BS-II Module 4 - Students

15
ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION
BUILDING SERVICES-‐ II
• ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

MODULE 3-‐ Electrical Services – Protection Systems
SREERUPA DEB
15 ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION
MODULE 3
Electrical Services -‐ Protection Systems
5.Switchgear & Protection Devices – Fuses, Breakers: Miniature Circuit Breakers; Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers; Moulded Case Circuit
Breakers & Air Circuit Breakers and Protection Relays.
6.Earthing & Lightning Protection System: Definition, Purpose; Types of Earthing Systems, Factors affecting selection and system
specification -‐ Type of Soil, water table, soil resistivity etc. Brief about new advances in earthing systems; Lightning system design -‐ Factors
affecting the system specification, basic rules as per NBC and other relevant codes.
MODULE 4 ILLUMINATION:
7. Fundamentals: Quality & Quantity of Lighting; Recommended Lux Levels; Type of Lamps – Incandescent, Discharge Lamps, Fluorescent,
CFL, LED and OLED. Integration of Day lighting with Artificial Lighting, Control Systems, Laws of illumination.
8. Techniques, Principles and Applications: Lighting Methods -‐ Ambient, Task & Accent lighting; Systems of Luminaries -‐ Up-‐Lighting,
Down-‐Lighting, Spot Lighting etc.; Street Lighting, Façade Lighting, Landscape Lighting, Architectural Typologies; Preparation of Lighting
Layout.
MODULE 5
EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS AND LOAD ESTIMATION
9. Extra Low Voltage systems: Telephone; Data & Cable TV Networking; Service provider requirements; Point matrix for Individual
residential / Apartment.
10. Electrical Layout Design and Load Estimation: Residential Electrical Layout Design (using symbols as per IS codes), Compliance to local
building codes; and Electrical Load Calculations.
7/17/17 Syllabus 2
LIGHTING
Architectural design can be considered as the art of placing and controlling light sources in space.
Light plays an important role in the design of a Visual Environment.
The Architecture, people and objects are all made visible by the lighting.
Light influences our well-‐being, the aesthetic effect and the mood of a room or area.
Our perception of architecture will be influenced by light:

• Light defines zones and boundaries,
• Light expands and accentuates rooms,
• Light creates links and delineates one area from another,
• Light create impressions of a space
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The comfort thresholds are well known but the scope of adaptation of the eye is considerable.
Brightness is relative – depends on the distribution of light, process of visual adaptation and on the quantity of
light reflected by objects and surfaces.
Perception of a space remains relatively constant even with change in levels of illumination. The space will be
lighter or darker but not fundamentally different.
Perception of a space will change on the other hand when one changes the brightness or illumination of some of
the objects or elements which define it whilst keeping the others at the same level.
A ‘change of atmosphere’ denotes a qualitative change in which the quantity of light is secondary.
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QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Lighting metrics are used to understand and predict how a lighting system will operate. They deal with
quantity of light
• light output and
• light levels,
quality of light
• brightness and
• color,
and
fixture efficiency (electrical efficiency and how much light leaves the fixture).
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Quality of light -‐ The lighting that apart from providing the required illumination levels also creates the
environment or ambience and brings out the true character of space functionally and psychologically is called
Quality of Lighting.
Quantity of Light – The quantitative element of light with respect to the number of fixtures, the type of fixtures
and the illumination level in terms of lux levels is called Quantity of Lighting
The architect conceives a series of spaces not only as a succession of spatial events but also in terms of
comparison of different ambiences of light.
Vision is the primary sense through which we experience architecture and light is the medium that allows us to
perceive space, form, texture and color.
“…Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of volumes brought together in light…” Le
Corbusier.
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QUANTITY OF LIGHT

Light – It may be defined as the radiant energy which produces a sensation of vision upon the human eye.
Luminous Flux – It may be defined as the light energy radiated per second from a luminous body.
A fraction of the luminous flux lies in the visual range of wavelength i.e 4000 (A) and 7000 (A).The sensitivity of
of the eye to lights of different wavelengths varies from person to person and according to age.
Illumination – Luminous flux per unit area

Lumens
Lux = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Area in Sqm
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QUALITY OF LIGHT
Luminance (Photometric Brightness). The light that we actually see, brightness can be measured as the light leaving
a lamp, or the light reflecting from an object's surface.
If not controlled, brightness can produce levels of glare that either impair or prevent a desired task being
performed. Glare can be described as direct or reflected glare, which can then result in discomfort or disability.
• Direct glare comes straight from the light source.

• Reflected glare shows up on the task itself, such as a computer screen.
• Discomfort glare does not prevent seeing makes it uncomfortable.
• Disability glare prevents vision. A popular example is holding a glossy magazine at a certain angle; a veiling
reflection results, impairing our reading of the page.
• Color. The color quality of a lamp is revealed as its color temperature rating and Color Rendering Index (CRI)
rating.
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LIGHTING LUX LEVELS
The lux level is the measure of illuminance on the surface per sqmtr.
The lux level on a bright sunny day is -‐ 1,10,000 Lux
The lux level on a night during full moon is -‐ < 1 Lux
SUGGESTED ILLUMINATION LEVELS AS PER NBC FOR VARIOUS BUILDINGS:
Sl.No. Area Description Lux Levels
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS:
1 Office Area 350 -‐ 400Lux
2 Banks counter and office area 300 -‐ 750Lux
3 Small shops and counters 350 -‐ 500 Lux
4 Hyper Markets 300 -‐ 750Lux
5 Corridors 150 -‐ 200Lux
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LIGHTING LUX LEVELS

PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
1 Worship halls 300 -‐ 500Lux
2 Theaters 100 -‐ 150Lux
3 Assembly halls 300 -‐ 500 Lux
4 Hyper Markets 300 -‐ 750Lux
5 Corridors 150 -‐ 200Lux
HOSPITALS :
1 General areas 200 – 300Lux
2 Examination Area 750 – 1000 Lux
3 Treatment room 750 – 1000 Lux
4 Operation Theater 300-‐500 Lux with special operating
lights
5 X-‐Ray dark rooms <50 Lux
6 Pharmacy 200 – 300Lux
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LIGHTING LUX LEVELS

MANUFACTURING PLANTS :
1 General Process areas 300 -‐ 500Lux
2 Inspection and Testing area 500 – 750 Lux
3 Colour matching and inspection 750 – 1000 Lux
4 Fine welding and soldering shops 1000 – 2000 Lux
OTHER AREAS:
1 Food preparation area 300 – 600Lux
2 Libraries 200 – 300 Lux
3 Ramps 30 Lux
4 Covered car parks 20 – 50 Lux
5 Outdoor car parks 5 – 20 Lux
REFER TO NBC 2016, VOLUME 2 – PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES – SECTION 1 – LIGHTING & NATURAL VENTILATION
Table 4 for the Lux levels for various applications
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INCANDESCENT LAMP
An incandescent lamp or incandescent

light globe is an electric light with a
wire filament heated to a high temperature, by
passing an electric current through it, until it
glows with visible light (incandescence).
Incandescent lamps are characterized in a

number of different ways.
• Shape of the glass bulb
• Finish on the inside & outside of the glass
bulb
• Type and material of the Filament
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While lamps are the technical term for this conventional light source, the term “bulb” is used at times as slang.
Bulb actually indicates the shape of the glass of the lamp. For example,
• “A” (for “arbitrary”) lamp and has a glass bulb that is standard in shape. The “A” lamp is used for general service
lamps up to 100W in size.
• “P” or “PS” (for Pear shape) -‐ A lamp that is 150W and larger has a bulb that is pear-‐shaped. The lamp has a
higher wattage and develops more heat so the filament is moved further from the base of the lamp.
• A “C” lamp is cone shaped like a night light lamp.
• An “F” lamp is flame shaped, such as the type used in a chandelier.
• A “G” lamp is a globular shape like the lamps used for a make-‐up light in a bathroom.
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• A “PAR” lamp has a parabolic shape and is often used as an outside spot for security lighting.
• A lamp with an “R” designation is a lamp with a reflector or silver coating on the bulb to reflect the light within
the bulb either up or down.
A luminaire is often designed with a specific trim or outer portion of the assembly that will help direct heat away
from the interior of the unit. Where heat is particularly critical, an “R” lamp may also be used. The silver coating
may be located on the bottom of the bulb around the base reflecting the heat back away from the base or it may
be located on the bowl of the bulb reflecting the heat back into the fixture.
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The wattage and the design of the lamp, as well as the location within the luminaire, are critical to the proper and
safe operation.
Installing a lamp within a luminaire where the heat from the lamp may cause deterioration of the wiring and other
components within the unit may cause malfunction of the luminaire and possibly a fire.
Always check with the manufacturer’s instruction sheet or the luminaire lamp replacement marking for the proper
size, shape, maximum wattage and classification of lamp to be used in a luminaire.
Effect of Glass Cover – The type and colour of glass cover produce a vital effect on the quality of light emitted by an
incandescent lamp.
• Milky glass cover gives a diffused light which is almost natural in effect like day light.
• Bluish glass cover gives the moon light effect.
• Green, red yellow glass covers are used for signaling purpose.
• Mercury reflector cover is used for show room lights.
• Colored glass cover used for decorative lighting.
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FLUORESCENT LAMPS
The principle of working of a fluorescent tube -‐
The cathode filament emits electrons after getting heated due to supply of
current.
The electrons while accelerating collide with argon and mercury vapor
atoms.
The excited atoms of mercury give a radiation of wavelength which falls in
the ultra violet range and does not produce any illumination as such.
However if the wavelength of this range is allowed to strike on certain
phosphor material there is re emission of light radiation of a different
wavelength.
This effect is called fluorescence and hence the name fluorescent tube.
The glass tube is coated with the phosphor element which converts the
invisible radiations into visible radiations.
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•The tube light (fluorescent light) does not work directly on power supply. It needs some auxiliary components to
work. They are
•Ballast: It may be electromagnetic ballast or electronic ballast.
•Starter: The starter is a small neon glow up lamp that contains a fixed contact, a bimetallic strip and a small
capacitor.
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COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP -‐ CFL

This works on the same principle as the fluorescent
lamps. An electrical charge is passed through mercury
vapours between two electrodes as a result invisible
ultra violet (U.V) radiations are produced.
The phosphor material coated inside the tube converts

the invisible radiations into visible radiations.
Different phosphor materials give different colour light.
The tubes have bent backward to reduce its length and
make it a compact tube.
The size of CFL is not more than an ordinary filament
lamp which can be fitted in an ordinary lamp holder.
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CFLs are great energy saver – a 11W CFL gives output equal to a 60W lamp. They are available in different colors.
The base of this lamp contains an electronic circuit and these lamps do not need any choke capacitor or starter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CFL

• 80% energy saving over ordinary bulbs -‐ it has high efficiency
• Compact luminary
• Affordable price
• Fits into regular holders
• Wide voltage range
• 10-‐12 times more life than incandescent lamps
• No flickering like fluorescent tubes.
• Suitable for emergency lighting
• Excellent light distribution and colour rendering
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DISCHARGE LAMPS
HID LAMPS
High-‐intensity discharge (HID) lighting provides the second highest efficacy and longest
service life of any lighting type. Both HIDs and LEDs can save 75%–90% of lighting
energy when they replace incandescent lighting.
In a high-‐intensity discharge lamp, electricity arcs between two electrodes, creating an
intensely bright light. Mercury, sodium, or metal halide gas acts as the conductor.
HID lamps use an electric arc to produce intense light. Like fluorescent lamps, they
require ballasts. They also take up to 10 minutes to produce light when first turned on
because the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc.
Because of the intense light they produce at a high efficacy, HID lamps are
commonly used for outdoor lighting and in large indoor arenas. Because the lamps
take a while to establish, they are most suitable for applications in which they stay
In a high-‐intensity discharge lamp, electricity arcs
on for hours at a time. between two electrodes, creating an intensely
bright light. Mercury, sodium, or metal halide gas
act as the conductor.
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HID ballast technology is very old and often highly inefficient. Interfacing HID with advanced controls is difficult and
dimming is not practical. LEDs are rapidly displacing many traditional HID lighting markets, such as stadium and
roadway lighting, because they turn on instantly and are easily dimmed and controlled.
The three most common types of high-‐intensity discharge lamps are:
•Mercury vapor lamps
•Metal halide lamps
•High-‐pressure sodium lamps
Mercury Vapour Lamps
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HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light over large areas are required, and when energy efficiency
and/or light intensity are desired.
These areas include
• gymnasiums,
• large public areas,
• warehouses,
• movie theaters,
• football stadiums,
• outdoor activity areas,
• roadways,
• parking lots,
• and pathways.
More recently, HID lamps have been used in small retail and even residential environments because of advances in
reduced lumen bulbs. Ultra-‐High Performance (UHP) HID lamps are used in LCD or DLP projection TV sets or
projection displays as well.
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HID lamps have made indoor gardening practical, particularly for plants that require high levels of direct sunlight in
their natural habitat; HID lamps, specifically metal halide and high-‐pressure sodium, are a common light source for
indoor gardens.
They are also used to reproduce tropical intensity sunlight for indoor aquaria.
Most HID lamps produce significant UV radiation, and require UV-‐blocking filters to prevent UV-‐induced degradation
of lamp fixture components and fading of dyed items illuminated by the lamp.
Exposure to HID lamps operating with faulty or absent UV-‐blocking filters causes injury to humans and animals, such
as sunburn and arc eye.
Many HID lamps are designed so as to quickly extinguish if their outer UV-‐shielding glass envelope is broken.
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Beginning in the early 1990s, HID lamps have seen applications in automotive headlamps.
Xenon or High-‐Intensity Discharge (HID) lighting provides brighter headlights and increases visibility of many
peripheral objects (i.e., street signs and pedestrians) left in the shadows by standard halogen lighting.
HID lamps are used in high-‐performance bicycle headlamps as well as flashlights and other portable lights, because
they produce a great amount of light per unit of power.
As the HID lights use less than half the power of an equivalent tungsten-‐halogen light, a significantly smaller and
lighter-‐weight power supply can be used.
HID lamps have also become common on many aircraft as replacements for traditional landing and taxi lights.
HID lamps are also used in lamps for underwater diving. The higher efficacy of HID lamps compared to halogen units
means longer burn times for a given battery size and light output.
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MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS

Mercury vapor lamps—the oldest types of high-‐intensity discharge lighting—were formerly
used for street lighting, but are now only rarely used for that purpose.
Today for street lighting either metal halide or LEDs, are used which have displaced mercury
vapor lamps in sports arenas and gymnasiums. Mercury vapor lamps provide about
50 lumens per watt, but ballast loss can reduce the system efficacy to about 30 lumens per
watt, which is not competitive with LEDs.
METAL HALIDE LAMPS

Metal halide lamps produce a bright, white light with the best color
rendition among high-‐intensity lighting types. They are used to light
large indoor areas, such as gymnasiums and sports arenas, and outdoor
areas, such as car lots.
Metal halide lamps are similar in construction and appearance to
mercury vapor lamps. The addition of metal halide gases to mercury gas
within the lamp results in higher light output, more lumens per watt,
and better color rendition than from mercury gas alone.
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HIGH-‐PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
High-‐pressure sodium (HPS) lighting—a

type of high-‐intensity discharge. More
efficacious and higher quality lamp
types have displaced HPS lamps from
nearly all of their traditional markets.
The only remaining significant
application of HPS lamps is in parking
garages, but LEDs are also displacing
them from that application.
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LED LIGHTS
An LED lamp is a light-‐emitting diode (LED) product that is assembled into a lamp (or light bulb) for use in lighting
fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent
lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps
The initial cost of LED is usually higher.

LED chips require controlled direct
current (DC) electrical power and an
appropriate circuit as an LED driver is
required to convert the alternating
current from the power supply to the
regulated voltage direct current used
by the LEDs. LEDs are adversely
affected by high temperature, so LED A 230-‐volt LED light bulb, Disassembled LED-‐light bulb with
with an E27 base (10 watts, driver circuit board and Edison screw
lamps typically include heat
dissipation elements such as heat 806 lumens)
sinks and cooling fins.
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OLED LIGHTS
OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) is a flat light emitting

technology, made by placing a series of organic thin films
between two conductors. When electrical current is applied, a
bright light is emitted. OLEDs can be used to make displays
and lighting.
OLEDs actually make for a great light source. OLEDs offer

diffuse area lighting and can be flexible, efficient, light, thin,
transparent, color-‐tunable and more. OLEDs will probably be
used in completely new lighting designs.
OLED displays are not just thin and efficient -‐ they
can also be made flexible (even rollable)
and transparent.
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INTEGRATION OF DAYLIGHTING WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
FACTORS FOR DAYLIGHTING
• Intelligent methods of positioning the openings so as to maximize the daylight influx into a
space
• Proposal of light shelves and louver positions to allow diffused light into space by cutting
away the glare
• Use of Heliostats – mirrors for pursuing the sun and channeling its rays in a uniform direction.
• Glass specifications
• The size of openings
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FACTORS FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• Types of artificial lighting – Ambient lighting, Task lighting or Directional lighting
• Selection of light fixtures – type like LED, OLED, CFL etc
• Lux levels of the selected fixtures
• Colour and surface of interior finishes
• Occupancy sensors
• Timer control
• Dimmer and other automation systems to ensure optimum usage of resources and negating all wastage.
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
A lighting control system is an intelligent network based lighting control solution that incorporates communication
between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with the use of one or more central computing
devices.
Lighting control systems are widely used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of commercial, industrial, and
residential spaces.
Lighting control systems serve to provide the right amount of light where and when it is needed.
Lighting control systems are employed to maximize the energy savings from the lighting system, satisfy building codes,
or comply with green building and energy conservation programs.
Lighting control systems are often referred to under the term Smart Lighting.
This may include occupancy sensors, timeclocks, and photocells that are hard-‐wired to control fixed groups of lights
independently. Adjustment occurs manually at each devices location.
These devices may include relays, occupancy sensors, photocells, light control switches or touchscreens, and signals
from other building systems (such as fire alarm or HVAC). Adjustment of the system occurs both at device locations
and at central computer locations via software programs or other interface devices.
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Lighting control systems typically provide the ability to automatically adjust a lighting device's output based on:
•Chronological time (time of day)

•Solar time (sunrise/sunset)
•Occupancy using occupancy sensors
•Daylight availability using photocells
•Alarm conditions
•Program logic (combination of events)
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LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
INVERSE SQUARE LAW -‐ The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of
the surface from the source of light. This is true only when the source is a point source.
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LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW – A surface at any point is dependent upon the cosine of the angle between the line of
flux and the normal at the point.
F Cos ⍬
Intensity of illumination = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Area of the surface
Where F is the total light flux falling on the area.
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Ambient lighting
Light that comes from all directions. Contrast with
"directional lighting," which is made up of a light
source with parallel light rays that do not diminish
with distance. Also, contrast with "positional
lighting," in which the rays
are not parallel, but diminish in intensity from the
Source
Ambient lighting is a form of lighting that illuminates a room in a

uniform, unfocused, indirect manner.
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This is one of the most common types of lighting. Ambient light is a soft glow that blankets your space just
enough to function without causing a harsh glare. In photography and cinematography, ambient light is
considered the “natural light” within a room. In décor, ambient light is very similar, except you create the
ambient light by making the room’s lighting as natural and flat as possible. While ambient light is meant to get
you safely from point A-‐to-‐B, it is not ideal for working closely with things or to highlight things around your
space.
When used correctly, ambient light creates a fantastic environment to relax from an overly stressful day or to have
a warm conversation with an old friend. Ambient lighting is often referred to as mood lighting . Some yoga studios
have even begun using the softer ambient lighting in their classes to help draw stress from the body.
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Task lighting -‐ task lighting refers to increasing illuminance to better accomplish a specific activity. This is a
smaller more concentrated light.
Task lighting is required in activity space. In fact, some people call it office lighting.
Task lighting is meant to help see while doing projects in which a finer light is required for activities like , reading,
cooking, writing, sewing and many other things.
Task lighting only works well when it is used as a contrasting light.
For example, if you have a low lit room with a desk lamp turned on, the light in that area will be more effective
with less glare than if the entire room was lit with a brighter light.
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• Task lighting helps to naturally stimulate the brain.

• The contrasting light allows more alertness and concentration and perceive more details .
• Creates higher quality results.
• Task lighting is very important for various businesses
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Accent lighting-‐ This is a very concentrated light with the intention of drawing the eye to its focal point.
Accent lighting is a way of adding style and drama to a home.
This helps to illuminate & highlight the display while shadowing dull areas.
Accenting is used for wall washing, artwork, bookcase displays, pieces of furniture, collections and the
general architecture of their homes.
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Outdoor accent lighting is when you

highlight parts of the architecture of
your home or yard. This is very popular
during the holidays, especially
Halloween and Christmas.
Accent lighting is one of the types of

lighting that creates a very sophisticated
atmosphere.
It evokes feelings of meaning and
importance to the images it displays.
This lighting is used a lot for museums,
historical buildings and art shows.
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LUMINAIRE
A luminaire is defined as “a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to
distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps and ballast (where applicable), and to connect the lamps to the
power supply.” Since luminaires (lighting fixtures) were not previously defined before the 2002NEC, this new
definition is meant to cover all aspects of a lighting unit, including the lamps that actually provide the illumination, as
well as internal and external parts necessary for the proper operation of the unit.
Luminaires can be of the traditional type, such as a recessed or surface-‐mounted incandescent, fluorescent or other
electric-‐discharge luminaires.
Luminaires can also be of the non-‐traditional type, such as fiber optics with the light source at one location and the
fiber core or “light pipe” at another.
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DIRECT & INDIRECT LIGHTING

Direct lighting means that the subject and the light source can 'see' each other, without anything being between
them. The source need not be to one side; it can be below, or directly overhead.
Indirect lighting means that the subject is lit, or illuminated, but something is between it and the light source.
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Direct lighting Luminaires Indirect lighting Luminaires
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POINTS FOR PLANNING A LIGHTING INSTALLATION
• Good illumination
• Suitable colour of light
• Proper and right choice of lighting source and fittings.
• Spatial distribution of light which includes combination of diffuse and directional light , adjustment of the
direction of incidence, distribution of luminosity and avoidance of glare.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A GOOD LIGHTING SCHEME
• The intensity of illumination required

• The selection of the required fitting and lamp
• Room size
• The conditions under which the illumination is used.
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DESIGN OF INTERIOR LIGHTING SCHEMES
• Provision of adequate illumination levels – Different places need different levels of illumination based on the activity.
• Uniform illumination – at all nooks and corner. Brightness level ratio between concentrated light to general light
should not be more than 3:1
• Colour of light – The illumination level should provide original colour sense. Fluorescent tubes give daylight.
• Shadow less illumination – General lighting system aids shadow less illumination.
• Glare free illumination -‐ Glare from direct source or reflection from glossy surfaces – to be avoided since it is a strain
on the eyes.
• Mounting height – The mounting height of the light should be between 3M – 3.75 M from the ground.
• Space height ratio-‐ This is the ratio between spacing of successive lights and the mounting height of the lights. Proper
designing permits this ratio to be 1 to 1.5. E.g -‐ If the room ht is 3M , the spacing of the light shall be 3M to 4.5M (max).
• Utilisation factor – The light emitted from the lamp is not fully utilised. A part of it is wasted through door, windows,
absorption by ceilings, floor, curtains, distemper etc.It is assumed tha 50% is wasted and 50% is utilised.
• Efficiency of lamps – The efficiency of a lamp to convert input power into lumens is called its efficiency. Measured in
lumens per watt.
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• Depreciation factor – Considerable loss of light of a source – due to dust & dirt, blackening of the interior surface
of the lamp, weakening of the filament etc
A x Illumination
Total Lumens = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
C.U x D.F
Illumination under ideally clean conditions

Depreciation factor = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Illumination under normal working conditions
In this case D.F is >1 value ranging from 1.3 -‐ 1.4
When D.F is > 1 then

A x Illumination x D.F
Total Lumens = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
C.U
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Maintenance Factor – This is the ratio of the ultimate maintained lux on the working plane to the initial lux.
The illumination produced by a lighting installation decreases considerably after a year or two due to aging of
lamps, due to dust accumulation on the lamps, on the transmitting and reflecting fixtures and on the ceilings and
walls.
This is used to account for the loss of illumination level when the installation becomes dirty. It is generally taken as
varying between 0.6-‐0.8.
Illumination under normal working conditions

Maintenance factor = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Illumination under ideally clean conditions
Its average value is 0.8
7/17/17 53
Coefficient of Utilisation – The ratio of lumens reaching the working plane to the total lumens given out by the
lamp / lamps is known as the Coefficient of utilization.
The value of working plane of utilization factor depend upon
• The mounting height of lamps i.e it decreases with the increase in mounting height of the lamps.
• Area to be illuminated i.e utilization factor increases with the increase in area to be illuminated.
• Type of lighting i.e it is direct lighting or indirect lighting
• Colours of surroundings i.e more for light colours and less of dark colours.
v Its value varies from 0.25 – 0.5 for direct lighting

v And 0.1-‐0.25 for indirect lighting.
7/17/17 54
Calculation – Lumen Method
N x Wattage of each lamp x Eff of each lamp x C.U

Lumens received on a work plane = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
D.F
N – No: of lamps

Efficiency of lamps in lumens/watt
C.U – Coefficient of Utilisation
D.F – Depreciation factor
To calculate the illumination in a room or to know the number of fixtures required for a particular illumination level
E x A
N = -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
⍬ x C.U x M.F
N-‐ No: of fittings E – Reqd illumination in lux
A – Working Area in Sqm
⍬-‐ Luminous flux produced per lamp in lumens
C.U – Coefficient of utilisation
M.F – Maintenance Factor
7/17/17 55
ILLUMINATION LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES
The level of illumination required or provided in a a space is dependent on the activity for which the space is gong to
be used.
A fine precision activity will require a high illumination like 500-‐800 lux or even more.
A reading or work space like classroom or office will require an average of 300-‐400 lux.
A normal room, kitchen will require in the range of 200-‐300 lux.
A storage area or corridor will have an illumination level of approx 100-‐ 150 lux.
The type of light fixtures and the position and the lux output are dependent on the activity of the space – like a
museum gallery or a retail outlet, restaurant or 5 star hotel – each has a different ambience to create and different
things to highlight.
7/17/17 56
FAÇADE LIGHTING
• The movement and folds in the architectural skin of the building are accentuated through a layering of the
façade lighting.
• Recessed window reveals have been up-‐lit using dimmable linear profiles with light levels either raised or
lowered at crests and troughs in the elevations.
• Trusses have been softly up-‐lit and zig zag elements are individually accented with surface mounted projectors
highlighting the outer surface.
• This enhances the perception of movement in the architecture and highlights the changes in the façade.
7/17/17 57
LANDSCAPE LIGHTING
• Use indirect lighting to make your garden shine

• Indirect lighting is great for creating ambiance, while direct lighting is more functional.
• Hide luminaires behind a shrubbery, a hedgerow or point your luminaires to your terrace wall.
• Always avoid shining bright lights directly in the line of sight of your visitors so as not to blind them.
• Depending on the width of your garden, you will need extra garden lights.
• Use indirect lighting to make your garden shine.
In order for them to function properly, both from a security and comfort’s point of view, it’s important to position
your outdoor lights correctly. Areas that definitely should be lit at night are:
•entrance doors
•the garage area
• house corners
7/17/17 58
STREET LIGHTING
A well-‐designed, energy-‐efficient street lighting system should permit users to travel at night with good visibility, in
safety and comfort, while reducing energy use and costs and enhancing the appearance of the neighborhood.
options.
osen by A: Angle of Tilt Or: Outreach
rces, the H: Mounting Height S: Spacing
metry of O: Overhang W: Width Typical Calculation of Road Lighting:
eater for
•Street illumination level in Lux (E)=(Al x (cu x mf)) / (w x d)
S, 1981).
•E = The illumination in Lux.
d by the H
•w = Width of the roadway.
•d = Distance between luminaries.
S, A •cu = Coefficient of utilization. ...
O
S
•Al = Average lumens, Al = (E x w x d) / Cu x mf.
eight •The typical value of Al is.
•20500 lumens for 400 watts.
W
Or
Figure 2: Street Lighting Features (BIS, 1981)
adjacent edge of a carriage way. In general, overhang

7/17/17 59
r line of
should not exceed one-fourth of the mounting height to
allation.
avoid reduced visibility of curbs, obstacles, and footpaths
ght ratio
(Corporation of Chennai, 2003).
Siting of Luminaires
adjacent edge of a carriage way. In general, overhang light distribution of the luminaires, and the geometry of O: O
ter line of
stallation.
should not exceed one-fourth of the mounting height to installation. The mounting height should be greater for
avoid reduced visibility of curbs, obstacles, and footpaths more powerful lamps, to avoid excessive glare (BIS, 1981).
eight ratio
(Corporation of Chennai, 2003). Table 5 shows the mounting heights recommended by the
Indian Standard.
Siting of Luminaires
center of Four fundamental types of siting arrangements are Table 5: Mounting Height of Luminaires (BIS,
is usually recognized in street lighting (BIS, 1981). They are: 1981)
iderations
1. Single side arrangement, where all the luminaires Group Recommended Mounting Height
are on one side of the road. This is recommended only A 9 to 10 meters
when the width of the road is equal to or less than the B 7.5 to 9 meters
e between mounting height. Others (roads Less than 7.5 meters
t and the 2. Staggered arrangement, where the luminaires are bordered by trees)
placed on either side of the road in a zigzag formation.
Figur
This is recommended when the road width is 1 to 1.5
Spacing
times that of the mounting height.
adjacent
3. Opposite mounting, where the luminaires are Spacing is the distance, measured along the center line of
should n
situated on either side of the road opposite to one the road, between successive luminaires in an installation.
avoid red
another. This is advisable for road widths more than To preserve longitudinal uniformity, the space-height ratio
1.5 times that of the mounting height. (Corpora
should generally be greater than 3.
4. Axial mounting, where the luminaires are placed
along the axis of the road. This is recommended for Outreach Siting of
narrow roads the width of which does not exceed the Outreach is the horizontal distance between the center of Four fu
mounting height.
the column and the center of the luminaire and is usually recognize
7/17/17 determined for architectural aesthetic considerations 60
(Corporation of Chennai, 2003). 1. Sing
are o
Overhang when
Overhang (see Figure 2) is the horizontal distance between mou
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTALLATION OF STREET LIGHT
CLASS A – Shopping centres and road junctions – illumination level – 20lumens/sqm

CLASS H – Poorly lighted suburban streets – 1 lumen/sqm
Level of illumination for a well lighted street is 2-‐5 lumens/sqm
Technically, the distance between two street lamps should be 29 meters. This is defined by calculations of
pole heights and other factors. Intention of keeping a standard distance is to maintain good illumination on
streets. But at many places the distance between two lamps is as much as 50 meters. It should not exceed 54
meters.
Normal spacing for standard lamps is 50M with a mounting height of 8M.
7/17/17 61

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15

ARC 5.3 ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

• ELECTRICAL SERVICES & ILLUMINATION

Our perception of architecture will be influenced by light:

QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF LIGHT

QUANTITY OF LIGHT

Illumination – Luminous flux per unit area

QUALITY OF LIGHT

• Direct glare comes straight from the light source.

LIGHTING LUX LEVELS

SUGGESTED ILLUMINATION LEVELS AS PER NBC FOR VARIOUS BUILDINGS:

Sl.No. Area Description Lux Levels

1 Office Area 350 -­‐ 400Lux

2 Banks counter and office area 300 -­‐ 750Lux

3 Small shops and counters 350 -­‐ 500 Lux

4 Hyper Markets 300 -­‐ 750Lux

5 Corridors 150 -­‐ 200Lux

LIGHTING LUX LEVELS

LIGHTING LUX LEVELS

An incandescent lamp or incandescent

Incandescent lamps are characterized in a

• A “C” lamp is cone shaped like a night light lamp.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP -­‐ CFL

The phosphor material coated inside the tube converts

Different phosphor materials give different colour light.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CFL

Mercury Vapour Lamps

MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS

METAL HALIDE LAMPS

HIGH-­‐PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

High-­‐pressure sodium (HPS) lighting—a

The initial cost of LED is usually higher.

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) is a flat light emitting

OLEDs actually make for a great light source. OLEDs offer

INTEGRATION OF DAYLIGHTING WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

FACTORS FOR DAYLIGHTING

FACTORS FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

•Chronological time (time of day)

LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

Ambient lighting is a form of lighting that illuminates a room in a

• Task lighting helps to naturally stimulate the brain.

Outdoor accent lighting is when you

Accent lighting is one of the types of

DIRECT & INDIRECT LIGHTING

Direct lighting Luminaires Indirect lighting Luminaires

POINTS FOR PLANNING A LIGHTING INSTALLATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A GOOD LIGHTING SCHEME

• The intensity of illumination required

DESIGN OF INTERIOR LIGHTING SCHEMES

Illumination under ideally clean conditions

When D.F is > 1 then

Illumination under normal working conditions

v Its value varies from 0.25 – 0.5 for direct lighting

Calculation – Lumen Method

N x Wattage of each lamp x Eff of each lamp x C.U

N – No: of lamps

ILLUMINATION LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES

• Use indirect lighting to make your garden shine

Figure 2: Street Lighting Features (BIS, 1981)

adjacent edge of a carriage way. In general, overhang

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTALLATION OF STREET LIGHT

CLASS A – Shopping centres and road junctions – illumination level – 20lumens/sqm

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1 Office Area 350 -‐ 400Lux

2 Banks counter and office area 300 -‐ 750Lux

3 Small shops and counters 350 -‐ 500 Lux

4 Hyper Markets 300 -‐ 750Lux

5 Corridors 150 -‐ 200Lux

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP -‐ CFL

HIGH-‐PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

High-‐pressure sodium (HPS) lighting—a