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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing PDF
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing PDF
(Known as GDT)
What is GDT
GD&T Symbols
Datum’s
• Place a note next to datum feature symbols indicating how many datum features to
consider separately.
• Place the note “2X INDIVIDUALLY” next to datum feature symbols of two separate
datum features identified by same letter.
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Establishing Coplanar Datum Surfaces (con)
• Regardless of feature size (RFS) and regardless of material boundary (RMB) are
assumed.
Limits of Size Application
• RMB is implied for datum features influenced by size and form variations unless
otherwise specified.
• When a datum feature has a size dimension and form tolerance, size of simulated
datum is MMB size limit.
- Boundary can exceed MMB when axis straightness is specified.
• For a datum feature of size, establish datum by contact between datum feature surface
and surface of processing equipment.
• Simulated datum is axis of datum feature simulator.
- External feature:
Smallest circumscribed perfect cylinder that contacts datum feature surface
- Internal feature:
Largest inscribed perfect cylinder that contacts datum feature surface
Application of RMB on a Primary Datum Center Plane
• Secondary
- Contacting datum Use same guidelines for primary datum axis or center plane
except:
feature simulator is 90, or another design angle, to primary
datum, which is usually an adjacent plane
• Tertiary
- Use same guidelines for secondary datum axis or center plane except:
Contacting datum feature simulator is 90, or another
design angle, to primary and secondary datums
Straightness Tolerance
Unit Straightness
• Specifies straightness per unit.
• Prevents an abrupt surface variation within a relatively short length of the feature.
• Tolerance over total length is greater than unit tolerance.
• Per unit specification given per inch or per 25 mm of length
• Derived axis or centerline of the actual feature lies within a cylindrical tolerance zone
for:
- Total length
- Any 25 mm length, RFS
• Straightness geometric tolerance controls single line elements on surface in one or two
directions.
• Determine tolerance zone direction by feature control frame placement.
Unit Flatness
• Use alone or in combination with a total tolerance.
• Most applications use unit flatness with a total tolerance over entire surface so the unit
callout does not become unmanageable.
• Unit tolerance must be smaller than total tolerance.
• Specify unit flatness using a square, rectangular, or circular unit area.
Circularity Tolerance
• Establish from periphery, shaft circumference, or inside diameter of a hole.
• Does not reference a datum and is always RFS.
• Must be less than size tolerance.
• Feature control frame connects to the view where the feature appears as a circle or in
the longitudinal view.
Circularity Tolerance (con)
Cylindricity Tolerance
• Form tolerance not referenced to a datum.
• Geometric tolerance must be less than size tolerance.
• Always RFS.
• Composite control of circularity, straightness, and taper.
Orientation Geometric Tolerances
Surface Parallelism
Tangent Plane
• Additional requirement applied to a surface control.
• Symbol placed after geometric tolerance in feature control frame.
• Actual surface can be outside parallelism geometric tolerance zone.
• Tangent plane must be within parallelism geometric tolerance zone.
Axis Parallelism
• Applied for a feature axis by establishing two parallel planes parallel to a datum plane
between which the axis must lie.
• Parallelism tolerance zone must be within specified location tolerance.
• Feature control frame appears with diameter dimension.
• Diameter dimension associates the related geometric tolerance with feature axis.
• RFS is assumed.
Perpendicularity of an Axis
• Established by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or axis within which
the axis feature must lie.
• Place feature control frame below diameter dimension.
• Only applies in view where dimension is shown.
• RFS implied unless applying MMC or LMC.
• Apply cylindrical perpendicularity tolerance zone by placing diameter symbol in front of
geometric tolerance in feature control frame.
Angularity Tolerance
• Angle must be basic from the datum plane.
• RFS implied unless otherwise specified.
Angularity of an Axis
• Can be used to control feature axis between two parallel planes.
- Planes are spaced equally on each side of specified basic angle from datum plane or
axis.
- Axis of feature must lie within this zone.
- Only applies to view where specified.
- Feature control frame appears next to feature diameter dimension to specify axis
control.
• Can be used to control feature axis within a cylindrical angularity tolerance zone.
- Place diameter symbol in front of geometric tolerance in feature control frame.
- Specifies cylindrical tolerance zone.
- Place note EACH ELEMENT or EACH RADIAL ELEMENT below feature control frame.
Applying Zero Orientation Tolerance at MMC
• Can be used for parallelism, perpendicularity, or angularity.
• Feature has perfect orientation at MMC.
Location Tolerancing
• Uses location tolerances.
- Positional tolerance
- Concentricity tolerance
- Symmetry tolerance
Positional Tolerancing
• Used to establish location of features from true position.
• Provides benefits over conventional methods.
• Include diameter symbol when applied to a cylindrical tolerance zone.
- Add compartments for datum reference
- MMC or LMC symbol appears after tolerance
- Assume RFS or RMB unless MMB or LMB symbol follows specified datum reference
• Establishes cylindrical tolerance zone when applied to a cylindrical feature.
• When applied to a noncylindrical feature, tolerance value represents distance between
two parallel straight lines or planes or distance between two uniform boundaries.
• Assume RFS when no material condition symbol appears after positional tolerance.
• Apply RFS to positional tolerance when it is desirable to maintain given positional
tolerance at any produced size.
- RFS requires closer control of features.
• Used to control relationship of feature surface and true position of largest hole size.
• Sometimes controls minimum edge distance or minimum wall thickness.
• Positional tolerance held at LMC.
• Positional tolerance increases equal to amount of change from LMC as produced size
departs from LMC toward MMC.
• Maximum positional tolerance is at MMC.
• Requires perfect form at LMC.
Calculating Positional Tolerance at LMC
• Internal feature:
- LMC – Actual Size + Specified Positional Tolerance = Applied Positional Tolerance
• External feature:
- Actual Size – LMC + Specified Positional Tolerance = Applied Positional Tolerance
• Place note next to datum feature symbols and related feature control frame identifying
how many datum features and position tolerance specifications to consider individually.
- Example: 2X INDIVIDUALLY
• Pattern-locating zones located using a basic diameter and basic angle between features.
- Oriented to specified datum reference frame
• Top half of feature control frame controls location of features as a group to the datum’s.
• Add slot and tertiary datum to pattern-locating control to provide orientation of the
pattern of holes.
• Lower portion of feature control frame controls pattern of features related to each
other.
Two Single-Segment Tolerance Applied to Circular Patterns (con)
- One feature control frame appears under note to specify hole size.
- Another feature control frame appears under note to specify counterbore.
- A note appears under the datum feature symbol for the hole and under the feature
control frame for the counterbore to indicate number of places each applies on an
individual basis
Coaxial Positional Tolerance of Features in Alignment
• Used for holes lying apart and in alignment.
• Locate positional tolerance zone of holes by basic dimensions from referenced datum’s.
• Each hole can be produced at any location within positional tolerance zone.
Position Tolerancing of Non-parallel Holes
• Feature control frame appears below size dimension and positional tolerance zone is
spherical.
• Fasteners.
• Thread symbol represents thread on drawing.
• Thread note provides thread specifications.
• Unless otherwise specified, geometric tolerances apply to pitch diameter.
Floating Fasteners
• Floating Fastener Positional Tolerance Formula:
- MMC Hole - MMC Fastener (Bolt) = Positional Tolerance for Each Part.
Fixed Fasteners
• Fixed Fastener Positional Tolerance Formula:
- MMC Hole – MMC Fastener (Bolt) / 2
= Positional Tolerance for Each Part
Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC with the Clearance Hole at Virtual Condition
Concentricity Geometric Tolerance
• Establishes concentricity.
• Specifies a cylindrical tolerance zone.
• Axis of tolerance zone coincides with datum axis.
• Specifies that median points originating from feature surface must be within cylindrical
concentricity tolerance zone.
• Applied only on an RFS basis.
• Related datum reference
applied only on an RMB basis.
• Profile can be used to control form or combinations of size, form, and orientation.
• Based on true profile.
• Must be contained within size tolerance when used as a refinement of size.
• Always RFS.
• Equally disposed bilateral unless otherwise specified.
• Profile geometric tolerance zone is generally oriented to one or more datum’s.
• Place the unequally disposed symbol after geometric tolerance in feature control frame.
• Repeat tolerance value after unequally disposed symbol when the tolerance has
material added to feature or part.
Unilateral Profile of a Line (con)
• Place tolerance value before the unequally disposed symbol when the tolerance has
material taken from the feature or part.
• Place a 0 after the unequally disposed symbol.
• Specifies entire profile tolerance is inside of true profile.
• Draw a short phantom line parallel to the true profile on the side of the intended
unilateral tolerance.
• Place a dimension line with an arrowhead on the far side and connect a leader line to
feature control frame with a leader line on the other side.
• Place total profile tolerance value before the unequally disposed symbol in feature
control frame.
• Place value of tolerance that adds material to the feature or part after the unequally
disposed symbol.
Specify Independency
• Form control is independent of size tolerance and should be added to the feature.
• Size is verified by a two-point check using a micrometer or caliper.
• Form is checked using the runout tolerance.