Professional Documents
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Heriot-Watt
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Adrian C Todd
History of Reservoir Engineering
z Reserve Estimation
z Development Planning
z Production Operations Optimisation
Reserve Estimation
z Geophysical
estimates from
seismic interpretation
Reserve Estimation
z Log Analysis
estimates of porosity
and fluid saturation
Reserve Estimation
z Geophysical surveys
z Well logs
z penetration
z cuttings
– electrical
– sonic
– nuclear
z Pressure data
z Formation fluid content data
Tools of the Trade
z Proved
z Unproved-less certain than proved.
Further subdived to express increasing
uncertainty.
Î Probable
Î Possible
Methods of Estimation
z Deterministic
– A single best estimate of reserves bases on
known geological, engineering, and economic
data.
z Probabilistic
– Known geological, engineering and economic
data are used to generate a range of
estimates and their associated probabilities.
Proved Reserves
z Deterministic methods
– reasonable certainty to express a high degree
of confidence that quantities will be
recovered.
z Probabilistic methods
– at least 90% probability that the quantities
actually will equal or exceed the estimate.
Proved Reserves
z Answer
– Reserves are those quantities which are
anticipated to be commercially recovered.
Economics is very important aspect
Economics
z Oil and gas price ?
z Inflation?
z Future economic trends?
z Discount factors etc?
z Answer-
z The current economic conditions are the basis re;-
prices
– costs
– contracts
– government regulations
Test 4.
z We have a structure in an area which we expect to
explore. We anticipate it to contain a STOIIP of
2000MMstb, and a recovery factor of 65% using
primary recovery (30%), secondary (25%) and
tertiary (10%) recovery methods. What are the
reserves?
z Answer:SPE/WPC - zero. Intentions are not a
basis for reserves. No well has yet been drilled.
z Some companies will allocate potential reserves for
internal use. Cannot be used for public or
government figures.
Requirements for proved reserves
z Maps
– from seismic and geological data.
z Petrophysical logs
z Well test results and rock properties from
recovered core.
z Facilities
– Necessary facilities for processing and
transport either in place or will be installed as
backed up by formal contract
Contributions to the Proved Reservoir Area
z Proven = 500MMstb,
z Probable =740-500=240MMstb
z Possible =860-740=120MMstb
Probabilistic Representation of Reserves
z As field is produced the shape of the curve changes.
Probability converted to recovery leaving less uncertainty in
reserves.
Volume in-place calculations
z Volume of oil and gas in-place, V, depends on:
Ê aerial coverage of reservoir , A.
Ê Thickness of the reservoir, hn.
Ê Pore volume, expressed by porosity,φ.
Ê Proportion of pore space occupied by hydrocarbon, (
the saturation ), 1-Sw
V=Ah nφ (1 − Sw )
When expressed as stock tank volumes
equation divided by Bo or Bg
V=Ah nφ (1 − Sw ) / Bo
Volume in-place calculations & Reserves
STOIIP=V=Ah nφ (1 − Sw ) / Bo
Reserves = STOIIP × R F x
Proved
Probable Probable
Possible Possible
Evolution of the reserve estimate
Evolution of the reserve estimate
Evolution of the reserve estimate
Evolution of the reserve estimate
Deterministic perspective as indicated by top structure map
Formation Volume Factors Oil,Bo and Gas, Bg
z Formation volume factors convert reservoir
volumes to surface volumes.
z They do not vary significantly across the
reservoir compared to other rock related
properties.
z In some reservoirs there is a compositional
gradient which results in variations in the oil
formation volume factor
z In this case average or values measured at
depth would be preferred
Recovery Factor
z Proportion of hydrocarbons recovered called
recovery factor.
z Influenced by a range of properties.
z Rock and fluid properties.
z Drive mechanisms.
z Formation characteristics & heterogeneity
z Development process
z Geometry and location of wells
Other Appraisal Tool - Production Test
Producing interval
Downhole pressure
monitoring
Lines
Pressure declines
in relation to increased
flow 2
Well shut in
and pressure
builds up
Draw down and
build up curves
analysed to give kh
Other Appraisal Tools
z Core analysis
Ë a cross check for downhole measurements and
unique measurements.
Development Planning
z An evaluation of alternative plans
z Well data and Test Results
z Reservoir maps
z Material Balance
z Drive mechanisms
z Reservoir models
z Techno economics
Ë Land developments higher degree of flexibility
Ë Offshore developments limited flexibility after production system
ordered
Reservoir maps
An evaluation of alternative plans
Development Planning
z Drive mechanisms
z Simple and complex models
z Displacement models for injection processes
z Recently, integration of geological and
geophysical perspectives providing greater
confidence in simulation models
Drive mechanisms
2
2
3
3
Development Planning
z Production profiles
Î oil, gas and water
z Well requirements
z Topside facilities
Uncertainty
z Reducing uncertainty is the key issue of the
decade and not least in reservoir engineering
and its related disciplines.
z More information gives less uncertainty.
z Collecting data costs money
z Greater cost the delay on the project.
z Tension between reservoir engineers and
project engineers.
Uncertainty - Reservoir
z Static properties
Î Reservoir structure
Î Reservoir properties, k, h etc
Î Reservoir connectivity
Î Impact of faults
Î ‘thief’ sands
Uncertainty - Reservoir
z Dynamic properties
Î Relative permeabilities etc.
Î Fluid properties
Î Aquifer behaviour
Î Well productivity ( fractures, well type, condensate
drop-out etc.
Uncertainty - Reservoir
Material Balance Equation
Pi
Production
Water Influx
Pt
Material Balance Equation
z Examines the pressure -volume behaviour of
an entire field
z Tank model of the reservoiur
z Engineer fits a simple model to the data and
predicts future performance
z Model gets updated to match production -
history matching.
z Reservoir simulation models comprise many
aspects of material balance
Material Balance Equation
N p ⎡⎣ Bt − Bg ( R si − R p ) ⎤⎦ + Wp = C
⎡B − B ⎛ Bg − Bgi ⎞ Sw c w + c f ⎤
NBti ⎢ t ti
+ m⎜ ⎟ + (1 + m ) ∆p ⎥ + We
⎢⎣ Bti ⎜ Bgi ⎟ 1-Sw ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
Known : Production data Np, Rp, Wp
HISTORY MATCHING Hydrocarbon Properties Bt, Bti, Bg, Bgi
Reservoir Properties Sw, cw, cf, m
Pressure drop ∆p
Unknown : Reserves N
Water Influx We
z Secondary Recovery
– energy is supplemented by injection of fluids, gas or water.
To maintain or partially maintain pressure.
– Two types of oil left.
– High saturation in unswept part- by passed oil
– Lower saturation in swept part - residual oil saturation
Reservoir Behaviour
Early agreement to
reservoir description
Reservoir Development speeds development
Plan
Dynamic
Reservoir Description
Leman Gas Field UK after first exploration well
Leman Gas Field UK 10years after first exploration well
Reservoir Engineering