Research 2

DR. CARLOS S.
LANTING COLLEGE
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STREET

HARASSMENT IN BARANGAY TANDANG SORA
A RESEARCH PROJECT
PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL
by:
ARROYO, MARY JOYCE P.
BACALSO, RAY MARIE
BACANI, KATE CASSANDRA C.
CRUZ, IRENE JOY C.
DE LEON, TRICIA MAY
PASCUAL, JAY ANN
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

PROGRAM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
2018
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DR. CARLOS S. LANTING COLLEGE

A Research Project
Presented to the Faculty of the
Basic Education Department / Senior High School
Quezon City
By:
Arroyo, Mary Joyce P.
Bacalso, Ray Marie
Bacani, Kate Cassandra C.
Cruz, Irene Joy C.
De leon, Tricia May
Pascual, Jay Ann
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Program of
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
October 2018
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ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET
This Research Project Entitled

Submitted by:
Bacalso, Ray Marie
Cruz, Irene Joy C.
De leon, Tricia May
Pascual, Jay Ann
And submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance
Mr. KERWIN PAUL GONZALES, MAEd Mrs. PARALUMAN C.GONZALES
Research Project Adviser Research Project Adviser
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PANEL’S APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled

Submitted by:
Bacalso, Ray Marie
Cruz, Irene Joy C.
De leon, Tricia May
Pascual, Jay Ann
After having been presented is hereby approved
By the following members of the panel
With a grade of
Mr. Richmond Laure𝑛̃o,LPT Mr. Melvin Nipas,MIT
Panel Member Panel Member
Ms. Irish Gael Cruz,LPT
Chairperson
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DEPARTMENT ACCEPTANCE SHEET
This Research Project Entitled

Submitted by:
Bacalso, Ray Marie
Cruz, Irene Joy C.
De leon, Tricia May
Pascual, Jay Ann
After having been recommended and approved is hereby accepted by
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ERWIN L. PURCIA, DALL
Principal- BED
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research study wouldn’t be possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals. The proponents of the study would love to extend their
deepest gratitude to all of them.
To our research adviser, Mr. Kerwin Paul Gonzales and to our Principal for the
Basic Education Department, Dr. Erwin L. Purcia in giving us the opportunity in
making this study come to life and for sharing their knowledge with us all
throughout the research.
To our Family and Friends who endlessly supports us from the beginning up to
the last.
To our statistician, Mr.Parilla for sharing his wisdom and equipping us with
statistical tools in order to compute the gathered data.
To our Grammarian, Ms. Irish Gael Cruz for her undying support in checking
our papers and giving us ideas on how are we going to improve our study.
Aside from the people mentioned above the proponents would love to thank
Mr. Adrian Malengen and Mrs. Ma. Crizelda Aranza for giving us first advices
for our study. Dra. Donna Mae Buhat, our psychiatrist neurologist for her
recommendations.
And lastly, to Almighty God, for giving out the researchers strength and
determination in finishing the study.
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DEDICATION
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated for all the women who continually fight
for an equal rights and treatment inside the society. Their and determination
had been the source of inspiration for the proponents to finish this study.
To our Parents, thank you for your support in everything. Without your
guidance, everything wouldn’t be possible.
To everyone who believe in us from the very start up to the last.
And for ultimatum, To Almighty father, all the glory and praises shall be lifted
up to you.
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ABSTRACT
Street harassment is consist of unwanted comments, malicious glances,

frazzle whistle that someone encounters on public places. It could be on very
busy daylight or gloomy dark nights. Women are the usual subjects for
catcalls, wolf-whistle, public masturbation, and any other form of street
harassment; Things like this could result to negative psychological effect on
women leaving them in fear and trauma. This study is intended to disseminate
awareness through a mixed method approach of research. Series of test were
administered to 209 respondents in Grade 12 female students within Dr.
Carlos S. Lanting College experiencing street harassment in Barangay
Tandang Sora. The scale used was 10 items Street harassment scales and 10
items Objectified Body Consciousness Scale. The study had then correlated if
there is significant difference on experiencing street harassment on ages 16-17
and 18-19 years old. (r=0.18, n=209, p<.01). Result gathered indicated that
there is a significant very weak negative correlation on the experiences of ages
16-17 and 18-19 years old. In conclusion, street harassment resulted to
women feeling more stress, fear and traumatic whenever they encounter this
unusual behaviors on streets.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
Title Page
Adiviser’s Recommendation Sheet
Panel’s Approval Sheet
Department Acceptance and Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Scope and Delimitations
Significance of the study
Chapter 2 – CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY
Research design
Data Gathering Instruments
Data Gathering Procedures
Statistical Treatment of Data

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Chapter 4 – PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Chapter 5 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Street harassment consists of catcalling, wolf- whistling, unwanted

comments, obnoxious glances, name-calling, and other pernicious actions
done by strangers in public places, which promotes fear and discomfort to the
victim. These occur in the daily lives of women, regardless of their age, social
status, or manner of dressing.
According to an International Organization, that supports to stop street

harassment. A study was conducted in the Philippines in 2016 wherein it was
demonstrated that 88% of women ages 18-24 had encountered the usual form
of street harassment such as catcalling and wolf-whistling. Furthermore, 34%
of women experienced the adverse forms of street harassment such as
flashing, groping, and public masturbation.
According to O’ Donohue, Downs, Yeater (1998) sexual harassment is

the most frequent form of victimization for women. They revealed that these
experiences result to negative psychological, occupational, and economic
consequences for women
In the Philippines, “The Anti- catcalling Ordinance” was implemented in

local government of Quezon City in 2016 in which it attempts to prohibit
catcalling, wolf-whistling and other various forms of street harassment in the
City. It aims to protect and empower women’s safety. The same ordinance was
implemented as well in the local government of Manila. The “Safe City for
Women and Girls Ordinance” or also known as the Ordinance no.7857, in
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which attempts to prohibit sexual harassment in public spaces. Manila was the
second city to implement this ordinance in the country.
Women are more prone of being a victim of street harassment rather

than men. However, there is no exception in terms of sex; everyone can be an
offender. Additionally, the violations are divided into light, medium, and severe
infringement which has a corresponding penalty depending on the omitted
crime. Implementing the bill, serves to develop a safe and subservient
environment for the women as it allows contingency to report some incidents of
street harassment to the authority.
This study is intended to disseminate awareness and information to the

public. The researchers apprehended that street harassment is neglected and
considered to be a part of the culture, yet it should be addressed to be an
urgent issue.
Furthermore, the researchers headed to this study because they have

seen and experienced some of this street harassment either going out to go to
school or other public places. This research entails to inform the students,
teachers, administrators of the school and the future researchers about street
harassment.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the effects of street harassment for female
student at Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College.
Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:
1. Demographic profile of the respondents
1.1 Age
12
1.2 Senior High School Track
2. What are the l effects of street harassment to the respondent?
3. What are the street harassment the respondents’ usually experience?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the experiences of ages 16-17

and 18-19 years old?
5. What programs can the school offer to help solve the street harassment that
the students experience around the school vicinity?
Significance of the Study
The study will serve as guide for teachers, staff and administrators on
regards on enforcing action for the welfare of the students who experience
Street harassment. For National Government, for them to have an idea that
street harassment is now widely seen in our country and becomes a more
serious matter to deal in and therefore needs to make an act/bill/regularization
protecting women and their rights. For parents this study will give them a
broader knowledge about street harassment and can help them in guiding their
children. For the counselors, the present study will give them the updated
statistics about street harassment giving them further knowledge in spreading
awareness. For the advocators of women’s right, this study would be a strong
basis for their future campaigns and advocacies especially those women who
experiences harassment addressing the rights of women.
Scope and Delimitation
The study discusses the effect of street harassment experienced by

female students at Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College. The participants of this study
were Grade 12 female students.
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The study focuses on the psychological effects of street harassment to

the respondents whenever they experience it. The researcher will then identify
if there is a significant difference on experiencing Street harassment on ages
16-17 and 18-19 years old.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This part of the study discussed some of the literature and studies that
support the study. It provides discussion on the significance of the study to the
existing literature. The contents of this portion of the study are gathered and
collected from secondary data.
UNDERSTANDING STREET HARASSMENT
Most women and girls experiencing a public harassment and continue

growing in recent years that which of this growing recognition of the issue of
gender-based harassment most apparent in catcalling (Rodrigo, 2017). We
people have a lack of empathy and understanding regarding acts of personal
violation. Also catcalling is not an isolated incident or happens because of the
victim’s fault but a social issue that is prevalent and must therefore be
addressed (Campiglio, 2017).
Cosmopolitan (2017) stated that some men stand by catcalling as an

innocent way of complimenting a woman. Others believe catcalling is a sign of
insecurity in a male and acknowledge that catcalling is an ugly product of
patriarchal thinking. Most guys engage in catcalling because our macho
society normalizes it as some form of rite of passage and daily show of
“manliness”. That our male-dominated society emboldens men to keep doing
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it. Boys are doing catcalling simply because they feel that they’re entitled to a
woman’s body and having the right to have a public opinion because if they
don’t, they’re not man enough.
Netizens also speak about catcalling that this kind of street harassment
uncovered another prevalent issue in Philippine society: classism. A few have
also implied that if a man is well-educated, then he has been brought up with
proper morals and would not catcall in the first place. The truth, however, is
perhaps a bit more nuanced than that. Using classism to associate negative
behaviors to the less fortunate is simply an insulting and invalid justification for
this behavior. Catcalling is a form of entitlement– a man feels he has the right
to express himself to a woman, while the latter is obligated to listen to his
comments and take them without insult. Whether or not you are wealthy
enough to have a nice car, or receive an education from our country’s top
schools, male entitlement transcends these class divides. An unwanted
comment is an unwanted comment, because women know how easy it is for a
small compliment to become dangerous (Rappler, 2015).
As stated in one of the works published by Manila Bulletin last 2016

cited by (Manalo, et al., 2016), a Social Weather Stations (SWS) study
concluded that sixty percent of the women in the country have been victims of
sexual harassment in public places at least once in their lives. It also showed
that eighty-eight percent of these women had ages ranging from eighteen to
twenty-four. One out of two women declared that after being harassed, they
did nothing. Their fundamental reason, with thirty-nine percent of agreement,
that those acts “were just minor.” Twenty-three percent of women believed that
they might put their lives at risk if they took activity against the harassment.
Over eighty percent of the women said they might be urged to report if the
sanction on sexual harassments be stricter.
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The good thing as of today is there are many organizations who work in
ways to stop street harassment like “Don’t be Silent” and “Hollaback!”. But still
almost half of the percentage remains silent about these issues (Bulhart,
2013). As stated by Kearl (2010), if more researches, both qualitative and 7
quantitative, on the daily experiences of women being sexually harassed on
the streets are being conducted and its results and conclusions be interpreted
to the public. Through research, the issue of sexual harassment would spawn
conversations and confrontations in local communities, eventually, becoming a
regional and national issue. The increase in activism, the strengthening of
laws, and outreach to the victims are necessary to combat street sexual
harassment are ways to respond to women's need to feel safe, free, and
unafraid to walk on the streets in the cities they live in (Manalo, et al., 2016).
Street harassment involves unwelcome words and actions by unknown

persons in public places which are motivated by gender. Add to this, street
harassment also includes invading a person’s physical and emotional space in
a disrespectful, creepy, startling, scary, or insulting way. That’s why street
harassment can be considered as a form of sexual harassment (Manalo, et al.,
2016). Public sexual harassment occurs on a continuum starting with words,
stalking and unwanted touching, which can lead to more aggressive crimes like
rape, assault and murder and men are much more likely to be harassers than
women, and adult women are the most common targets, followed by LGBTQ
individuals (Newcomer, L. 2013; Manalo, eat al. 2016).
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EFFECTS OF STREET HARASSMENT
COGNITIVE
As stated by Nikijuluw (2017), an Indonesian blogger, Street

harassment or other kinds of harassment can cause psychological harm.
Unfortunately, not many people realize that simple things such as ‘whistling’ or
‘catcalling’ can be the beginning stages of further harassment. She even
interviewed Indonesian Psychologist Reynitta Poerwito Muthalib on regards to
the effect of street harassment on women, Muthalib said, Street Harassment
has the straight line of what people do, verbal or non-verbal actions that makes
other people feel threatened/ uncomfortable/afraid/disgraced, both implicitly
and explicitly. As cited by Chemaly (2015), researchers at the University of
Mary Washington’s measured accrued effects on women of two key factors:
“body surveillance” and “unwanted sexual advances,” such as those that come
up daily in street harassment. They specifically looked at the relationship
between harassment, objectification, depression, body evaluation and shame.
Their conclusion was that a huge number of women experience “insidious
trauma” over time, leading to negative health outcomes. Sexual entitlement of
men over women is primarily a motivation for men to harass women as
reviewed by Cruz R. (2018), she also said that when a man forgets about their
respect for women and intrudes its wishes results to negative feeling for
women towards men. Women tend to feel disgust and frustrated and can even
result to bigger psychological problems.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Street harassment is a form of social control that restricts our ability to

move freely in public. It makes it hard to go to work, school or to socialize. It
forces us to dress differently, walk differently, and sometimes to even move to
a new city. It causes spikes in our cortisol that may have long-term physical
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effects and reinforces rape culture (McGowan, 2017). Sexual Harassment

does not only make a woman to be afraid in going public places but also it
causes women to be ashamed, helpless and even disgraced of their own self
and body. Sui( 2015) Aside from its effects on independence, Street
harassment could also influence how one's view their own body. A study in the
Journal of Social Justice Research found that street harassment was related to
self-objectification. Self-objectification is a process by which girls learn to think
about their own bodies as objects of other people's desires. Harassment and
self-objectification are linked to having lower academic achievement because
they rob a person valuable cognitive resource. Street harassment also makes
one enjoy lesser time for themselves because being alone is a tragedy to avoid
being harassed Stamoulis (2011). Victims of street harassment may also
blame the occurrence to themselves because many people believe the
stereotype that catcalling, wolf whistling and other types of street harassment
is caused by what they wear El Moghrabi (2015). Catcalling or other form of
street harassment is something that no woman is asking for, regardless of
what they look like or what they are wearing. Women that being catcalled
makes them feel unsafe, harassed, and violated. They experience a mix of
negative emotions that can last for hours or even days after the catcalling.
Women don’t like being complimented about their outfits or the way they look,
it is just that women can tell whether the words or actions of man have
malicious intent Orquina (2018).
Persistent and often aggressive street harassment substantively

impacts the lives of girls, women and gender non-conforming people. Woman
changes their commutes, alter our plans, create complicated exercise rituals,
calibrate our clothing, speech and behavior to avoid being touched,
interrupted, followed and approached, almost always by men whose possible
malevolence is impossible to gauge. While many people, even women,
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describe street harassment as flattering, it is a negative and costly

phenomenon and part of a broader tolerance for a spectrum of gender-based
violence. Consciously or not, girls and women fold this information into their
lives in an infinite number of ways, two of which are anxiety and hyper
vigilance, both of which also take a toll on women’s wellbeing Chemaly (
2015). According to Bates (2014), street harassment is not a compliment. It's a
statement of power and it's a way of letting woman know that a man has the
right to their body, a right to discuss it, analyses it, appraise it, and let them or
anybody else in the vicinity know the man’s verdict, whether the woman like it
or not. Street harassment is no more about compliments than rape is about
sex. Both are about power, violence and control. That's why, when women
have the temerity to reject the advances of street harassers, they so often turn,
in a moment, to angry outbursts of abuse. Because that rejection disrupts their
entitlement to their bodies, which society has allowed them to believe is their
inherent right.
In the documentary film Walang Rape sa Bontoc ,(There is No Rape in Bontoc)

in (2014) that tackles about the rich culture of women living in Bontoc,
Mountain Province wherein they've shown how safe women living there that in
almost 40 years there were no said reports of rape or either sexual assaults
even though women walked on streets half naked. Therefore David (2018)
concluded as he reviewed the film that women get harassed not because they
provoke the sexual desire of a men but because of their lack of education
about discipline and respect for women and men's entitlement of being
superior over other gender and there
BEHAVIORAL
Women who regularly face harassment, tends to become a part of their

existence and something they must learn to cope with if they want to be able to
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participate in public life (Kearl, 2008). A lot of women are exhibiting

helplessness when they normalize street harassment. The cumulative effect of
years to constant street harassment leads many women to behave as if we’re
being hunted. There’s a cumulative anxiety around navigating public spaces; a
cumulative anxiety that we might feel when being in a situation in which we
were assaulted or harassed in a very serious way (Roy, 2013). Bowman
(1993) indicated that the unwanted overlooks on woman when they walk down
the city streets or appear in the other public places results in having a profound
effect on women’s full participation in the public sphere. Women feel less safe
in public places because of their fear of becoming a victim of sexual
harassment. The emotion of one’s individual may increase the probability of
having a mental health problem (O’ Leory, 2016). According to Springer (2010)
as cited by (Manalo, et al.,2016), stated that women who has been harassed
or a woman who witnessed another woman being harassed both experience
and feel negative emotions towards man. Sexism influences what women will
feel and how will they behave towards man. In a conference last August (2018)
in Davao City, President Rodrigo Duterte said that the reason why Davao has
the highest number of cases of rape is because women from Davao has a
captivating beauty that a man couldn't resist on. This rape joke of duterte flak
different views and opinion form the netizens. The Gabriela Women's Party
called for it as a flamboyant display of misogyny or someone who is a sexist.
The netizen called for this t this is a live example of rape culture and that we
shouldn't just normalize rape jokes for it is a serious matter that we should deal
in because it brings out a feeling of threat and fear for women.
DISCLARITY BETWEEN STREET HARASSMENT AND SEXUAL

HARASSMENT
Sexual harassment as defined by Merriam Webster is the uninvited and

unwelcome verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature especially by a
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person in authority toward a subordinate while Street harassment as defined

by stop street harassment organization in (2015) is the is unwanted comments,
gestures, and actions forced on a stranger in a public place without their
consent and is directed at them because of their actual or perceived sex,
gender, gender expression, or sexual orientation. According to Dhillon and
Bakaya (2014) they revealed that street harassment occurred most often in
crowded spots and in broad daylight. Sexual harassment includes unwelcome
sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical
harassment and usually happens in the workplace or learning environment
RAINN.org (2018).
The major difference between sexual harassment and street harassment is

that street harassment is verbal, physical, or psychological harm done to
women in public spaces on the other hand Sexual Harassment while is a
violation of women's human rights and a prohibited form of violence against
women in many countries. Stopvaw (2013)
Stated above are some of the literatures and studies that prove that Street
harassment is present and widely seen globally. Thus, this implies the
importance of knowing and understanding the psychological effect of street
harassment for women.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT
This research will use certain research instruments

to gather data:
 Survey (Questionnaire)
 Objectified body consciousness
scale(OBCS)
 Street Harassment Scale (SHS)
Through this we will able to analyze the street

harassment experienced by the Gr.12 female
students and that give them recommendations
on how they will confidently present their
selves when walking down the street
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Figure 1. The Research Conceptual Paradigm relationship between inputs,

processes, and output.
The current study aims to determine the psychological effect of street
harassment experienced by Grade 12 female students at Dr. Carlos S. Lanting
College The said participants then will answer the Street Harassment Scale
(SHS) and Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS). The researchers
then determined if these two tests are correlated with one another as well as
the given questionnaire.
Theoretical Framework
According to Abraham Maslow on his theory Hierarchy of Needs, the
first hierarchical level of need that a person must sustain and satisfy is the
need for physiological wherein he states that an individual has a need for air,
food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, and sex. He also mentioned that
physiological stage is the most important of all other stage for it the basic
needs of an individual. Therefore, we can could conclude that the physiological
needs of an individual could be a reason on why men perpetrators tend to
harass women either in public or private places for sexual desire is a primary
need of an individual, In this case the needs of women for safety and esteem,
as also stated in the hierarchical level of needs, couldn't be fulfilled and they
tend to just accept all the negative comments they got from men and will later
on results on negative effects on women.
As for Cooley's Looking Glass Self Theory, the concept of self is a
social construction, affected by how other people see and judge them based
on the appearance they give. If these men perpetrators objectify and harass
women on public or private places through commenting on their physical
appearance, women tend to think that men only see them as somehow an
object of fun and not an individual on whom should feel respected on all times.
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In addition, Sigmund Freud in his Psychosexual Development of a Child

proposed that a there are five stages. The oral phase (first stage), anal phase
(second stage), phallic phase (third stage), latency phase (fourth stage),
genital stage (fifth stage). He believed that a child discharge libido (a sexual
energy) through distinct body area that characterized each stages. Therefore,
we could say that the sexual desire of a person is developed through the
childhood experiences until they reached adulthood but then on some
instances there could be a problem on development in which could result to
negative sexual desire of a person along the way, but then according to Karen
Hornay, Freud’s theory about psychoanalysis is negatively biased for women
because women didn't have a "penis envy" instead they envied men's superior
status in society.
Hypothesis
The researchers formulated hypotheses of the possible outcomes of the

experiment.
1. H1: There is a significant difference of experiencing street harassment on

ages 16-17 and 18-19 years old.
H0: There is no significant difference of experiencing street harassment on

ages 16-17 and 18-19 years old.
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Definition of Terms
These words are the following terms we used for this research:
Anxiety extreme sadness or grief.

Catcalling is a type of street harassment where a person gives unwanted
comments.
Malicious is to be more afraid because of a person showing something
strange in his actions.
Rape culture is the normalization of gender and sexuality which diminishes
the responsibility of the abusers.
Self-objectification is when the person views themselves as an object of fun
instead of a human being.
Sexism is the discrimination against women that believes that are sex is more
superior to another.
Street harassment is a form of sexual harassment that is in various form
acted in public places.
Stress state where in a person feels anxious about specific event or problem.
Trauma a state where in fear lives with them.
Wolf-whistling is a type of street harassment wherein a person makes an

uncomfortable type of whistle.
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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This section will discuss the methods and instruments that will be used
in selecting participants. Especially the students’ experiencing street
harassment and constructing technique in a range of approaches used to
gather data using survey questionnaires of Street Harassment Scale and
Objectified Body Consciousness Scale to be answered by the participants.
Research Design
This research utilizes Descriptive Method with the purpose of analyzing
the gathered data. Moreover, it will help the researchers to describe and
thoroughly assess the acquired information. The method used will further
explain the result of this study to its readers, to completely understand the
content of this paper.
The study uses the process of Mixed Method Approach to obtain
comprehensive understanding about the Street Harassment experienced by
women specifically catcalling and wolf whistling, while analyzing and
interpreting the statistical data of the research from the questionnaire.
The researchers will conduct a survey questionnaire as their instrument
with the purpose of gathering the information that is necessary to validate this
study.
Research Locale
This research will be conducted in Baranggay Tandang Sora, the
respondents of this study were Grade 12 female students from Dr. Carlos S
Lanting College who experienced street harassment.
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Samples & Sampling Techniques
A purposive sampling will be used for selecting the participants in this

study. Thus, the respondents were selected based on the following:
A. Female
B. Senior high school student
C. Grade 12
D. Studying in Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College
For the instrument of this research the researchers will adapt the survey
used The Objectified Body Consciousness scale (McKinley & Hyde, 1996),
The Street Harassment Scale (SHS) by Lord (2009), which has undergone
Cronbach alpha test of reliability. However, some questions will be tailor fitted
with the respondent’s profile.
I. How Often Participants Experience Street Harassment as Measured by the
Street Harassment Scale.
Frequency of Street Frequency Percentage

Harassment Ƒ %
Once in the past year
A few times in the past
year
Once a month
Few times a month
Almost everyday
Multiple times a day
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II. Frequency of the Level of Objectified Body Consciousness of the

Respondents.
Level of Self- Frequency Percentage

Objectification Ƒ %
Low
Moderately low
Average slow
Moderately High
High
Instrumentation
The researchers will administer a 3-5 minutes survey questionnaire form
that would ask the respondents’ demographic profile, the effects of street
harassment to the respondent.
How often does the respondents experience street harassment inside
and outside school premises the significant difference of being catcalled/wolf
whistled in terms of school uniform and in civilian attire.
Procedure
The researchers will be collecting sample from Grade 12 HUMSS
female students from Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College only. The participants will
be given survey questionnaires. Items measured the demographic profile, the
effects of street harassment, how often and frequent they experience street
harassment and the significant difference of experiencing street harassment on
ages 16-17 and 18-19 years old. Answering the questionnaires takes only 3-5
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minutes. The participants will answer a series of tests. The Street Harassment
Scale (SHS), Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), will be given to
the participants. The proponents of this study had also consulted a licensed
psychiatrist neurologist as attached in (appendix ) in attaining this study.
Statistical Analysis
The Data that will be gathered in the research will be subjected to statistical
treatment:
1. Frequency Distribution and Percentage. This will be used to describe the

scores of the respondents by summarizing the distribution of values in the
sample by their test scores.
To better comprehend the data, percentage distribution was computed. The

formula to get the percentage is:
% = n/N x 100
Where: n = number of responses

N = total number of cases
2. Ranking. Ranking was used in the study for comparative purpose and for
sharing the importance of items analyzed. This is descriptive measure that
describes numerical data in addition to percentage. This Is a technique of
assigning numerals to the number of classification according to its relative
position rank in the group.
3. Weighted Mean. Another statistical technique used by the researchers is

weighted mean. It was used to determine the average responses of the
different positions provide in the various parts of the survey questionnaire
used. The method was used in conjunction with the likert scale. It is solve by
the following formula:
29
x=∑fx/n
Where:
x = weighted mean
∑ f x = The sum of the entire product of f and x being the

frequency of each weight and x as the weight of each operation
n = the total number of respondents
In order to determine and interpret the result of the test and questionnaires,
the researchers
used the following scale:
SOP 2
OPTION ASSIGNED POINTS
Multiple times in a day 6
Almost everyday 5
A few times in a month 4
Once a month 3
A few times in the past years 2
Once In the past years 1
30
Equivalent Points Interpretation
Multiple times in a day 5.51-6.00
Almost everyday 4.51 - 5.50
A few times in a month 3.51 - 4.50
Once a month 2.51 - 3.50
A few times in the past years 1.51 - 2.50
Once In the past years 00 - 1.50
SOP 3
OPTION ASSIGNED POINTS
High 5
Moderately High 4
Averagely low 3
Moderately Low 2
Low 1
Equivalent Interpretation
High 4.51 - 5.50
Moderately High 3.51 - 4.50
Averagely Low 2.51 - 3.50
Moderately Low 1.51 - 2.50
Low 00 - 1.50
31
4. Pearson R correlation. This is going to utilize to correlate the scores of the
participants on the Self-Harassment Scale to the scores of the participants on
their test scores on the Objectified Body Consciousness. The scores on the
Objectified Body Consciousness Scale were also correlated to the scores of
the participants’ test scores on the.
n(∑xy) – (∑x) (∑y)

r=
√ [n∑x2 – (∑x)2] [n∑y2 – (∑y)2]
Where:
N= number of pairs of score
∑xy = Sum of the products of paired scores
∑x = Sum of x scores
∑y = Sum of y scores
∑x2 = Sum of squared x scores
∑y2 = Sum of squared y scores
32
In interpreting the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the following was utilized:
Correlations Interpretation
± .8 and 1.0 Very Strong Correlation
±.6 and .8 Strong Correlation
±.4 and .6 Moderate Correlation
±.2 and .4 Weak Correlation
± 0 and .2 Very Weak Correlation
5. Slovin’s Formula
n
𝑛=
(1 + Ne2)
N= Number of Cases
Ne= Margin of error
33
Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
This part of this would discuss the interpretations of the data gathered.
This would also discuss the results of the study, its relationship to one another,
and the reason for its occurrence.
SOP 1: Demographic Profile of the Respondents
TABLE 1
Age of the respondents
Age range Frequency Percentage
F %
16-17 142 67.94%
18-19 67 32.06%
The table above shows the frequency of the age range of the
respondents. The age range that got the highest number of respondents is
from ages 16-17 years old and has a frequency of 142 with a percentage of
67.94% of the total respondents. The reason for this is because senior high
school student is mostly on this age range.
On the other hand, the age ranges from 18-19 years old got the lowest
frequency of 31 and has a percentage of 32.06% of the total respondents.
According to Manalo, Mercado, et.al (2016) it’s because ages 18-19 years old
is the normal age range for a college student.
34
Table 2
Senior High School Track
Track Frequency Percentage
F %
Academic 178 85.17%
Technical Vocational 31 14.83%
The table above shows the frequency of the senior high school track
that the respondents are enrolled. The senior high school track that has the
highest number of respondent is from Academic track that has a frequency of
178 respondents which is equivalent to 85.17% of the total respondents. While
the Technical Vocational Strand got a frequency of 31 which is equivalent to
14.83% of the total respondents. A reason for this is because students tend to
choose strand Academic track because it offers a wide range of courses for
the students who are still going to pursue college and having the Filipino
culture of getting a more stable job only if they graduated 4 or more years of
Bachelor education while those who are taking up Technical vocational are
those students who are either going to pursue a college or get a job for
themselves.
35
SOP 2: What are the effects of Street Harassment to the Respondent?
Table 3
ACADEMIC
16-17
INDICATOR MEAN STANDARD WEIGHTED

DEVIATION
MEAN
2.1 20.83 10.09 3.05
2.2 20.83 14.33 3.86
2.3 20.17 8.36 2.61
2.4 20.33 38.35 0.69
2.5 19.83 8.08 2.62
2.6 20.83 6.82 2.72
2.7 20 14.67 1.68
2.8 19.83 9.63 1.99
2.9 20.33 9.13 2.29
2.10 19.67 13.43 1.58
The table above shows the effect of street harassment for female
students ages 16 –17 years old under Academic track. The highest effect that
36
arise is indicator 2.2 how often do you feel stressed on the romantic gestures
that a man gives you which correspond to a few times a month while the
Lowest is indicator 2.4 how often has a man offered you money for sex when
you are either walking or standing for someone Which correspond to once in
the past years.
Table 4
ACADEMIC
18-19

DEVIATION
MEAN
2.1 9.67 5.9 3.23
2.2 8.83 4.77 3.83
2.3 9.67 4.41 0.85
2.4 8.83 19.64 0.02
2.5 19.83 8.08 3.13
2.6 10.83 4.69 3.19
2.7 9.67 9.88 1.40
2.8 8.33 6.52 1.57
2.9 8.83 5.52 1.81
2.10 8.83 18.81 1.64
37
On the other hand the table above shows the effect of street
harassment for ages 18-19 years old under Academic track. The data states
that the highest indicator that arise for this ages range is also 2.2 how often do
you feel stressed on the romantic gestures that a man gives you and
corresponds to a few times a month while the lowest indicator is also 2.4 How
often has a man offered you money for sex when you are either walking or
standing waiting for someone which corresponds to once in the past years
TABLE 5
TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL
16-17

MEAN
DEVIATION
2.1 2.83 3.08 3.41
2.2 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.3 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.4 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.5 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.6 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.7 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.8 2.83 1.77 3.71
38
2.9 2.83 1.77 3.71
2.10 2.83 1.77 3.71
The table above show the data gathered for 16-17 years old under
technical vocational track it show up that the highest indicators that arise for
this age range is 2.2 –2.10 and corresponds to a few times a month, while the
lowest is indicator 2.1 and correspond to once a month.
Table 6
18-19

DEVIATION
MEAN
2.1 2.33 1.21 2.71
2.2 2.33 1.06 3
2.3 2.33 1.86 1.71
2.4 2.33 4.49 0.86
2.5 2.33 1.34 2
2.6 2.33 0.89 2.86
2.7 2.33 1.95 2.07
39
2.8 2.33 1.21 2.43
2.9 2.33 1.46 2.86
2.10 2.333 1.77 1.36
As for the ages 18-19 years old under technical vocational track the
table above shows that highest indicator that arise is problem 2.2 how often do
you feel stressed on the romantic gestures that a man gives to you which
correspond to once a month while the lowest is indicator 2.4 how often has a
man offered you money for sex when you are either walking or standing
waiting for someone which correspond to once in the past years
SOP 3: What are the Street Harassment the respondents’ usually

experience?
Table 7
ACADEMIC
16-17
MEAN STANDARD WEIGHTED RANK

DEVIATION
MEAN
3.1 24.4 9.52 3.35 7
3.2 24.2 3.66 2.97 6
3.3 24.8 6.52 2.66 4
40
3.4 24.6 19.96 1.98 2
3.5 23.2 30.66 1.42 1
3.6 24 14.38 2.14 3
3.7 24 4.9 2.70 5
*3.8 24.4 8.96 2.51 4
3.9 24.2 24.09 1.83 2
3.10 22.4 5.61 2.88 5
3.11 24.2 17.85 2.01 3
3.12 24.4 28.41 1.54 1
The table above shows that the highest Street Harassment that ages
16-17 years old under Academic track usually experience is Catcalling ranked
as 7 being the highest and an interpretation of High while the lowest is
Exhibitionism (public masturbation ) and ranked as 1 being the lowest with an
interpretation of Low.
In terms of the place they usually experience street harassment the

respondents stated that they mostly experienced street harassment is in
sidewalks going to school as it is ranked as 5 being the highest while the place
where they unlikely experienced Street harassment is in front of school ranked
as 1 being the lowest.
Table 8
ACADEMIC
18-19
41

DEVIATION
MEAN
3.1 10.6 3.77 3.21 7
3.2 10.6 4.72 2.74 5
3.3 10.6 5.71 2.32 4
3.4 10.6 11.91 1.70 2
3.5 10.6 16.72 1.36 1
3.6 10.6 9.11 1.81 3
3.7 10.6 3.93 2.81 6
*3.8 10.6 4.27 2.55 5
3.9 10.6 10.82 1.87 2
3.10 10.6 8.4 2.09 4
3.11 10.2 7.22 2.04 3
3.12 10.2 12.01 1.62 1
The table above shows that for ages 18-19 years old under Academic
track the street harassment they usually encounter is Catcalling as well
Ranked as 7 being the highest and an interpretation of averagely low while the
lowest is Exhibitionism (public masturbation) ranked as 1 being the lowest with
an interpretation of low.
42
Regarding on the place where they mostly likely experience Street

Harassment the responded said that is in Jeepney terminals while the place
they most unlikely experienced Street harassment is in front of school as well.
Table 9
16-17

DEVIATION
MEAN
3.1 3.4 1.36 2.47 7
3.2 2.8 2.14 1.88 3
3.3 3.4 2.65 1.94 4
3.4 3.4 2.58 2.06 5
3.5 2.8 3.31 1.65 2
3.6 2.8 2.4 1.50 1
3.7 2.8 1.33 2.12 6
*3.8 2.8 1.33 1.88 3
3.9 3.4 2.94 1.94 5
3.10 2.8 1.72 1.94 5
43
3.11 3.4 3.14 1.76 1
3.12 3.4 3.93 1.76 1
The table above show the data gathered for ages 16-17 years old under
technical vocational track wherein it shows that Catcalling is still the number
one highest street harassment the respondents usually experienced and was
then ranked as 7 being the highest interpreted as moderately low, on the other
hand stalking is the most unlikely the street harassment they experienced
ranked as 1 being the lowest and interpreted as low.
Places where the respondents usually experienced street harassment,

the respondents said that it is in Hypermarket and sidewalk going to school
while the places where they unlikely experienced Street Harassment is in Gas
Station and In front of School.
Table 10
18-19

DEVIATION
MEAN
3.1 2.4 0.8 2.29 6
3.2 2.4 1.85 2.07 5
3.3 2.8 0.75 2.71 7
44
3.4 2.8 2.32 2.14 3
3.5 2.8 4.17 1.5 1
3.6 2.8 2.32 2.14 5
3.7 2.8 1.47 2.5 2
*3.8 2.4 1.85 1.93 2
3.9 2.8 2.23 2.07 3
3.10 2.4 1.5 2.14 4
3.11 2.8 1.83 2.21 5
3.12 2.8 2.79 1.79 1
As for the ages 18-19 years old under technical vocational track .the
table above shows the data gathered on regard to the usually street
harassment they experienced. According to them the street harassment they
usually experienced is Asking for Women’s number ranked as 7 being the
highest and interpreted as Averagely low while the street harassment they
most unlikely experienced is Exhibitionism(public masturbation) and was then
ranked as 1 being the lowest with an interpretation of low.
On regards to the places where they most likely experience Street

Harassment the respondents had then said that it is in Gas Stations and the
place where they most unlikely experienced it is in In front of school as well.
45
SOP4:
Table 11
Pearson P Interpretation Decision Conclusion
R Value Value
16-17
.018 .000 Very weak Reject H0 There is a

correlation significant
18-19
Relationship
**Correlation is significant at the 0.1 level
The table above shows the correlation between 16-17 and 18-19 years
old. The table also showed the interpretation of each value and the decision
made regarding the hypothesis.
The researchers gathered the data from 16-17 and 18-19 years old and
then correlated it to know if there is a significant relationship between the two.
It shows then that 16-17 and 18-19 years old had a very weak correlation
(r=.018, n=209, p<.01). A negative correlation would mean an inverse
relationship between two variables. A p value of 0.000, which is less than the
significance level of .01, would mean that the relationship is significant.
Considering all the data gathered for relationship, the null hypothesis would be
rejected stating that there is significant relationship between the experiences of
16-17 and 18-19 years old.
46
SOP5: What programs can the school offer to help solve the street harassment
that the students experience around the school vicinity?
Aside from providing the students a quality education, it is also then a

top priority of the school to ensure the safety of their students inside and
outside the school vicinity. The proponents of this study are then suggesting
that school should add more security personnel such as the BPSO, Barangay
Tanods, and even police officers if possible as for the respondents stated that
they experience street harassment mostly on sidewalks going to school,
Jeepney terminals, and even in Gas station which are all just a kilometer away
from the school.
The school can also enforce seminars in spreading out awareness

about street harassment because as for some of the respondent they didn’t
know that simple things such us name calling or even whistling are already
considered as harassment especially if it is unwanted for them because it
promotes fear that can lead to trauma to the victims.
47
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, COCLUSIONS, & RECOMMENDATION
This part of the study discussed the overall findings, the conclusions that had
been made based on the gathered data thus, a recommendations were also
given to further improve this study.
SUMMARY
Harassments are the things which someone gives to either annoy or bother
somebody in which they could feel frazzle. Street Harassment then is the
unwanted comments of thing we got in public places such as name calling,
whistle, unwanted touches and even public masturbations that promotes fear
for women. Primarily there is no required gender for street harassment but
then women are more frequent victim of street harassment rather than other
gender. The researchers of this study headed on making this study for they
have also been a victim of street harassment on both public and private
places. The objective of this study is to give out further knowledge and spread
out awareness that simple things such name calling ,whistles and other things
which are bound out of your permission are all considered as street
harassment.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the gathered data. Out of 209
respondent ages 16-17 years old got the highest frequency of respondents
weighting a total of 142 from the total respondents. In the process it showed
then that the effect of street harassment for both 16-17 and 18-19 years old
under Academic Strand is that they both feel stressed when a man give out
unwanted gestures towards them while respondents from technical vocational
48
track data showed that ages 16-17 years old had couple of effects such as
anxiety, stressed, fear and even trauma while 18-19 years old felt more stress
when they encounter street harassment. It also shows that the most frequent
type of street harassment that the respondent usually experience for both 16-
17 and 18-19 years old under Academic strand is catcalling verbally
interpreted as high and the place where they usually experienced this is in
sidewalks going to schools. On the other hand respondents under Technical
Vocational Track ages 16-17 mostly experienced catcalling while 18-19 years
old mostly experienced a man asking for their number. Both also had different
answer on regard to the places where they usually experienced street
harassment, ages 16-17 years old said that they most got harassed in
Hypermarket and sidewalks going to school while for ages 18-19 years old is in
Gas stations
RECOMMENDATION
For Authorities/Government officials, the proponents of this study advise

them to give a full time attention especially now a day where in women are
being more subject to street harassment more laws/ordinance/bills protecting
women.
For psychologist, the proponents advise them to comprehensively assist the

victims of street harassment to overcome the possible effects. The researchers
also then recommended that they should also help their clients regain positive
thoughts about their selves and their environment.
For parents, the proponents of this study advise them to have one on one talk
about the things happened on them so that they could fully understand what is
happening on their children. The researchers also advise them to read studies
49
about the possible effect of street harassment so that they could properly
assist and guide their children.
For School Administrators, the proponents of the study advise them to

educate their students on the safety precautions they can do when they
experience street harassment. This could be done in seminars, meetings, and
forums.
For Students, especially the female, the proponents of this study recommends
them to be extra carefully when walking down alone or waiting for someone. It
is then very helpful for them if they have knowledge about street harassment
and not tolerate street harassers.
For Advocator’s of Women’s right, the proponents of this study recommend

them to use this as strong basis on their future campaigns in regards of fighting
for equal rights and protection for women inside the society.
For Future Researchers, It is recommended that you find diligent and much
willing to answer your questionnaire. It is also recommended that you make
sure that limit your questionnaire only to a maximum of 10 so that respondents
wouldn’t feel bored answering. It is also then recommended that you made
your question both in English and your mother tongue so that they can further
understand your points.
50
Appendix A
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DR. CARLOS S.

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STREET

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

ARROYO, MARY JOYCE P.

BACALSO, RAY MARIE

BACANI, KATE CASSANDRA C.

CRUZ, IRENE JOY C.

DE LEON, TRICIA MAY

PASCUAL, JAY ANN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STREET

Arroyo, Mary Joyce P.

Bacalso, Ray Marie

Bacani, Kate Cassandra C.

Cruz, Irene Joy C.

De leon, Tricia May

Pascual, Jay Ann

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Program of

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET

This Research Project Entitled

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STREET

Arroyo, Mary Joyce P.

Bacalso, Ray Marie

Bacani, Kate Cassandra C.

Cruz, Irene Joy C.

De leon, Tricia May

Pascual, Jay Ann

And submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance

Mr. KERWIN PAUL GONZALES, MAEd Mrs. PARALUMAN C.GONZALES

Research Project Adviser Research Project Adviser

PANEL’S APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STREET

Arroyo, Mary Joyce P.

Bacalso, Ray Marie

Bacani, Kate Cassandra C.

Cruz, Irene Joy C.

De leon, Tricia May

Pascual, Jay Ann

After having been presented is hereby approved

By the following members of the panel

Mr. Richmond Laure𝑛̃o,LPT Mr. Melvin Nipas,MIT

Panel Member Panel Member

Ms. Irish Gael Cruz,LPT

DEPARTMENT ACCEPTANCE SHEET

This Research Project Entitled

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF STREET

Arroyo, Mary Joyce P.

Bacalso, Ray Marie

Bacani, Kate Cassandra C.

Cruz, Irene Joy C.

De leon, Tricia May

Pascual, Jay Ann

After having been recommended and approved is hereby accepted by

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ERWIN L. PURCIA, DALL

To everyone who believe in us from the very start up to the last.