Angle and Distance Measurement

Tim Dosen Ilmu Ukur Tanah

DTS FTUI
Semester Gasal 2020/2021
Outline
Angle Measurement

• Angles type
• Equipments for angle measurement
• Angle measurement

Distance Measurement

• Methods for Distance measurement

• Systematic Error in Taping
Angle Measurement
Reference: Surveying Principles and Applications Ninth Edition by Barry Kavanagh and Tom Mastin
Angles Type

Azimuth
Horizontal
Angle
Bearing
Angle
Zenith
Vertical Angle
Nadir
Angle Measurement

• Angles in surveying are measured with a

transit/theodolite or total station,
although angles can also be measured
less precisely with clinometers, sextants
(hydrographic surveys), or compasses.
• Sudut yang diukur
• Sudut horizontal
• Sudut vertikal
• Sudut azimuth/jurusan
Vertical Angles

Vertical angles, are referenced

to the (1) horizon by plus (up) or
minus (down) angles, (2) zenith,
or (3) nadir.

Nadir Direction
Horizontal Angles: Closed and Open Traverse
• Angles can be measured between lines
forming a closed traverse, between
lines forming an open traverse, or
between a line and a point so that the
point’s location may be determined.
• For all closed polygons of n sides, the
sum of the interior angles will be (n -
2)180°.
• In practical field problems, however,
the total is usually marginally more or Closed Traverse
less than (n - 2)180°, and it is then up
to the surveyor to determine if the
error of angular closure is within
tolerances as specified for that survey.

Open Traverse
Horizontal Angle: Azimuth

• An azimuth is the direction of a line as given by an

angle measured clockwise (usually) from the north
end of a meridian
• Azimuths range in magnitude from 0° to 360°
• Sudut jurusan dari suatu titik A searah jarum jam ke
titik B dinyatakan dengan 𝛼𝐴𝐵
• Sudut jurusan dari suatu titik B searah jarum jam ke
titik A dinyatakan dengan 𝛼𝐵𝐴
Horizontal Angle: Bearing

• A bearing is the direction of a line as

given by the acute angle between the line
and a meridian.
• The bearing angle, which can be
measured clockwise or counterclockwise
from the north or south end of the
meridian, is always accompanied by
letters that locate the quadrant in which
the line falls (NE, NW, SE, or SW).
Relationships between Azimuths and Bearings

Azimuth Bearing
0-5 58°20’ N 58°20’ E
0-6 90° + 65°10’ S 24°50’ E
0-7 180° + 27°30’ S 27°30’ W
0-8 270° + 79°15’ N 10°45’ W
Reverse Azimuths and Bearings

Reverse Bearings

Reverse Azimuths
Reverse Azimuths and Bearings

• Before azimuths or bearings are

computed, it is usual to check that the
figure is geometrically closed: that the
sum of the interior angles = (n - 2)180°.
• Using the given azimuth and the angle at
B, the azimuth of BC can be computed
(counterclockwise direction); or using the
given azimuth and the angle at A, the
azimuth of AE can be computed
(clockwise direction).
Calculation of Azimuths using Counterclockwise Direction
Declination

• The magnetic needle does not

point to the North-South pole but
to the North-South pole of the
magnet (there are deviations)
• This deviation is expressed as a
declination
• The declination is the angle
formed from the direction of the
magnetic needle to the true
North-South of the earth
Distance Measurement
Reference: Surveying Principles and Applications Ninth Edition by Barry Kavanagh and Tom Mastin
Measurement of Horizontal Distance
Pacing Accuracy: 1/100
• Distances can be measured by
various methods Odometer

Direct

Taping Accuracy: 1/5.000

Horizontal
Tacheometry
Distance Accuracy: 1/100
(stadia)
Measurement

EDM Accuracy: 1/100.000

Indirect
Scaling from a
map
Measurement of Horizontal Distance
Pacing
• Determine the pace length by
walking over a line of known
length several times (pace
length depends on age, sex, and
topography)
• Suitable for a small scale survey
where high accuracy is not
required
Odometer
• Give fairly reliable distances
along highways
• Used for preliminary surveys
• Attached to vehicles
Tacheometry
• Measure indirect distances by
the use of optical surveying
instruments in conjunction with
measuring bars or rods
• Measurements are sufficiently
accurate
Tape

• Suitable for construction work

especially for layout purposes
• Steel tape gives moderate
accurate results
• Additional equipments: two plumb
bobs, line rods, taping pins, hand
level for hilly ground
EDM
Pulse Method

• Based on the invariant velocity of

light or electromagnetic waves in
vacuum
• Give very accurate results
Phase Difference Method
• EDMs are incorporated into total
stations coaxially with the
instruments’ optical system during
the manufacturing process
Horizontal Measurement with Tape
The measurement begins with the head surveyor carrying the zero end of the tape
forward toward the final point

At this point, the rear surveyor calls “tape” to alert the head surveyor to stop
walking and to prepare for measuring

The rear surveyor holds the appropriate graduation (e.g., 100.00 ft 30.000 m), or
other appropriate even unit graduation, against the mark from which the
measurement is being taken.

The head surveyor, after ensuring that the tape is straight, slowly increases
tension to the proper amount and then marks the ground with a chaining pin or
other marker.

Once the mark has been made, both surveyors repeat the measuring procedure to
check the measurement
Horizontal Measurement with Tape
If the ground is not level (determined by estimation or by the use of a hand level), one
or both surveyors must use a plumb bob
Standard Taping Condition

• Standard taping conditions are

shown on the right:
• When standard conditions are not
present, systematic errors will be
introduced into the tape
measurements.
Systematic Error in Taping
• All measurements (except for counting) must contain some errors.
• Surveyors must use measuring techniques that minimize random errors to
acceptable levels, and they must make corrections to systematic errors that can
affect the accuracy of the survey

Fluctuations in
Incorrect length Tape not
the temperature Incorrect tension
of tape horizontal
of the tape

Incorrect
Sag in the tape Tape not straight
alignment
Systematic Error in Taping
Systematic Error in Tapping
Incorrect length of tape
Systematic Error
Slope inCorrections
Taping
Tape not horizontal

• To convert slope distances to

horizontal distances, either the
slope angle (a) or the vertical
distance (difference in elevation)
must also be known
Examples
Systematic Error in Taping
Changes in Temperature
• Tapes are standardized at 68°F, or 20°C. Temperatures other than standard
result in an erroneous tape length.
• The thermal coefficient of the expansion of steel (k) is or 0.0000116 per unit
length per degree Celsius (°C). The general formula is:
Systematic Error in Taping
Systematic Error in Tapping
Tension

If a tension other than standard is applied, a tension (pull) error exists. The tension
correction formula is:
Systematic Error in Taping
Systematic Error in Tapping
Sag

If a tape has been standardized while fully supported and is being used without full
support, an error called sag occurs. The force of gravity pulls the center of the
unsupported section downward in the shape of a catenary, thus creating an error
B′B.
Systematic Error in Taping
Systematic Error in Tapping
Incorrect Alignment
Systematic Error in Taping
Tape not straight
Example
Example
Latihan 3