auxiliary voltage 220 v dc
6.4 PARTS
1. Contacts: Contacts are liberally rated and have been designed to with stand
electromagnetic stresses and preventing shattering at rated short time current. The
contact is made out of electrolytic copper, fixed in co housing.
2. Switch plans: All the three phases of switch are cleaned open or closed simultaneously
with provision of adjustable tendon pipe connected to towers provided at the center
pedes
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/23)
CHAPTER 7
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Breakers are switching and current interrupting devices. Basically a Circuit breaker comprises
a set of fixed and movable contacts. The contacts can be separated by means of an operating
an arc. The arc is extinguished by a suitable medium such as dielectric oil vacuum, SF6 gas.
The circuit breakers play an important role in the design and performance of a power system,
in that these are the key pieces of apparatus protecting the system and thus ensure continuity
of supply from consideration of cost, the circuit breakers represent a major items, and are next
only to the generator and transformer, since their quantity is greater than that of
generators/transformer in a power system owing to the services required for control of
transmission lines, bus-bar etc. in addition to control of transformers and generator.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/24)
(iv) Sulphurehexafloride(SF6).
(v) Vacuum Circuit Breakers.
ADVANTAGES:-
1. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent cooling
properties.
2. It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and
earthed components.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1. It’s inflammable and there is risk of fire.
2. It may form an expulsive mixture with air.
3. The arcing products remain in the oil and it reduces the quality of oil after several
operations.
4. This necessities periodic checking and replacement of oil.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/25)
The contacts of bulk oil breakers may be of the plain-break type, where the arc is freely
interrupted in oil, or enclosed within arc controllers. Plain-break circuit breakers consist
mainly of a large volume of oil contained in a metallic tank. Arc interruption depends on the
head of oil above the contacts and the speed of contact separation. The head of oil above the
arc should be sufficient to cool the gases, mainly hydrogen, produced by oil decomposition. A
small air cushion at the top of the oil together with the produced gases will increase the
pressure with a subsequent decrease of the arcing time.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/26)
SF6 breakers the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. At the moment the contacts
are opened, a small amount of gas is compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish it.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/27)
early 1960’s size due to different technical developments in this field of engineering. The
contact geometry is also improving with time, from butt contact of early days it gradually
changes to spiral shape, cup shape and axial magnetic field contact. The vacuum circuit
breaker is today recognized as most reliable current interruption technology for medium
voltage system. It requires minimum maintenance compared to other circuit breaker
technologies.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/28)
CHAPTER 8
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
8.1INTRODUCTION
The lightning arrester (or) the lightning conductor is a commonly used device which is used to
protection a substation is essential:
1. Protection for transmission line from direct strokes.
2. Protections of power station or substation from direct stroke.
3. Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves.
4. Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent
lighting from striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facilities
over insulated structure.
8.2 PRINCIPLE
Lightning arrestor is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical apparatus
viz., transformer from overhead voltages and lighting. When electrostatic induction then the
negative charge is however presented right under the cloud and portion of the line away from
the cloud becomes positively right under the charge on the line does not flow.
The positive charge on the far and flows to the earth through insulators, thus leaving the
negative charge on the line directly under the cloud. Now assume due to the direct discharge
occurring between this clouds and passing by negative charge cloud the charge in the cloud
becomes neutralized, then the charge on the line is no more bound charge and is free to travel
on both direction in the form of waves. These travelling waves will be of light magnitude and
have steep wave form, which can damage the unprotected equipment connected to the line.
These waves are passed to the earth through the lightning arrestors.
It consist of a isolator in series and connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward and
short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to earth is decreased to zero.
The lightning arrestor protects the structure from damage by intercepting flashes of lightning
and transmitting their current to the ground. Since lightning strikes tend to strike the highest
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/29)
object in the vicinity, the rod is placed at the apex of a tall structure. It is connected to the
ground by low-resistance cables. In the case of a building, the soil is used as the ground, and
on a ship, water is used. A lightning rod provides a cone of protection, which has a ground
radius approximately, equal to its height above the ground. Surges due to lightning are mostly
injected into the power system through long cross-country transmission lines. Substation
apparatus is always well shielded against direct lightning strokes. The protection of
transmission lines against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent lightning from striking the
electrical conductors .Terminal equipment at the substation is protected against by surge
diverters, also called surge arrester or lightning arresters.
Earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical system against direct
lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection against travelling waves, which may reach
the terminal apparatus.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/30)
8.3.1. FUNCTION
The working of a lightning arrestor can be explained either with a positively charged cloud
commonly called "male cloud" or with a negatively charged cloud commonly called "female
cloud". Consider a negatively charged cloud which passes over the building with a lightning
arrestor. Due to the negative charge of the cloud, positive charges are induced to the sharp
spikes which are at the top of the building. Now, due to the principle of action of points,
leakage of the positive charges from the sharp spikes occurs so that the nearby atoms in the
space are ionized into positive and negative charges. Now, the positive charges in the sharp
spikes repel the newly formed positive ions and these ions try to neutralize the negative charge
of the cloud. If the negative charges are not completely neutralized, these charges due to the
attraction of the positive charges in the sharp spikes are passed through the copper rod to the
ground where they are earthed. Thus, the intensity of lightning can be reduced thus saving the
building from its destructive attack. A lightning conductor can save its surroundings for more
than half a kilometer from the attack of lightning.
Lightening arrestor are provided between the line and earth provided the protection against
traveling wave surge the thyrite lightening arrestor are provided at GSS.
This type of LA has a basic cell made of thirties, which is a particular type of clay, mixed with
carborendum. Thirties has a particular property of being insulator one voltage.
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Fig 8.1:- Lightning Arrestors on Substations
This type of LA has a basic cell made of thirties, which is a particular type of clay, mixed with
carborendum. Thirties has a particular property of being insulator one voltage
At high voltage it will behave like a conducting material the electrical resistance of thyrite
depends upon the voltage each time the voltage is Made twice the resistance decrease in such
a manner as to allow an increased current of 12.5 times the change in current is independent of
rate of application voltage and its instantaneous value.
One upon each other and they are further placed in to a porcelain container with a suitable
arrangement of gap between them. These gaps serve as the purpose of preventing any current
flow during normal operating voltage in case of nay transients the gap.
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CHAPTER 9
INSULATORS
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9.2. TYPES OF INSULATORS
There are several types of insulators but the most commonly used are pin type, suspension
type, strain insulator and shackle insulator.
9.2.1. PIN TYPE INSULATOR
As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the pole. There is a
groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes
through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same material as the conductor.
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up
to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky and
hence uneconomical.
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Figure 9.3:-Suspension Type Image
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CHAPTER 10
CONTROL ROOM
Control panels contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building,
also called a doghouse. These are used to control the substation equipment, to send power
from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed
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10.1 SYNCHRONIZING PANEL
There is a hinged panel mounted on the end of a control board to take out new supply. On bus
bar we have the synchronies and fee the synchronoscope zero on this bus bar.
The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate phase
and frequently voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder
voltage supply.
10.2 SYNCHRONOSCOPE
A synchronoscope is used to determine the correct instance of closing the switch with connect
the new supply to bus bar the correct instance of synchronizing is indicated when bus bar and
incoming voltage.
1. Are equal in magnitude
2. Are equal in phase
3. Have the same frequency.
4. The phase sequence is same.
The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate phase
and frequently voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder
voltage supply.
10.3 ANNOUNCIATOR
In the control room the Announciator the most compact in which probable faults at different
feeders and different feeders and different zone have written to inform the bulb behind the
structure when some faults is announciator auxiliary relay. Relay’s first signal trip the circuit
breaker and signal goes to the auxiliary trip the relay, the relay send the signal to the
announciator which give alarm and bulb is lighting up in front of the type of fault occurred.
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2. WATTMETERS: Wattmeter’s are attached to each feeder to record the power
exported form GSS.
5. KA METER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the
forms analog as well as digital.
6. MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: These are also mounted on the control panel to
record the average power over successive predetermined period.
8. COSФ METERS: To indicate the power factor of the power being transferred or
imported. These meters are provided on various panels.
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CHAPTER 11
RELAYS
Every electrical equipment needs portion the house wiring is protected by the fuses. Modern
generators are protected by complex protective schemes. The choice of protection depends
upon several aspects such as type and rating of protective equipments.
The location of relay is very important the protective relay may protect the concerned
equipment from the abnormal operating condition develops in protective relaying of that
equipment sense the abnormal condition and initiates the alarm and close the trip circuit of CB
and isolate the equipment from the supply
The relays are compact self-contained device, which respond to an abnormal condition
whenever and abnormal condition is developed. The relay close their contacts thereby the trip
circuit of CB is closed current from the battery supply flows in the trip circuit [coil] of breaker
and breaker opens and the faulty part is disconnected from the supply.
Besides relays and CB there are several components in relaying schemes these includes
potential transformer protective fine relay time delay relay auxiliary relay secondary circuit
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and accessories each equipment is important in protection relaying in team work of their
components.
The function of protection relaying scheme includes following.
1. To sound an alarm or close the trip coil of CB to disconnect the equipment in abnormal
condition, which includes overload under voltage temperature rise, unbalanced load
reserve power under frequency short circuit.
2. To disconnect the abnormally operating part to prevent subsequent fault as over load
protection of machine and prevent machine failure.
3. To disconnect the faulty part if a machine is connected immediately after a winding
fault only a few coil may need replacement.
4. To realize the effect of fault by disconnecting faulty part from healthy part causing
least disturbance to the healthy replacement.
5. To disconnect the faulty part quickly to improve the system stability service condition
and system performance.
The component of a substation which are provided with the protection schemes are:
1. Power transformer.
2. Transmission line feeder.
3. Bus bars.
4. Shunt capacitor banks.
Winding and oil temperature indicator with alarm and trip contacts are provided. As soon as
the temperature of winding and oil exceed the predetermined value of contacts are bridged
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reaches the spot valve the transformer is tripped the different protection which are provided to
a power transformer are
1. Buchholz relay
2. Over current and earth fault
3. Differential protection
4. Frame leakage protection
The relay is normally full of oil and floats remain engaged in seat due to buoyancy and floats
are made aluminum each one has a counter weight, which has mild steel coated with nickel.
The relay is also useful in indicating any loss of oil that a transformer may suffer because heat
loss of oil will cause oil level to drop the top float will indicate it by dropping and shorting the
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alarm contact and if the oil level keeps on falling the lower float will affected and will close
the trip circuit of transformer.
The alarm circuit is made these by going a warning bell is advanced that a serious fault is
developing inside. The tank occurs the volume of gas generated is considerable which is
moving through the relay causes the gas surge flap valve to be defected. There by close the
mercury contact switch and energizing the trip coil of CB and isolate the transformer from the
supply sample for analysis if gas from the top valve.
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The protection has many advantage over other protection over other protections the flash over
at the bushing are not adequately covered by other protective scheme also unless it. Involves
ground the differential relay scheme delete such fault and also on the lead between the CB and
power transformer provided. The current transformer are separately mounted and not in the
transformer bushing. In case of every serve internal faults differential faults differential relay
operates faster than the buchholz’s relay this control the external damages.
The differential damage protection response to phase to phase faults with in the protection
zone. This generally comprises all equipments and connection between ct and all side of
transformer. It provides protection against turn to turn faults also. It operates on the principle
of the circulating current by comprising current in various winding through the media of CT’s
the ratio and connection of the CT’s on various winding shown that secondary current are
equal in magnitude and phase in normal condition.
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CHAPTE12
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Figure 12.2:- Power Line Carrier Communication System
1. Wave Trap.
2. Coupling Capacitor.
3. Drainage coil.
4. Voltage arrestor.
5. Ground switch.
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6. Matching transformer.
7. Tuning capacitor.
8. Vacuum arrestor.
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12.3 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF PLCC
ADVANTAGES:-
1. No separate wires are needed for communication purpose as the power lines
themselves carry power as well as the communication signals. Hence the cost of
constructing separate telephone line is saved.
2. When compared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher
mechanical strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the condition
which might seriously damage telephone lines.
3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations.
4. Power lines have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low resistance per unit
length. Consequently the carrier signal suffers lesser attenuation than when travel on
usual telephone lines of equal lengths.
5. Power lines are well insulated to provide negligible leakage between conductors and
ground even in adverse weather conditions.
6. Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance which results in smaller
attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a
considerable extent.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1. Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them against
high voltage and currents on the line.
2. Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases
attenuation and create other problems.
3. High voltage lines have transformer connections, which attenuate carrier currents. Sub-
station equipment adversely affected the carrier current.
4. Noise introduced by power lines is much more than in case of telephone lines. This
due to the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and switching
processes.
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CHAPTER 13
The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following
reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightning discharge or other system
fault. These part of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are
concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth.
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13.1.1 GROUNDING OF LINE STRUCTURE
High voltage transmission lines are carried out on lattice structure, which are grounded with
one or more grounding rods driven vertically at the surface. When earth resistivity is high and
driven rod id not adequate the remedy is bury the wire in earth and connect it to the lower
footing. The wire may run parallel or at some angle to the time conductor is called as counter
poise.
The earthing is one of the most important features of system design for switchgear protection
neutral grounding is important because:
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1 The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing.
2 The neutral earthing is associated switch gear.
3 The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing ground
sunbalanced voltages with respect to protection from lightning and for improvement of
system.
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CHAPTER 14
BATTERY ROOM
In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signaling remote position control, alarm circuit
etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of
arc failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifier
supply.
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spaces. But sealing cells and preventing access to the electrolyte also has several considerable
disadvantages as discussed below.
VRLA batteries are commonly further classified as:
1 Absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery
2 Gel battery ("gel cell")
An absorbed glass mat battery has the electrolyte absorbed in a fiber-glass mat separator. Agel
cell has the electrolyte mixed with silica dust to form an immobilized gel.
While these batteries are often colloquially called sealed lead–acid batteries, they always
include a safety pressure relief valve. As opposed to vent (also called flooded) batteries, a
VRLA cannot spill its electrolyte if it is inverted. Because AGM VRLA batteries use much
less electrolyte (battery acid) than traditional lead–acid batteries, they are sometimes called an
"acid-starved" design.
The name "valve regulated" does not wholly describe the technology. This is really
"recombinant" batteries, which means that the oxygen evolved at the positive plates will
largely recombine with the hydrogen ready to evolve on the negative plates, creating water
and preventing water loss. The valve is a safety feature in case the rate of hydrogen evolution
becomes dangerously high. In flooded cells, the gases escape before they can recombine, so
water must be periodically add
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CHAPTER 15
RESULT
The first phase of practical training has proved to be quite fruitful. It provided an opportunity
for encounter with such huge machines like power transformers etc.
It also provided an opportunity to learn technology used at proper place and time can save a
lot of labour.
But there are few factors that require special mention. Training is not a carried out in its trees
sprit. It is recommended that there should be some project specially meant for student where
the authorities should be insured.
However training has proved too is quite faithful. It has allowed as an opportunity to get an
exposure of the practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals.
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CHAPTER 16
CONCLUSION
Training at 220 K.V G.S.S CANTT,ALLAHABAD gives the insight of the real instruments
used. There are many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC, bus
bars, capacitor bank, insulator, isolators, control room, Battery room etc. What is the various
problem seen in substation while handling this instruments. There are various occasion when
relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down, which has been heard
previously.
To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is learned there.
Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience building and
the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/56)
CHAPTER 17
SAFETY DEPARTMENT
Safety is one of the fundamental needs of all living beings. Accident is an unwanted event and
held due to carelessness. So necessary precautions should be taken to avoid such accidents. In
order to get the best out of an ‘individual’, his physical safety is essential. The following are
two main reasons, which include the accidents:
1. UNWANTED CONDITIONS
In an accident occurred by the unwanted acts, the workers are directly responsible. These
types of accidents are held by improper acts, carelessness, shortcuts for completing work early
by keeping awareness, patience in doing work. The main reasons which motivate the accidents
in the form of unwanted acts are as follows:-
1. Use of machine or equipments without permission.
2. Filling and loading the materials improperly.
3. Keeping high speed of machine.
4. Maintaining, oiling and greasing the machine in running Conditions.
5. Standing in unsafe conditions.
6. Use of unsafe tool and safety equipments.
7. Lifting and keeping the material unsafe.
SAFETY RULES
There are many safety rules for safety but main golden rules are as follows:
1. Comply with all safety rules and regulations.
2. Correct or report unsafe conditions immediately to supervisor.
3. Wear rotating safety equipments only when authority is given.
4. Use right tool for the right job and use it safely.
5. Keep the workplace clean
(ACERC/DOEE/2014-15/PTS/57)
CHAPTER 18
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CHAPTER 19
REFERENCES
BOOKS
1. Instruction manual of instrument transformer (TELK instrument transformer) provided
by U.P.P.T.C.L.
6. B.R. Gupta / a Text Book of Electrical Technology Vol. II / Chapter 32/ Transformer/
Page No. 1116-1120.
7. Sunil S. Rao / Switch Gear Protection and Power Systems / Chapter 33/
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