Indian Institute of Information

Technology Allahabad

EC#532
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

Dr. Pooja Mishra

Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad

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Lesson # 03

1. ANTENNA PARAMETERS (part 1)

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 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems:
1. Cartesian Coordinates z
P(x,y,z)
Or
y
Rectangular Coordinates
P (x, y, z) x

z
z
P(r, Φ, z)
2. Cylindrical Coordinates
P (r, Φ, z) r y
x Φ
X=r cos Φ,
Y=r sin Φ,
Z=z z
3. Spherical Coordinates P(r, θ, Φ)
θ r
P (r, θ, Φ)
X=r sin θ cos Φ, y
x Φ
Y=r sin θ sin Φ,
Z=z cos θ
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#ISOTROPIC DIRECTIONAL AND

OMNIDIRECTIONAL PATTERNS:
• An isotropic radiator is defined as a hypothetical
lossless antenna having equal radiation in all
direction.
• A directional antenna is one having the property
of the radiating or receiving EM waves more
effectively in same directions than in others.
• An Omni directional antenna is one having an
essentially non-directional pattern in a given plane
and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane.
• An Omni directional pattern is a special case of
directional pattern.

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Directional pattern

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Omnidirectional Antenna Pattern

Non-directional in azimuth
plane and directional in
elevation plane
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# PRINCIPAL PATTERNS: For a linearly

polarized antenna, performance is often
described in terms of its principal E and H-
Plane patterns.

• The E-Plane is defined as the plane containing

the electric field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation.

• The H-Plane is defined as the plane containing

the magnetic field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation.

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Principal plane implies that the cut is through the pattern maximum

E-pattern is figure of eight

For a Hertzian dipole,

the x-z plane cut of the pattern is E-plane
and
the x-y plane cut of the pattern is
H-plane patterns.

H-pattern is a circle
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Principal E- and H-plane patterns of a

pyramidal horn antenna

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# RADIATION PATTERN LOBES: Various parts of a

radiation pattern are referred to as “Lobes” and are
classified into:

• Major/Main
• Minor
• Side or
• Back Lobes

A radiation lobe is a portion of the radiation pattern

bounded by the regions of radiation intensity. Some
are greater radiation intensity than others, but all are
classified as lobes.

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• Major Lobe (Main Beam):

contains direction of maximum
radiation (maybe more than
one as in split beam antenna).

• Minor Lobe: any lobe except a

major lobe.

• Side Lobe: other than intended

lobe.

• Back Lobe: 180 angle with

o

respect to antenna beam.

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• Minor lobes are undesired.

• Side lobes are the largest lobes of minor lobes.

It is normally expressed in dB and a SLL of -30 dB or less is

considered to be good for a communication system

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Half Power Beam Width: The angular separation of the points where
the main beam of the power pattern equals to one half of the
maximum value. It is also called 3 dB beamwidth.

Beam width between first nulls (BWFN): It is the angular separation

between the first two nulls on either side of the main beam.

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For patterns which are very broad, sometimes a 10 dB beamwidth is

specified instead of a 3 dB beamwidth.

The 10 dB beamwidth is the angle between the two directions on

either side of the main lobe peak along which the power density is 10 dB
below the maximum value.

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Half-power beamwidth is 30◦ and the 10 dB beamwidth is 50◦

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Reactive near field region

• This is the portion of the near-field region immediately
surrounding the antenna wherein the reactive field
predominates.
• For most antennas, the outer boundary of this region is
commonly taken to exist at a distance

from the antenna surface, where λ is the wavelength and D is

the largest dimension of the antenna

“For a very short dipole, or equivalent radiator, the outer

boundary is commonly taken to exist at a distance λ/2π
from the antenna surface.”

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Radiating near-field (Fresnel) region is defined as

“that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-
field region and the far-field region wherein radiation fields
predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is
dependent upon the distance from the antenna.”

For an antenna focused at infinity, the radiating

near-field region is sometimes referred to as the
Fresnel region

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Far-field (Fraunhofer) region is defined as that region of

the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is
essentially independent of the distance from the antenna.

If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension D, the far-

field region is commonly taken to exist at distances greater
than 2D2/λ from the antenna, λ being the wavelength.

For an antenna focused at infinity, the far-field

region is sometimes referred to as the
Fraunhofer region

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❑ In the far field region, the

spherical wavefront
radiated from a source
antenna can be
approximated as plane
wavefront
❑ The phase error in
approximating this is π/8

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One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex at the center of a circle
of radius r that is subtended by an arc whose length is the radius r .

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❑ One steradian is defined as the solid angle with its vertex at the center of a sphere of radius
r that is subtended by a spherical surface area equal to that of a square with each side of
length r .

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !

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