PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEOUM ASSOCIATION

Thirthy-Nineth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2015

An Economic Perspective and Reservoir Characteristics of Gas Hydrate with case

studies Karama block, Makassar Strait
2 3
Mohammad Gunadhi Rahmadi 1, Muhammad Alfian , Alfian Usman ,
Agus Guntoro 4

1,2 Universitas Trisakti

3, Pertamina UTC

4, Pusat Kegiatan Hulu Migas Trisakti (PUKESMIGAS)

ABSTRACT

Reservoir Characteristics and Economic Perspective of Gas Hydrate with case

studies around Karama block, Makassar Strait
Based on the place of gas hydrate occurrences themselves are in two places, namely, in
the marine environment and on permafrost (kvenvolden, 1993). Content of gas hydrate in
Indonesia is estimated to contain highly abundant gas hydrate around 600 TCF can be
found in the deep ocean (Yusuf A, 2003).

The method used for this research is secondary data obtained from the institution.
In this paper emphasizes on the study of the reservoir of block karimi
The results of this study obtained determine the content of the gas hydrate, determine the
method of production as well as production facilities and also determines the value of the
economics of gas hydrate reservoir karama block,
 Figure 1.

Blocks Karama Is located between Sulawesi Island and Borneo Island which Is Makassar
Straits, now Blocks Karama had been relinquish by Statoil and Pertamina Upstream
Energy because there was no hydrocarbon (Based on SKK MIGAS 2013)
There are so many oil and gas company drilled around Block Karama

Figure 2

Wells drilled in deep-water area of West Sulawesi offshore to date (end of April 2012).
Satyana, 2012

Keyword: Karama Block, Hydrate Gas, Makassar Strait,Economic, Reservoar

INTRODUCING:

Indonesia have a lot natural resources ranging from economic mineral, coal and also oil &
gas. In addition to conventional reserves, Indonesia also keeps the natural wealth of
unconventional gas hydrate is one of them.

Gas hydrate is generally formed at two places in the municipality of permafrost and deep
marine (kvenvolden, 1993). Geologically, the possible formation of gas hydrates in deep
sea is Indonesia. According to Prof. Yusuf (Yusuf A, 2003) based on research he had
done, Indonesia has the potential of gas hydrates deposits amounting to 600 Trillion
Cubic Feet (TCF). Indonesia has the potential of gas hydrates from Sabang to
Merauke. From many places in Indonesia, Indonesia is the most ubiquitous Eastern
BSR. One of them is in the Makassar Strait. This is a tectonic elements that occur in
Sulawesi.

Provinces:

• Sulawesi accretion/subduction Zone

• South Makassar Basin

• Paternoster Platform – containing the Larian Trough

• North Makassar Basin – includes the Kutai Basin and the -

• West Sulawesi Collision Zone

• Mangkalihat Ridge – containing the Muara & Berau sub-basins

 Figure 3

Tectonic Elements in Sulawesi

Tectono-stratigraphic Cross-section

• Deposition process consisting of a series of processes turbiditi "spill and fill"

provides two significant effect on the accumulation of gas hydrates in foldbelt
West Sulawesi

• First, turbidite flows which carry coarse grained material provides an effective
reservoir for the formation of hydrates, mainly acts as a transport medium for
the migration of gas as well as water supplies and equipment (Guntoro, 2015)

• Second, turbidite flows will bring plant material (terriginous) of land as a source
of organic material for bacteria that produce methane in the ocean depths (the
formation of biogenic gas), which is required for the methane gas hydrate
formation (Jackson, 2004).
 Figure 4

Tectono-stratigraphic Cross-section

The Makassar Strait was already mostly done exploration activities. Starting from
Pertamina to Stat Oil, but the activity ends dry hole. However, when done drilling
towards the West of Makassar Strait, Many such giant gas field find field Peutu and
Bekapai (Total EP ) ( Figure 2), therefore, Pertamina began peddling away towards the
West Makassar Strait. Currently Pertamina would develop the findings obtained from the
Makassar Strait ( Figure 1). The findings derived from seismic anomaly or the BSR
(Bottom Simulating Reflector). Where BSR is obtained from the reading that the
existence of gas hydrate indication along with free gas contained below.

The source rock found in the Eocene area. This is the specification from Eocene :

Eocene rift system

1. Internal high amplitude reflections and internal geometry indicates rift grabens –
lacustrine/shalllow marine source rocks..
2. Source rocks from 3.5-5.0 km under seafloor, probably generating oil today.
3. “Top Syn rift” easy defined.
4. Rift sequence up to 1.7 sTWT (2-3 km thick!).

Makassar Str. Area - Eocene rift grabens

 1. Good lacustrine oil and gas source rock, through most of SE Asia.
2. Proven on the Sebuku Block
3. North Runtu PSC, TOC upto 8.8 %, HI 100-470.
4. Oil seeps from Eocene, Sulawesi Isl.
5. Barito Basin, Lower Tanjung Fm, up-to 20% TOC, HI 200-450.

When we used seismic, we can analyze the condition like this picture below.

Figure 5

Eocene Source Rock

 Figure 6

Eocene source rocks in Makassar Str.

area
 KEY
: Boundary Seismic 3D

: Well

Figure 7

Well Karama 1s in Block Karama

METHOD

Before knowing the position of gas hydrate is located where, then do a method named
BSR (Bottom Simulating Reflector), aim to find out the contact bottom of gas hydrate
with a limit contact top of free gas.The BSR can be characterized the right in the reading
that is by cutting contours Bedding, parallel to the seabed, as well as the existence
of Reverse Polarity.
 Karama 001s Well

Seabed

BSR

Figure 8

Possible BSR Analyze

The boundary between the lower limit of gas hydrate with the upper limit of free gas BSR

The working principle of the BSR is by making use of the sound waves on the pantulkan
(like other reflectors tool working principles), but keanehannya is the BSR cut contours
perlapisan, following seabed and BSR also suffered a reverse polarity. BSR is one
anomaly of seismic. After the BSR in do, then proceeded to a stage reading of the multi-
channel seismic. Multi-channel readout is useful to describe the density of solid rock with
no solid based on the depth of the rock in the layout of the convert with color and speed
bounce.

Figure 9

Velocity Map of Studies area , Around Karama Blocks, Makassar Straits

 Figure 10.

Here is the anomaly of velocity shows that the green color blue color

Immediate vicinity of Makassar Strait, there is potential for gas hydrates are very
abundant. This is evidenced from the reading of the BSR, in addition there is also the
potential of free gas is right under the gas hydrates.

RESULT

Gas hydrate is one natural resource unconventional. Gas hydrates are still rarely
heard by the public, but the estimated total reserves of gas hydrates found in Indonesia
amounted to 600 TCF. Gas hydrate is widespread across the Country, one of which is in
the Makassar Strait.
 V = ± 2000
m/s
D = ± 100 m

Figure 11

An Example of Many Discoveries of Gas Hydrate at Depths of 2000 to 3000 Meters,

Around Block Karama

A study has been conducted by Pertamina in order to find out where lies the
existence of gas hydrates it. Using a tool called multi channeling, and BSR of gas hydrate
began to be mapped. Estimated deposits of gas hydrate in the Makassar Strait can be seen
in the picture below
 D = 100 meters from
seafloor
T = ± 10.70C
d = 200 meters from
seafloor
T = ± 15.40C

Figure 12

Of the conditions above, then it can be taken in count how many volumes are estimated
to be found in the Karama Blocks. The table below displays the volume in each zone's
prospects.

Table 1
The estimated Volume of Gas Hydrate in the Makassar Strait
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

Based on the analysis of the BSR and multi-channel then obtained some results, namely:

1. There are six areas that indicates a gas hydrate around the Makassar Strait

2. The second Layer is the layer that has an area that big when compared with the other
regions

3. Based on the reading of the multi-channel on number 1 cross-sectional, i.e. at a depth

of 2400 m – 2600m found reading of the BSR of gas hydrate indicates with an estimated
volume of acre-feet 687991.48

4. Recommended by the author if they wish to produce gas hydrates, and then use hot
water injection method. To the injection is to disrupt the equilibrium temperature so that
the gas can be melted and manufactured.

REFERENCES

Naresh Kumar Thakur., Sanjeev Rajput., 2011. Exploration of Gas Hydrates. Geophysical
Techniques.

The Future of energy gases I David G. Howell, editor; associate editors, Katryn Wiese ...
[et al.].p. em. - (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1570).

Hall R,. Ian R. Cloke,. Siti Nur’aini,. Sinchia Dewi Puspita,. Stephen J. Calvert,.
Christopher F. Elders. 2009. The North Makassar Straits: what lies beneath?

Pertamina UTC., 2015 Studies Content of Gas Hydrate Karama Blocks ,Unpublihsh
Project

B.A. Jackson. , 2004 GAS HYDRATES IN THE NORTH MAKASSAR BASIN, INDONESIA :IPA-
AAPG Deepwater and Frontier Symposium
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Authors would like to thank God who has mercy and grace and also thank UTC
Pertamina has been granted permission to publish this data. The authors did not forget to
thank Ferdy Ardiles who have helped correct this paper and also to Aditya wicaksana that
has motivated the author in writing this paper and also friends in university trisakti