Periodicity SL

Mr. Steiner
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 Physical Properties
● Objectives:

● Understand the structure and purpose of the periodic table

● State and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii,

ionisation energies and electronegativities down groups and
across periods

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The Traditional Periodic Table
Based on Mendeleev’s work.
Easiest to use and display.

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Dmitri Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
The one that started it all.

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Wide Format Periodic Table
Shows true position of the f-block
(lanthanides and actinides)

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 Janet Periodic Table
Elements arranged in order of orbital filling. Used
frequently by physicists.

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 The Structure of the Periodic Table
GROUPS

PERIODS

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Groups and major classifications

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Valence Electrons

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 Atomic Radius
● Atomic Radius refers to the ‘size’ of an atom

● It is half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms in a covalent

bond.

● Radius = diameter/2

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 Atomic Radius
The main factors influencing atomic radius are:
● Number of shells (the principal quantum number)
● The charge in the nucleus
More charge pulls electrons in closer.
● Shielding effect

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 Group Trends
● As we go down a H
group... Li
● Each atom has Na
another energy level,

● So the atoms get K

bigger.

Rb
 Periodic Trends
● As you go across a period, the radius gets smaller.
● Electrons are in same energy level.
● More nuclear charge.
● Outermost electrons are closer.

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
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Effect of Ionic Bonding

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 Ionic Group trends – Alkali Metals
● Adding an energy level
1+
● Ions get bigger as you go down
a group.
Li
+
● Cations:
Na
1+
● lose electrons and thus a K
whole energy levels +
● achieve a noble gas Rb
configuration
● smaller than original neutral 1+
atom Cs

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 Ionic Group trends – Halogens
Anions: gaining electrons and obtain a noble gas
configuration

- bigger than original neutral atom

- more valance electrons

- increased electron-electron repulsion among valence

electrons

- spreading out of valance electrons

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 Periodic Trends
● Li1+ has 2e and 3p

● Be2+ has 2e and 4p.

● Be2+ has a greater nuclear charge than Li1+ and so is smaller.

● Explain why N3- larger than O2-? (Compare no. of shells/ p/ e).

N3-
B 3+ O2- F1-
Li1+

Be 2+ C4+
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 Size of Isoelectronic ions

Isoelectronic ions that have more protons are smaller.

2- N3-
1- O
1+ Ne F
3+
Al Na

2+
Mg

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 HL Topic 2 and SL Topic 3
Ionization Energy

● Objectives:

● Deduce the group of an element from its successive ionization energy

data.

● Explain the trends and discontinuities in the 1st ionization energy

across a period.

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 Ionization Energies
● The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove 1
mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to produce 1
mole of gaseous singly charged ions.

● Na(g) → Na+(g) + 1e

Second ionization energy

Na+(g) → Na2+(g) + 1e

Not Na(g) → Na2+(g) + 2e

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 What determines IE
● The greater the effective nuclear charge, the greater IE.
● The further an electron is from the nucleus, the less energy
that will be needed to remove it.

● The shielding effect – This is caused by the inner shell

electrons.

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 Shielding
● The electron in the outermost energy level
experiences more shielding than the
innermost electrons.

● Second e- in a shell has same shielding as the

first e-.

● Down a group, ionization energy decreases.

● Why: The trend here goes with the radii.

● What happens to IE of the atoms as we move

across the period?
● Decrease down a
group Ionization
● Nuclear charge
increase but
Energy
more shielding
from inner
electron
● Effective nuclear
charge remains
approximately
the same
● Valance electron
further away
from nucleus
● Less attraction
to the nucleus
 Ionization Energy

● Increase across period

● Increase nuclear charge, same no. of inner electron
● Increase in effective nuclear charge
● Increase attraction between nucleus and valance electron
● On the periodic table it looks like this.

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 Ionization Energy

● Deviation caused by presence of energy sub-level

● Observe the following graph of ionization energies

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 Electronegativity

● This is a measure of the degree to which an element attracts the shared

pair of electrons in a covalent bond

Values are influenced by:

● Number of inner electron shells (and their shielding)
● Charge on the nucleus

● Values are unitless as this is a relative measure

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● g

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 Electron Affinity
● Energy change when one mole of electron is attached to
one mole of natural atoms or molecules in gaseous state to
form negatively charged ions

X(g) + e- → X- (g)
 Electron Affinity
● Most 1st EA values are negative
● Added electron is attracted to the positive nucleus
 Electron Affinity: Group Trend
● Going down the group
 Electron Affinity: Period Trend

● Going across the period

● Values become more negative
● Halogen most negative
● Gain electron to achieve stable noble gas configuration
● High effective nuclear charge to attract the added electrons
 Electronegativity
● Ability to attract shared pairs of electrons in a
covalent bond

● High electronegativity means it pulls the electron

pair toward it
 Electronegativity
● Any prediction on the trend based on our previous
knowledge of attractive force between nucleus and
valance electron
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 Electronegativity Difference
● If the 2 atoms are the same then the bond is non-polar.

● If the difference is less than 0.5 then the bond is considered to be

non-polar.

● Between 0.5 and 1.6 then it is considered polar covalent.

● Between 1.7 and 2.0 – for non-metal and metal then it is ionic, 2
non-metals then polar covalent.

● Difference in electronegativity that are greater than 2.0 are considered to

be ionic bonds. Metals and non-metals forming a bond is considered to
be ionic. 2 nonmetals then bond is covalent.

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 Determine the bond type
● Determine if the following combinations of atoms will
result in a non-polar covalent, polar covalent or ionic bond.
● Na – Cl
● C – Cl
● C–H
● N–H
● N–O
● B–H

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Chemical Properties

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 Refresh

Which species has the largest radius? Do not use the data
booklet…work it out!

A. Cl–
B. K
C. Na+
D. K+

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 Chemical Properties

● Objectives:

● Understand the following trends in reactivity:

● Alkali metals with water
● Alkali metals with halogens
● Halogens with halide ions

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 Three reactions to know
● The Group I (alkali) metals react with water as follows:
● Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

● The Group I (alkali) metals react with halogens (Group 17) as follows:
● Metal + Halogen → Metal Halide

● Metal halides react with halogens (Group 17) as follows:

● Metal halide 2+ Halogen 1→ Metal halide 1+ Halogen 2

where the more active halogen 1 replaces the less reactive halogen 2

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Group 1: Alkali Metals
Most are silvery metals.

Too reactive to be found as free elements in

nature.

Soft, can be cut with a knife.

Shiny, smooth surfaces when freshly cut.

Stored in oil.

Good conductors.
Low densities when compared to other metals.

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Alkali metal + Water
 Group 7: the halogens
● Exist as diatomic molecules, X2

● Colored elements, what are the colors and states?

● Very reactive

● Forms ionic compounds (halide compounds) with metals

● Forms covalent compounds with non-metals

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 Alkali metals + Halogens
● Form ionic metal halide salt
● General equation:

2K (s) + Br2(l) → 2KBr (s)

2Li (s) + I2(g) → 2LiI (s)

 Cl Br I

Li

Na

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Halogens form insoluble salts with silver ions

● Precipitate color is useful for identifying

halides

● Ag+(s)+ X- (s)-->AgX(s)

● AgCl – white solid, AgBr – cream/off-white,

AgI – pale yellow

With Pb(NO3)2

● PbCl2 and PbBr2 are white insoluble solids,

PbI2 is bright yellow

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 Displacement of Halides
● A solution of more reactive halogen, X2, reacts with a
solution of halide ions, X-, formed by a less reactive halogen.
 Key Points

● Alkali metals become more reactive down the group:

● Due to the outer shell electron becoming increasingly easy to
remove

● Halogens become less reactive down the group:

● Due to the increased numbers of electron shells (and thus shielding)
causing them to attract electrons less strongly

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Period 3 Oxides

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 Refresh

Which properties of the alkali metals decrease going down

group 1?

A. First ionization energy and reactivity

B. Melting point and atomic radius
C. Reactivity and electronegativity
D. First ionization energy and melting point

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 Period 3 Oxides

● Objectives:

● Understand and explain the trend in acid-base behaviour of

the period 3 oxides

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 The Period 3 Oxides
Element Formula of Reaction of oxide with water Acid/base nature
oxide
Sodium* Na2O Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH Strongly basic
Magnesium* MgO Slight: MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 Weakly basic
Aluminium Al2O3 Amphoteric
Silicon SiO2 Very weakly acidic
Phosphorous* P4O10 P4O10 + 6 H2O → 4 H3PO4 Strongly acidic
Sulphur* SO2 Strongly acidic
SO3 SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
Chlorine no direct Strongly acidic
reaction but:
Cl2O7 Cl2O7 + H2O → 2 HClO4
Argon no oxides

Note: you will only be tested on the elements marked with an asterisk *

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 Across Period 3: Acidity of Oxides

● SiO2 and Al2O3 are both insoluble in water

● SiO2 is consider acidic as it reacts with alkali
SiO2 + 2NaOH → Na2SiO3 + H2O
Amphoteri
c
● Behave as an acid or a base depending upon the reaction it is
involved with.

● Aluminum’s oxide is amphoteric.

● Al2O3(s) + 6HCl (aq)→ 2AlCl3 (aq)+ 3H2O (l)
● Reacts with a strong acid to make a to make a salt and water.
● Al2O3(s)+ 2NaOH (aq) + 3H2O → 2NaAl(OH)4 (aq)
● Reacts with a strong base to form sodium aluminate
Beware

• When SiO2 and Al2O3 are added to water, the pH of solution

will be ?
• pH is 7!!!
• As SiO2 and Al2O3 are not soluble in water!!!!!!!!!!!
 Key Points

The oxides of period 3 display a gradual transition basic to acidic

character.

This reflects a gradual transition from metallic to non-metallic nature of

the elements.

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