Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Expectations:
The integrand
Substitute Apply the identity
contains
1 − sin2θ = cos2θ
a2 − x2
x = a sin θ, −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 Sometimes
where | x| ≤ a
cos2θ = (1/2)(1 + cos 2θ).
x = a sec θ,
x2 − a2
sec2θ − 1 = tan2θ
where 0 < a ≤ x
0 ≤ θ < π/2, π ≤ θ < 3π/2
Note − The restriction x = a sec θ, 0 ≤ θ < π/2, π ≤ θ < 3π/2 is due to the way θ =
arcsec y is defined in your text. That is,
In particular, when the integrand contains the following square roots, applying the
substitutions indicated in the table above we get the following nice simplifications of the
integrand:
The integrand
Substituting as in the table above we get:
contains:
Solution:
∫
= sin2θ (1/ √cos2θ) cos θ sin θ dθ
(Since the power of sine is odd factor out sin θ)
∫
= sin2θ (1/ | cos θ | ) cos θ sin θ dθ
∫
= sin2θ (1/ cos θ ) cos θ sin θ dθ
(Since cos θ is positive on −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. )
∫
= [1 − cos2θ ] sinθ dθ
∫
= − [1 − u2 ] du (Let u = cos θ. Then du = −sinθ dθ )
= −u + (1/3)u3 + C
∫x /√(1 − x ) dx = (1/3) (1 − x )
3 2 2 3/2
− √(1 − x2) + C.
∫
4.3 Example − Find √(a2 − x2) dx, | x | < a.
Solution:
∫
= a2cos2θdθ
∫
= (1/2)a2 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
∫
4.4 Example − Find 1/(4x2 + 9)2 dx.
Solution:
o ∫
Let v = 2x. The integrand can then be expressed in the form 1/(4x2 + 9)2 dx
∫
= (1/2) 1/( v2 + 32)2dv.
o Then dv = 3 sec2 θ dθ .
∫1/(4x + 9) dx = (1/2)∫1/( v + 3 ) dv
2 2 2 2 2
∫
= (3/2) sec2θ / [9tan2 θ + 9 ]2 dθ
∫
= (3/2) sec2θ / [9sec2 θ ]2 dθ (Using the identity tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ . )
= (1/54)∫1/sec θ dθ
2
∫
= (1/54) cos2 θ dθ
= 3/√(4x2 + 9).
• θ = arctan(v/3)
= arctan(2x/3)
o Thus
Solution:
∫
= 5 tan2θ dθ
= 5∫sec θ − 1 dθ
2
= 5tan θ − 5θ + C
4.6 Example − A definite integral problem: Find ∫ 1/2 to √(3)/2 x /√(1 − x2) dx, where | x | < 1.
3
Solution:
• If x = 1/2, then
If x = √(3)/2, then
θ = arcsin √(3)/2 = π/3.
∫
4.10.1 Question − We see that arcsin (x/a) + C = 1/√(a2 − x2 ) dx = − −1/√(a2 − x2 ) ∫
dx = − arccos (x/a) + C.
Then one might say arcsin (x/a) = − arccos (x/a). Is this true? If not, why?