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1. Resolve into partial fractions
x 9
2
12 12 A B A(x 3) B(x 3)
x 9 (x 3)(x 3) (x 3) (x 3)
2
(x 3)(x 3)
12 2 2 2 2
Hence,
x 9 (x 3) (x 3) x 3 x 3
2
4(x 4)
2. Resolve into partial fractions
x 2 2x 3
If x = 3, 12 – 16 = 4B from which, B = -1
4(x 4) 5 1
Hence,
x 2x 3 (x 1) (x 3)
2
x 2 3x 6
3. Resolve into partial fractions
x(x 2)(x 1)
302
If x = 2, 4 - 6 + 6 = B(2)(1) from which, 4 = 2B and B = 2
x2 3x 6 3 2 4
Hence,
x(x 2)(x 1) x (x 2) (x 1)
3(2x 2 8x 1)
4. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 4)(x 1)(2x 1)
Let
3(2x 2 8x 1) A B C A(x 1)(2x 1) B(x 4)(2x 1) C(x 4)(x 1)
(x 4)(x 1)(2x 1) (x 4) (x 1) (2x 1) (x 4)(x 1)(2x 1)
3(2x2 8x 1) 7 3 2
Hence,
(x 4)(x 1)(2x 1) (x 4) (x 1) (2x 1)
x 2 9x 8
5. Resolve into partial fractions
x2 x 6
Since the numerator is of the same degree as the denominator, division is firstly required.
1
x 2 x 6 x 2 9x 8
x2 x 6
8x + 14
x 2 9x 8 8x 14
Hence, 1 2
x x 6
2
x x 6
8x 14 8x 14 A B A(x 2) B(x 3)
Let
x x 6 (x 3)(x 2) (x 3) (x 2)
2
(x 3)(x 2)
303
If x = 2, 16 + 14 = 5B from which, 30 = 5B and B = 6
x2 9x 8 2 6
Hence, 1
x x6
2
(x 3) (x 2)
x 2 x 14
6. Resolve 2 into partial fractions
x 2x 3
Since the numerator is of the same degree as the denominator, division is firstly required.
1
x 2x 3 x 2 x 14
2
x2 2 x 3
x - 11
x 2 x 14 x 11
Hence, 1 2
x 2x 3
2
x 2x 3
x 11 x 11 A B A(x 3) B(x 1)
Let
x 2x 3 (x 1)(x 3) (x 1) (x 3)
2
(x 1)(x 3)
x2 x 14 3 2
Hence, 1
x 2x 3
2
(x 1) (x 3)
3x 3 2x 2 16x 20
7. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 2)(x 2)
3x - 2
x 2 4 3x3 2x 2 16x 20
3x 3 12x
2x 2 4x 20
2x 2 8
- 4x + 12
3x 3 2x 2 16x 20 12 4x
Hence, 3x 2 2
(x 2)(x 2) x 4
304
12 4x 12 4x A B A(x 2) B(x 2)
Let
x 4 (x 2)(x 2) (x 2) (x 2)
2
(x 2)(x 2)
Hence, 12 – 4x = A(x + 2) + B(x - 2)
If x = 2, 4 = 4A from which, A = 1
If x = -2 20 = - 4B from which, B = - 5
305
EXERCISE 82 Page 182
4x 3
1. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 1)2
4x 3 A B A(x 1) B
Let
(x 1) 2
(x 1) (x 1) 2
(x 1) 2
Hence, 4x – 3 = A(x + 1) + B
If x = - 1 -7=B
4x 3 4 7
Hence,
x 1
2
x 1 x 1 2
x 2 7x 3
2. Resolve into partial fractions
x 2 (x 3)
x 2 7x 3 A B C A(x)(x 3) B(x 3) Cx 2
Let 2 2
x (x 3) x x (x 3) x 2 (x 3)
Hence, x 2 + 7x + 3 = A(x)(x + 3) + B (x + 3) + C x 2
x2 7x 3 2 1 1
Hence, 2
x (x 3)
2
x x (x 3)
5x 2 30x 44
3. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 2)3
5x2 30x 44 5 10 4
Hence,
(x 2) 3
(x 2) (x 2) (x 2)3
2
18 21x x 2
4. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 5)(x 2)2
18 21x x2 2 3 4
Hence,
(x 5)(x 2) 2
(x 5) (x 2) (x 2)2
307
EXERCISE 83 Page 183
x 2 x 13
1. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 2 7)(x 2)
x 2 x 13 Ax B C (Ax B)(x 2) C x 2 7
Let
x 2 7 x 2 x 2 7 (x 2) x 2 7 (x 2)
Hence, x 2 x 13 (Ax B)(x 2) C x 2 7
x 2 x 13 2x 3 1
Hence, 2
x 7 x 2 x 7 (x 2)
2
6x 5
2. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 4)(x 2 3)
6x 5 Bx C A(x 3) (Bx C) x 4
2
A
Let
x 4 x 2 3 x 4 (x 2 3) x 4 x 2 3
6x 5 1 x 2 1 2x
Hence, 2 2
x 4 x 3 x 4 x 3 x 4 x 3
2
15 5x 5x 2 4x 3
3. Resolve into partial fractions
x 2 (x 2 5)
308
15 5x 5x 2 4x 3 A B Cx D Ax x 5 B x 5 Cx D x
2 2 2
Let 2 2
x 2 x 2 5 x x x 5 x 2 x 2 5
Hence, 15 5x 5x 2 4x 3 Ax x 2 5 B x 2 5 Cx D x 2
15 5x 5x 2 4x 3 1 3 2 5x
Hence, 2 2
x x 5
2 2
x x x 5
x 3 4x 2 20x 7
4. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 1)2 (x 2 8)
Let
-A – 2C + D = 2 (2) since B = 2
and 8A + C – 2D = 20 (3)
x3 4x 2 20x 7 3 2 1 2x
Hence, 2
(x 1) x 8 (x 1) (x 1) x 8
2 2 2
d 2 d
5. When solving the differential equation 2
6 10 20 e2t by Laplace transforms, for
dt dt
39 2
4s3 s 42s 40
ℒ{} = 2
s(s 2)(s 2 6s 10)
Show that the expression can be resolved into partial fractions to give:
2 1 5s 3
ℒ{} = 2
s 2(s 2) 2(s 6s 10)
39 2
4s3 s 42s 40
2 A B Cs D
s s 2 s 2 6s 10 s (s 2) s 2 6s 10
Let
A(s 2) s 2 6s 10 B(s) s 2 6s 10 (Cs D)(s)(s 2)
s(s 2) s 2 6s 10
1
If s = 2, 32 – 78 + 84 – 40 = B (8 – 24 + 20) i.e. - 2 = 4B from which, B =
2
1 5
Equating s 3 coefficients: 4=A+B+C i.e. 4=2- +C from which, C=
2 2
39 39
Equating s 2 coefficients: = - 8A – 6B – 2C + D i.e. = - 16 + 3 – 5 + D
2 2
310
3
from which, D=
2
39 2 1 5 3
4s3 s 42s 40 s
2 2 2 2 2
Hence, s s 2 s 6s 10 s (s 2) s 2 6s 10
2
2 1 5s 3
i.e.
s 2 s 2 2 s 6s 10
2
311