FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(MAT 565)
EMD4M2A
ASSIGNMENT: DEC 2016

NAME STUDENT ID
NUR ADILAH BINTI SAHAFUDIN 2018402568
MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN IZZAT ULLAH SHEIKH 2018265314
MUHAMMAD AMMAR FAIQ BIN AMRAN 2018292448
MUHAMAD FAKHRI AIMAN BIN YAZID 2018674648
MUHAMMAD AFIQ HISYAM BIN YUSOF 2018438034

DATE SUBMITTED: 17th JUNE 2019

PREPARED FOR: MADAM RASHIDAH BINTI ISMAIL
a) Definition of Laplace Transform
1 3 ∞
= [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 + ∫3 0(𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )] 𝑑𝑡
1 3
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 dt
1 3
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 𝑡(1−𝑠) dt
1 𝑒 𝑡(1−𝑠)
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑡 dt + [ (1−𝑠) ] 31

𝑈 V
2t 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
2 - 𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
0 𝑠2

2𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1 𝑒 𝑡(1−𝑠)

= [− − ]0 + [ (1−𝑠) ] 31
𝑠 𝑠2

2𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑒 −𝑠 2(1) 𝑒 3(1−𝑠) 𝑒 (1−𝑠)

= [(− − ) + (0 − (𝑠2 ) )] + [ (1−𝑠) − ]
𝑠 𝑠2 (1−𝑠)

2𝑒 −𝑠 2𝑒 −𝑠 2 𝑒 3(1−𝑠) − 𝑒 (1−𝑠)
= [− − + ]+[
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2 (1−𝑠)
b) Unit step function

f(t) = 2t[U(t-0) - U(t-1)] + 𝑒 𝑡 [U(t-1) – U(t-3] + 0[U(t-3)]

= 2t[U(t-0)] + 𝑒 𝑡 U(t-1) – 2tU(t-1) - 𝑒 𝑡 U(t-3)
= 2tU(t) + 𝑒 𝑡 U(t-1) -2tU(t-1) - 𝑒 𝑡 U(t-3)
2
= 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿{𝑒 𝑡+1 } − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿{2𝑡 + 2} − 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿{𝑒 𝑡+3 }
2 2 2
= 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −𝑠 [𝑒 𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 1 ] − 𝑒 −𝑠 [𝑠2 + 𝑠 ] − 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿{𝑒 𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 3 }
2 2 2 1
= 𝑠2 − 𝑒 −𝑠 [𝑠2 + 𝑠 ] − 𝑒 −(𝑠+1) ∙ (𝑠−1)

1
− 𝑒 −3(𝑠−1) ∙
(𝑠 − 1)
 𝑡
ℒ {∫ 𝑢 sinh 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢}
0

= ℒ { 𝑡 sinh 4𝑡 }
𝑑 4
= (-1) 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 −16]

0(𝑠2 −16)−4(2𝑠)
= (-1) [ ]
(𝑠2 −16)2

−8𝑠
= (-1) [(𝑠2 −16)2 ]

8𝑠
= (𝑠2 −16)2

𝑡 1 8𝑠
ℒ {∫0 𝑢 sinh 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢} = 𝑠 ((𝑠2 −16)2 )

8
= (𝑠2 −16)2
𝒂) 𝓛−𝟏{F(s)}= f(t)
6𝑠
ℒ −1 {(𝑠2 +9)2}= ℒ −1 {𝐹 ′ (𝑠)}

′ (𝑠)
𝑑1
𝐹 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠1
3
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +9

𝑓(𝑡) = sin 3𝑡
𝑑1 6𝑠 6𝑠
ℒ −1 { 1
{ 2 2
}} = (−1) 𝑡 ℒ −1 { 2 } = (−1)𝑡 sin 3𝑡
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 + 9) (𝑠 + 9)2

= t sin 3𝑡
 𝟔𝒔
b) 𝓛−𝟏 { }
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)𝟐

f(t) = F(s)
6𝑠
ℒ −1 {𝑓(𝑡)}= ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 2 +9)(𝑠 2 +9)

6𝑠
= ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 2 +9)(𝑠+3)(𝑠−3)

6𝑠 1
= ℒ −1 { } × ℒ −1 {(𝑠+3)}
(𝑠 2 +9)

= 6 cos 3t (𝑒 −3𝑡 )
𝑡
=∫0 6 cos 3𝑢 𝑒 −3𝑢 du

𝑡
= ∫0 6 cos 3𝑢 𝑒 −3(𝑡−𝑢) du
𝑡
= ∫0 6 cos 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 du

U dv
6 cos 3u + 𝑒 3𝑢
𝑒 3𝑢
-18 sin 3u -
3
𝑒 3𝑢
-54 cos 3u +
9

𝑡
6 cos 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 18 sin 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 ∫0 54 cos 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢
=[ + ]− du
3 9 9

𝑡
2 ∫0 6 cos 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 du = 2cos 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 + 2sin 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢

= [cos 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 + sin 3𝑢 𝑒 3𝑢 ]𝑡0

=[cos 3𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡 + sin 3𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡 − 1 ]
Solution:

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 + ∫ 𝑦(𝑢)𝑒 2(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 − 𝟏

0

𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑦(𝑢)𝑒 2(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 − 𝟐

0

Subtitute 2 into 1

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡)

£𝑦(𝑡) = £(𝑡) − £(𝑒 −2𝑡 ) + £(𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡))

1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = − + 𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠) − 𝟑
𝑠 𝑠+2

𝐹(𝑠) = £(𝑦 + 1)

𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑌(𝑠)

𝐺(𝑠) = £(𝑒 2𝑡 )

1
𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑠−2

Subtitute the value of F(s) and G(s) into equation 4

1 1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = − + 𝑌(𝑠)( )
𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠−2
 1 1 1
𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑌(𝑠) ( )= −
𝑠−2 𝑠 𝑠+2

1 1 1
𝑌(𝑠) (1 − )= −
𝑠−2 𝑠 𝑠+2

𝑠−2−1 (𝑠 + 2) − 𝑠
𝑌(𝑠) ( )=
𝑠−2 𝑠(𝑠 + 2)

2 𝑠−2
𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑥
𝑠(𝑠 + 2) 𝑠 − 3

𝟐(𝒔 − 𝟐)
𝒀(𝒔) =
𝒔(𝒔 + 𝟐)(𝒔 − 𝟑)
 𝜋 𝑖𝑓 −𝜋 ≤𝑥 ≤0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = { , 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋)= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 0<𝑥 ≤𝜋

2L = 2π
L=π
(a) Sketch graph 𝑓(𝑥) from −2𝜋 < 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋

Therefore, the 𝑓(𝑥) is a neither function

1
(b) Given that bn = − 𝑛
1 𝐿
ao = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 0 𝜋
ao = 𝜋 (∫−𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
 𝜋
1 𝑥2
ao = 𝜋 ([𝑥𝜋]0−𝜋 + [ 2 ] )
0

1 𝜋2
ao = 𝜋 [(0 − [−𝜋 2 ]) + ( 2 − 0)]

1 𝜋2
ao = [𝜋 2 + ]
𝜋 2
3
ao = 2 𝜋

1 𝐿 𝑛𝑥𝜋
an = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿

1 0 𝑛𝑥𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑛𝑥𝜋
an = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝐿 𝜋

u dv
𝑥 + cos 𝑛𝑥
cos 𝑛𝑥
1 - 𝑛
cos 𝑛𝑥
0 𝑛2

1 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

an = 𝜋 ([ ] +[ + ] )
𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0

1 𝜋 sin −𝑛𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 1

an = 𝜋 (− 𝑛
+ 𝑛
+ 𝑛2
− 𝑛2 )
sin −𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 1
an = (− + + − 𝜋𝑛2 )
𝑛 𝑛 𝜋𝑛2
1
an = 𝜋𝑛2 (cos(𝑛𝑥) − 1)

∞
3 1 1
Therefore, the 𝑓(𝑥) in a Fourier series is 4 𝜋 + ∑ (𝜋𝑛2 (cos(𝑛𝑥) − 1) cos 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛 sin nx)
𝑛=1
Solution:

𝑿°𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙𝒓

0 4.11 4.11 0.000 4.11 0.000
30 3.05 2.641 1.525 1.525 2.641
60 1.12 0.560 0.967 -0.560 0.970
90 0.58 0.000 0.580 -0.580 0.000
120 0.14 -0.070 0.121 -0.070 -0.121
150 0.91 -0.788 0.455 0.455 -0.788
180 2.36 -2.360 0.000 2.360 0.000
210 3.42 -2.962 -1.710 1.710 2.962
240 4.18 -2.090 -3.620 -2.090 3.620
270 3.11 0.000 -3.110 -3.110 0.000
300 2.22 1.110 -1.923 -1.110 -1.923
330 3.17 2.745 -1.585 1.585 -2.745
 28.37 2.896 -8.3 4.225 4.616
 1 1
𝑎𝑜 = (28.37)  𝑐𝑜 = (28.37)
6 12

= 4.37 = 2.364

1
𝑎1 = 6 (2.896)= 0.483
1
𝑎2 = 6 (4.225)= 0.704
1
𝑏1 = 6 (−8.3)= -1.383
1
𝑏2 = 6 (4.616)= 0.769

 𝑐1 = √𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 = √0.4832 + (−1.383)2 = 1.465

0.483
 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 −1.383 = -19.25

1 = 180-19.25 = 160.75

 𝑐2 = √𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2 = √0.7042 + (0.769)2 = 1.043

0.704
 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0.769 = 42.47

f(x) = 2.364 + 1.465 sin (x + 160.75) + 1.043 sin (2x + 42.47)+………

𝑥=0 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝑥=𝜋
𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 2 9𝑑𝑡 2

Boundary condition, Initial condition,

U(0.t) = 0 Ut(x,0) = 2x(𝜋-x) = g(x)
U(𝜋,t) = 0 U(x,0) = 0 = f(x)

Let U(x,t) = X(x)T(t)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑋′𝑇 = 𝑋𝑇′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
= 𝑋"𝑇 = 𝑋𝑇"
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑋𝑇"
𝑋"𝑇 =
9
𝑋" 𝑇"
= = −𝛼 2
𝑇 9𝑇
𝑋"
= −𝛼 2
𝑋
𝑇"
= −𝛼 2
9𝑇
Solve for X(t) Solve for T(t)

𝑋" 𝑇"
= −𝛼 2 = −𝛼 2
𝑋 9𝑇
𝑋" = −𝛼 2 𝑋 𝑇" = −9𝛼 2 𝑇
𝑟 2 = −𝛼 2 𝑟 2 = −9𝛼 2
𝑟 = √−𝛼 2i 𝑟 = √−9𝛼 2 i
r=i r = 3 i
X(x) = e0x [c1 cos x + c2 sin x] X(x) = c3 cos 3t + c4 sin 3t
= c1 cos x + c2 sin x

U(x,t) = X(t)T(t)
U(0,t) = 0
X(0) = c1 cos (0) + c2 sin (0)
= c1(1) + 0
C1 = 0
Rewrite: Rewrite:

X(x) = C2 sin x X(x) = C2 sin x

U(π, t)= 0 T(t)= c3 cos 3nt + c4 sin 3nt
x(π)= c2 sin 𝜋 = 0 U(x, t) = X(x)T(t)

c2 sin 𝜋 = 0 =[c3 cos 3nt + c4 sin 3nt][c2 sin 4nx]

sin 𝜋 = sin n𝜋
𝜋 = n𝜋
α=n
By superposition:
U(x,t) = ∑∞
n=1[An cos 3nt + Bn sin 3nt] [sin nx]

Ut(x,t) = ∑∞
n=1[−3nAn sin 3nt + 3nBn cos 3nt] [sin nx]

Ut(x,0) = ∑∞
n=1[−3nAn sin 3n(0) + 3nBn cos 3n(0)] [sin nx]

2x(π − x)= 3n(Bn) sin nx

y(x) = ∑∞
n=1[3n(Bn ) sin n(x)

Find Bn:
1 𝐿 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
3nBn = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝜋
2 𝜋 2xπ sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2x𝑥 2 π sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
3nBn = 𝜋 ∫0 − 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 2𝑥𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥

U du U
2𝑥𝜋 sin nx 2x2
2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 4x
−
𝑛
0 4
sin 𝑛𝑥
− 0
𝑛2
cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛3

2 cos nx sin nx 𝜋 2 cos nx sin nx sin nx 𝜋

= π [−2xπ + 2π ] 0 - π [−2x 2 n + 4x + 4 ]0
n n2 n2 n3

2 cos nπ sin nπ 2 cos nπ sin nπ cos nπ

= π [(−2𝜋 2 + 2π ) − (0 + 0)]– π [(−2π2 + 4π + 4 ) − (0 + 0 +
n n2 n n2 n3
4
)]
𝑛3
2 cos nπ 2 cos nπ cos nπ 4
= 𝜋 [−2𝜋 2 ] − π [−2π2 +4 − 𝑛3 ]
n n n3
2 cos nπ 2 cos nπ cos nπ 4
= − π [−2π2 ] + 𝜋 [−2𝜋 2 -4 + 𝑛3 ]
n n n3
2 cos nπ 4
=π [- 4 + 𝑛3 ]
n3
 cos nπ 8
= [- 8 + ]
𝜋n3 𝜋𝑛3
8 −8 cos nπ
3nBn = 𝜋n3
8(1 − cos nπ)
Bn = 3𝜋n4

Apply 2nd initial condition:

U(x,t) = ∑∞
n=1[An cos 3nt + Bn sin 3nt] [sin nx]

= ∑∞
n=1[An ∙ sin nx]
2 𝜋
An = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥

f(x)= 0
2 𝜋
An = 𝜋 ∫0 0 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥

=0
8(1−cos 𝑛𝜋
U(x,t) = ∑∞
n=1( ∙ sin 3nt)(sin nx)
3𝜋𝑛4