MATTER – composed of molecules in KE.
- Involved in solution processes like sodium
SOLID
- Physical state characterized by a
dominance of PE over KE.
- Particles are drawn close together in a
regular pattern by presence of strong
cohesive forces
- Occupies a fixed position (vibrates)
- Definite volume and shape
LIQUID
- Physical state characterized by KE and PE.
- Particles are randomly packed but relatively
near one another.
- Particles are in constant, random motion
- Indefinite shape and definite volume
- Follows the shape of its container
GAS
- Physical state characterized by a
dominance of KE over PE.
- Attractive forces among particles are very
weak and considered to be 0.
- Particles move independently in a total
random manner.
- Completely fill their container and shape is
that of the container.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (Van der Waals)
- Electrical in nature
- Named after a dutch chemist, Johannes
Van der Waals (1837-1923)
- Result from the attraction between centers
of opposite charge in two molecules close to
each other.
DIPOLE- DIPOLE FORCES
- Attraction of dipoles in different molecules.
- Arise from unequal sharing of electrons by
covalently bonded electrons.
- Effective at reasonably larger distance
- CIF Molecules – positive is attracted to
negative end of neighbouring molecule
ION-DIPOLE FORCES
chloride dissolving in water.
- Exist when polar molecules are attracted to
ions.
- + pole is attracted to – ion (anion)
- - pole is attracted to + ion (cation)
HYDROGEN BONDING
- Weak bond formed when hydrogen with
partial +charge is close to an atom in a
molecule with lone pairs of electrons (-)
- Result of weak electrostatic attraction (2-10
kcal/mol)
- Strength is influenced by the
electronegativity of atom to which it is
bonded.
- Water maximum density is 4℃
LONDON DISPERSION FORCE
- Nonpolar molecules such as 𝐻2 can
develop instantaneous and induce dipoles.
- Increase with increasing molecular mass
- Decrease with increasing distance between
molecules
SURFACE TENSION
- Force that causes molecules on the surface
of a liquid to tighten their hold to one
another creating the effect of a thin
membrane on the surface.
- When small amount of liquid is dropped it
forms a spherical shape.
- Substances with strong attractive forces
have high surface tensions
- Temperature-dependent
- Decreases as temperature increases.
VISCOSITY
- Measure of tendency to resist flowing
motion
- Polar and complex structure molecules
have higher viscosity
- Liquid with high viscosity is thick
- When viscosity is high that it cannot flow
anymore it is said to be glassy.
FLUIDITY
 - Opposite of viscosity
- High fluid liquid is said to be free-flowing,
mobile or thin.

CAPILLARY ACTION

- Spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow

tube.
- Explains how plants get nourishment from
soil through their roots.

INCOMPRESSIBILITY

- Since molecules in liquid are already close

they can’t be crowded together anymore.

DIFFUSIBILITY

- Much less in a liquid than in gas

EVAPORATION

- Indication of the escaped molecules from

the surface of liquid.
- Evidence of molecular motion

COOLING EFFECT OF VAPORIZATION

- Escaped molecules are ones with greatest

velocity

VAPOR PRESSURE

- Saturated with vapour and an equilibrium

state exists between the liquid and the
vapor.

BOILING POINT

- Temperature at which the vapour pressure

of a liquid is equal to the external pressure.

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

- Energy required to change exactly one

gram of liquid to vapour at its normal boiling
point.
- Cal/g, kcal/g-atom, kJ/kg