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Revised-Written-Report

The Contemporary World (Polytechnic University of the Philippines)

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A. Global Divides
The Global Divides refers to the division of
the world into two: the rich countries (Global
North) and the poor countries (Global South).
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
How is the world divided? The world is
divided into those countries that are
industrialized, have political and economic
stability, have technological advancements,
WRITTEN REPORT and have high levels of human health,
education and defense, and those countries
that do not.

GLOBAL DIVIDES: B. The Origin of the Global South

1. The Center and the Periphery
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH In the 19th century, the world was
largely divided into several empires, each of
which possessed a “civilized” center and
peripheries that were more or less considered
Submitted by: primitive or even “barbaric.”

2. The Three Worlds

GROUP 2 Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer,
anthropologist, and economic historian coined
the term “Third World” in his article,
APULOG, AIRAH MAE L'Observateur in 1952.
BUENDICHO, MARC BRYX More than half a century ago, the Cold
FERRER, ANGEL GRACE War was just starting. It was Western
capitalism versus Soviet socialism. But there
was another group of countries. Many of them
were former colonies and none of them were
squarely in either the Western or the Soviet
Submitted to:
camp.

a. The First World

PROF. AILEEN L. CAMBA
First World described the NATO (North
Atlantic Treaty Organization) countries and
their allies, which were democratic, capitalist,
and industrialized.
BSA 1-1
It included most of North America and
Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and their
allies.
2018
b. The Second World
Second World described the
communist-socialist states. These countries
were, like First World countries, industrialized.

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It included the so-called Communist than US $4000, along with a high HDI ranking
Bloc: Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and economic stability.
Cuba, and friends.
4. Developed and Developing Countries
The most commonly used and the most
c. The Third World politically correct terms to describe and
The Third World described those differentiate between countries are
countries that did not align with either the First "developed" and "developing" countries.
World or Second World countries after World
War II and are generally described as less- Developed countries describes the
developed countries but are well on their way countries with the highest level of development
to becoming rich and “developed.” based on similar factors to those used to
distinguish between MDCs and LDCs, as well
It included the developing nations of as based on levels of industrialization.
Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
4. Global Divides
*The Fourth World a. Global North
Paul Farmer, a co-founder of the The Global North mostly covers the
nonprofit Partners in Health and a professor at West and the First World, along with much of
Harvard Medical School, stated “And it's not the Second World.
like the First World is the best world in every
way. It has pockets of deep urban and rural b. Global South
poverty. That's the Fourth World.” The Global South largely corresponds
with the "Third World, "developing countries,"
The Fourth World was coined in the "less developed countries," and "less developed
1970s, referring to the nations of indigenous regions." It can also include poorer "southern"
people that live within a country. These groups regions of wealthy "northern" countries.
often face discrimination and forced
assimilation. They are among the poorest in According to Jonathan Rigg, the term
the world. They are struggling, yet they had should not be taken too literally, with the
potential. equator dividing the world in two. Instead, it
should be understood in the wider context of
*The Fifth World globalization.
According to a teacher from Nairobi in
the mid-seventies, the Fifth World describes As nations become economically
countries that are chanceless and mired in developed, they may become part of the
perennial poverty. “Global North", regardless of geographical
location; similarly, any nations that do not
3. MDCs and LDCs qualify for "developed" status are in effect
"MDC" stands for More Developed deemed to be part of the “Global South".
Country and "LDC" stands for Least Developed
Country. According to Grovogui, the Global South
is not a directional designation or a point due
This classification is used in grouping south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic
countries based on factors including their GDP designation meant to capture the semblance of
per capita, political and economic stability, and cohesion that emerged when former colonial
human health, as measured by the Human entities engaged in political projects of
Development Index (HDI). decolonization and moved toward the
realization of a postcolonial international order.
In general, a country is considered an
MDC when it has a GDP per capita of more C. Other Terminologies

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Some people and organizations also of direct military force (imperialism) to further
came up with their own terms to describe and colonize a country, especially previous
differentiate the rich and poor countries. dependent countries.

a. Income-based Countries 4. Neoliberalism

The World Health Organization (WHO) The corporations has a larger say in
categorizes countries as low-income, lower- what happens in the economy, whereas they
middle income, middle-income and high- operate in minimal restrictions (e.g. tariffs,
income countries. regulations).

E. Effects of the Emergence of Global South

b. Fat and Lean Economies 1. Dependency Theory
The Nigerian-American journalist Dayo The practice by which core countries
Olopade uses the adjectives "fat" and "lean" to depend on periphery countries as their
represent a country’s economy. resources to get raw materials (more like
exploitation of resources) while those in
c. Majority and Minority Worlds periphery sought out the products made by
If we are to categorize the rich and poor core as their fundamental needs.
nations as majority and minority world, who is
the majority world, the rich or the poor? The 2. Emergence of Global Relations (from the
poor, why? Because the likelihood of being experiences of Latin American countries)
poor is higher than being rich.
3. International Relations - concern on
All these terms point to common economic and international insertion and
phenomena: the underdevelopment of certain foreign policy
states/peoples and their lack of representation
in global political processes and the interstate How to Deal with International Affairs
inequalities. a. Have own thinking to interpret reality
and the nature of international insertion
D. Causes of Global South (Anchored in Latin from non-particular perspectives.
America) b. Appropriately apply theories that are
1. Imperialism produced by the epistemic thinking of
A policy by which a nation extends its the North.
powers too other countries by acquisition of c. Discuss whether theory produced in
lands, military force, etc. core countries should be replaced by
concepts developed by Latin American
The rich natural resources of Latin epistemology.
America made them a target for economic
dependence called free trade imperialism. 4. Foreign Policy - public policies of states
addressed to international stage in order to
2. Capitalism promote or modify conditions to enable
A political system by which a country’s security and economic well-being
trade and industry are controlled by foreign (development policies)
investors/capitalists and not by the state.
Purpose of External Policies
In Latin America, the TNC’s determine a. Overcome underdevelopment
the overall direction of their economy. b. Overcome dependence
c. Meet challenges imposed on them
3. Neocolonialism [Latin America] by global powers
A practice of using capitalism,
globalization and cultural imperialism instead F. Concepts and Theories in Latin America

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Own Thinking
 Political Economy Approach AUTONOMY: CONCEPT, METHODOLOGICAL
-one of the major theoretical TOOL & STRATEGY
approaches of international studies.  Autonomy
-explains more accurately the structural - one of the three fundamental issues in
characteristics of relations among developing international studies in the region (Muñoz,
societies & international system (analysis of 1987)
international relations).
Other two:
Latin American Thinking Lines of Concern Promote development and Relations with US
a. Modeling of systemic structure (core-
periphery model) Latin American Definition of Autonomy
b. Interpretation of development & under- countries
development Brazil ...is no longer defined
c. Proposals to overcome the condition of by power of a country
underdevelopment (main concern) to isolate & control
processes & external
Puig (1984) - no theory produced by the North events, but rather by its
that could effectively serve the medium & small power to participate
states to achieve more autonomous forms of and effectively
international insertion influence world affairs
especially in
Cervo (2008) - substitute theories with international
concepts organizations &
regimes of all types.
The search for an own international (Russell & Tokatlián,
insertion model is the reason that activates 2010)
certain epistemic communities to formulate Argentina ...identified as
their exclusive lines of thought, because the independence (Puig),
particular thinking helps these communities to distance &
develop an idea for their ruling classes of the confrontation with the
role they want to play in the world. (Cervo, US, also as the need to
2008) come closer to power

Appropriateness of Applying Theories

BRAZIL
North aims for universality; Latin is for
- most important country at the "south of
development.
Equator"
Replacement of Concepts
Categories of Brazilian visions of Autonomy
Theory is...
1. Dichotomy - Autonomy through distance
- used as methodological heuristic tool that
(Gelson Fonseca)
has been overvalued in recent decades due to
2. Autonomy through Participation
the influence of American intellectual
3. Autonomy through Integration (Foreign
production
Minister Lampreia) then replaced by Autonomy
- needed for analysis of international insertion
through Diversification (under government of
& foreign policy from our own interpretations
Lula da Silva)
which could only be attained if we reject
theories developed in the core
Autonomy through Diversification
- emphasizes on South-South cooperation in
Mexico & Colombia excluded- based on
order to seek better balance with North
American theoretical formulations

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CHILE - associated with "autonomy through

 Liberal Political Economy diversification" to emphasize South-South
- paradigm of open regionalism cooperation
- corresponds to ideology of neoliberalism
- optimistic vision of globalization Big Peripheral States
- are those underdeveloped countries with
Open Regionalism large populations and large territory, where
- liberal idea of globalization industrial structures and significant internal
- "integrating to the world" markets were established.

Chile's choice for non-preferential partners New State-Centered Instruments

derived from free trade agreements.
It did go through "multilateralism" with partner
from different continents with different
capacities & different histories & traditions; a
strategy that did not entail risks. (Bernal-Meza,
2015)
Concepts on International Affairs
 Hegemonic Power Structure
-formulated by Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães
(2005)
- describe the scenario and the international
dynamics in which "big peripheral states" (such
as China, India and Brazil) operate
-structures that are the outcome of a historical
process and that favour those countries that
integrate them, and whose main purpose is
their own perpetuation
 Regional Power
-refers to a particular category of countries
with international profiles which are driven
towards groupings.
Two International Identities
1. World of Politics or System-Affecting State
2. Global Economy - major emerging market
 Multilateralism of reciprocity
- emerged as a praxis of foreign policy under
the government of President Lula da Silva
- consists in seeking genuine interdependence
in international economic relations, increasing
the share of foreign trade in GDP, playing a
significant role in international security, getting
reciprocal effects on environmental regimes,
and achieving a system with reciprocity on
health and human rights
1. Logistical State (Brazil)
-It prioritizes South-South alliances and signs
trade agreements based on mutually beneficial
reciprocal relations, under conditions of
symmetrical interdependence
2. Plurinational State (Bolivia)
- new way to understand and exercise
autonomy and rights of indigenous and
regional communities
 Diplomacy of Peoples
- framed in the need to manage a democratic
revolution (Vargas, 2013)
Morales would claim that diplomacy of peoples
was a "rather public, but diplomacy of the
people, not a state to state diplomacy" and that
now it would influence on state to state, nation
to nation diplomacy.
The diplomacy of peoples is the approach of
indigenous peoples to indigenous peoples;
businessman to businessman; armed forces to
armed forces; politicians to politicians.
These abstract formulations, concepts and
methodological elements are inspired by
national examples or cases. And these have
been used in recent years to support and base
some of the foreign policies of the region and
their respective international insertions.
References:
• https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=uRyJCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&
pg=PA185&ots=Yzgs1O2L8y&sig=zx681
vQtSzfQfSmStmyf5dbeE3E&redir_esc=y
#v=onepage&q&f=false

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• https://www.npr.org/sections/
goatsandsoda/2015/01/04/372684438/
if-you-shouldnt-call-it-the-third-world-
what-should-you-call-it
• https://
globalchangemusings.blogspot.com/
2016/12/how-third-world-became-
global-south.html
• https://www.thoughtco.com/developed-
or-developing-dividing-the-world-
1434457
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Global_South
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North
%E2%80%93South_divide
• https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/6399/1/
voices012015_concepts_of_the_global_
south.pdf
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iNPNJ0BRFLE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kJv89mvjl3g
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-
4V3HR696k
• http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?
script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-
73292016000100205

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