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2
Distance Measurement
Distance between 2 points can be
Horizontal distance (HD) (ระยะแนวราบ)
่ will cover in
Vertical distance (VD) (ระยะแนวดิง)
leveling section
Slope distance or slant distance (SD) (ระยะแนวลาด
เอียง/ระยะแนวเอียง)
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Distance Measurement Method
Distance can be measured by different
methods. Each method is implemented
differently. The obtained accuracy of the
measured results, cost and surveying time of
different methods are also varied.
Pacing (การนับก้าว)
Odometer (measuring wheel)
Tacheometry
Stadia
Subtense bar
Chain
Taping 4
Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Pacing (การนับก้าว)
Low accuracy (≈ 1/50 – 1/100)
Slope of terrain will greatly effect the accuracy
Suitable for work that does not require high
accuracy measurement, such as reconnaissance
Odometer (measuring wheel)
Low accuracy (≈ 1/100-1/200)
Use known wheel size travelling along the
distance to be measured.
Rough surface will greatly effect the accuracy
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Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Tacheometry method
Tacheometry is the way of measuring
distance indirectly through the use of
optical instruments and measuring bars or
rods.
Normally used for quick checking of the
measurements obtained by other
methods (such as by taping or by EDM)
Two well known methods
Stadia
Subtense bar
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Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Stadia
It is the indirect measurement with accuracy ≈
1/250 – 1/1000
Method to measure horizontal and vertical
distance through telescope of theodolite (or
transit) (กล ้องวัดมุม) or levels (กล ้องระดับ) with the
aid of leveling rod (staff, ไม้ระดับหรือไม้สตาฟ)
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Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Stadia (cont’d)
For vertical distance measurement, we will learn
in leveling section
For horizontal distance measurement. It was
predesigned that the stadia hairs are positioned
so that if a rod were held 100 m away from the
reading telescope, the difference between the
upper and lower hair (rod interval) would read
Leveling rod
exactly 1.00 m. Therefore, horizontal distance can
be computed as D = 100S.
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Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Subtense bar
Subtense bar is the bar with
known length (normally 2 m. long)
It is the indirect measurement with accuracy ≈
1/1000 – 1/5000
Method to measure distance through angle
measurement with theodolite (กล ้องวัดมุม), the
distance can be
computed by using trigonometry rules.
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Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Chain
It is the method used in the past
Chain is made of iron casted into separate links,
links are combined together with hoop into a
chain.
A chain normally has 100 links. 100 ft engineering
chain, each link is 1 foot long. A Gunter’s chain is
a special chain that each link is 0.66 ft. long which
made a Gunter’s chain 66 ft. long
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Distance Measurement Method (cont’d)
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
Higher accuracy with less time spent in surveying
≈ ±1 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑝𝑝𝑚 − ±5 𝑚𝑚 + 5 𝑝𝑝𝑚
Independent to distance measured
dependent to distance measured
Example: Use EDM to measure 3 km (3,000,000 mm),
distance,
the EDM has ±1 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑝𝑝𝑚 accuracy level,
the result will have the accuracy of ±1 𝑚𝑚 + 2 ∗ 3 𝑚𝑚 =
± 7 𝑚𝑚
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Measurement by Taping (cont’d)
Examples of survey tapes
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Steel tape 50 m.
Fiberglass tape 50 m.
Fiberglass tape 100 m.
Measuring tape 15
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Measurement by Taping (cont’d)
Taping Accessories
Plumb bob (ลูกดิง)่
Hand level (ระดับมือถือ)
่
Optical square (เครืองเล็ งฉาก)
Range pole (หลักเล็งโพล)
Taping pin (เข็มคะแนน)
่ ดแรงดึง)
Tensometer (เครืองวั
Clinometer (กล ้องวัดความลาดเอียง)
่ ดอุณหภูม)ิ
Thermometer (เครืองวั
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Measurement by Taping (cont’d)
Measuring with tape (continued)
Personnel
At least 2 persons (forward tape person/
rear tape person)
Each has plumb bob and tensometer
Forward person carry starting point of the
tape with pins for marking the end of
tape length
May have one extra person for helping in
directioning and one extra person for
writing down the measured distances.
Rear tape person
Forward tape
person
Measurement direction
Procedures are explained in Lab !!!
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Measurement by Taping (cont’d)
Measuring slope distance with tape
Need to use breaking tape method
Use clinometer (กล ้องวัดความลาดเอียง) to find
appropriate interval for horizontal
distance measurement
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Measurement by Taping (cont’d)
Measuring horizontal distance on steep
slope with tape
Breaking tape method will take a lots of
time
Measure slope distance (L) directly and use
clinometer to measure slope angle (α) in
order to compute horizontal
distance (D) (see (1)).
It also can be computed D =ifLthe
cos αheight
(1)
different (h) between two end considering
points is known (see (2)). D = L2 − h2 (2)
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Errors in Measurement by Taping
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Corrections of Systematic Errors in Taping Measurement
Lt L f
Cl Lobs .............................(1)
L
f
Lc Lobs Cl ..................................(2)
Lc = Lobs + Cp (2)
Lc = Lobs + Ct (2)