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C H A P T E R
14
MODULE 2
Applications of geometry
E
and trigonometry
PL
How do we apply trigonometric techniques to problems involving angles of
depression and elevation?
How do we apply trigonometric techniques to problems involving bearings?
How do we apply trigonometric techniques to three-dimensional problems?
How do we draw and interpret contour maps?
How do we draw and interpret scale drawings?
M
14.1 Angles of elevation and depression, bearings,
and triangulation
Angles of elevation and depression
The angle of elevation is the angle
SA
t eye level
of sigh
line angle of depression
cliff lin
eye level eo
f si
angle of elevation gh
t
boat
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 411
Bearings
The three-figure bearing (or compass bearing) is the direction measured clockwise from
north.
The bearing of A from O is 030◦ . The bearing of C from O is 210◦ .
◦
The bearing of B from O is 120 . The bearing of D from O is 330◦ .
N D N
A
30°
E
330° E
120° E W O 210°
W
O
B C S
Example 1
Solution
H
PL S
Angle of depression
The pilot of a helicopter flying at 400 m observes a small boat at an angle of depression of
1.2◦ . Draw a diagram and calculate the horizontal distance of the boat to the helicopter correct
The light on a cliff-top lighthouse, known to be 75 m above sea level, is observed from a boat
at an angle of elevation of 7.1◦ . Draw a diagram and calculate the distance of the boat from the
lighthouse to the nearest metre.
Solution
75
L = tan 7.1◦
AB
75
∴ AB =
tan 7.1◦
75 m
= 602.135 . . .
The distance of the boat from the lighthouse
7.1°
A B is 602 m to the nearest metre.
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412 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
From a point A, a man observes that the angle of elevation of the summit of a hill is 10◦ . He
then walks towards the hill for 500 m along flat ground. The summit of the hill is now at an
angle of elevation of 14◦ . Draw a diagram and find the height of the hill above the level of A to
the nearest metre.
Solution
E
1 Draw a diagram. H
4°
PL
2 Find all the unknown angles that will be
required. This is done using properties
of angles discussed in Chapter 12.
B
14°
The road from town A runs due west for 14 km to town B. A television mast is located due
south of B at a distance of 23 km. Draw a diagram and calculate the distance of the mast from
the centre of town A to the nearest kilometre. Find the bearing of the mast from the centre of
the town.
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 413
Solution
N 23
B 14 km A tan θ =
θ 14
∴ θ = 58.67◦ (to two decimal places)
∴ bearing = 180◦ + (90 − 58.67)◦
23 km
= 211.33◦
By Pythagoras’ theorem
AT 2 = AB 2 + BT 2
E
= 142 + 232
T = 725
∴ AT = 26.925 . . .
∴ The mast is 27 km from the centre of town A
(to the nearest kilometre) and on a bearing
Example 5 PL of 211.33◦ .
42°
N
M
b Find the bearing of B from A correct to the nearest degree. C 318°
N
38° 3000
A
SA
Solution
1 To find the distance AB, the magnitude a B
of angle ACB needs to be determined
N
so that the cosine rule can be 42°
applied in triangle ABC.
The magnitude of angle ACB 100° C
= [180 − (38 + 42)]◦ = 100◦ N
38°
38°
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414 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
E
AB
∴ sin A = 0.6728 . . .
∴ A = (42.288 . . .)◦
∴ The bearing of B from A
= 360◦ − (42.29◦ − 38◦ )
Triangulation
PL = 355.71◦
The bearing of B from A is 356◦ to the
nearest degree.
Surveyors sometimes need to measure distances to inacessible points, or measure lengths that
are impossible to measure directly. The method of triangulation involves using the theory of
M
solving triangles developed in this module.
Example 6 Triangulation
Two points A and B are on opposite sides of a lake so that the distance
between them cannot be measured directly. A third point, C, is chosen B
at a distance of 100 m from A and with angles BAC and BCA of 65◦
SA
A
and 55◦ respectively. Calculate the distance between A and B 65°
correct to two decimal places. 100 m
55°
Solution C
The magnitude of angle ABC is 60◦ . Using the sine rule for triangle ABC
100 AB
◦
=
sin 60 sin 55◦
100
∴ AB = × sin 55◦
sin 60◦
= 94.587 . . .
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 415
Exercise 14A
1 The angle of elevation of the top of an old chimney stack at a point 40 m from its base is
41◦ . Find the height of the chimney.
2 A ship sails 10 km north and then 15 km east. What is its bearing from the starting point?
3 From the top of a vertical cliff 130 m high the angle of depression of a buoy at sea is 18◦ .
What is the distance of the buoy from the foot of the cliff?
E
4 The bearing of a point A from a point B is 207◦ . What is the bearing of B from A?
5 A man standing on top of a mountain observes that the angle of depression to the foot of a
building is 41◦ . If the height of the man above the foot of the building is 500 m, find the
PL
horizontal distance from the man to the building.
7 The bearing of a ship S from a lighthouse A is 055◦ . A second lighthouse B is due east of A.
M
The bearing of S from B is 302◦ . Find the magnitude of angle ASB.
8 A yacht starts from L and sails 12 km due east to M. It then sails 9 km on a bearing of 142◦
to K. Find the magnitude of angle MLK.
346° A
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416 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
11 A man lying down on top of a cliff 40 m high observes the angle of depression to a buoy in
the sea below to be 20◦ . If he is in line with the buoy, calculate the distance between the
buoy and the foot of the cliff, which may be assumed to be vertical.
E
b T is a point between P and Q such that ∠ PTR is a
right angle. Find RT and hence the width of the river correct to two decimal places.
PL
point, C, is chosen at a distance of 300 m from A and with
angles BAC and BCA of 80◦ and 53◦ respectively. Calculate
the distance between A and B.
depression are 18◦ and 20◦ . Calculate the distance between the buoys.
B
14 A man standing on top of a cliff 50 m high is in line with two buoys whose angles of
15 From a ship S, two other ships P and Q are on bearings 320◦ and 075◦ respectively. The
distance PS = 7.5 km and the distance QS = 5 km. Find the distance PQ.
M
16 A ship leaves port A and steams 15 km due east. It then turns and steams for 22 km due
north.
a What is the bearing of the ship from A?
b What is the bearing of port A from the ship?
N church spire
church spire from point A. The bearing of the
N
spire from A is 072◦ . He then walks 150 m to
72° 67°
point B where the bearing is 067◦ . east
a Find the distance of the church spire from A 150 m B road X
B (i.e. BS).
b Find the distance of the church spire from
the road (i.e. SX).
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 417
19 A yacht starts from point A and sails on a bearing of 035◦ for 2000 m. It then alters its
course to one in a direction with a bearing of 320◦ and after sailing for 2500 m it reaches
point B.
a Find the distance AB. b Find the bearing of B from A.
E
Example 7 Applications in three dimensions
d distance HA
PL
c the magnitude of angle HBD
Solution
E
A 10 cm
D
B
F
a Strategy: You always work in triangles to obtain values. Here we start with triangle ABD.
8 cm
7 cm
D B 2 = 82 + 102
M
D
= 164
8 cm ∴ DB = 164
A B ∴ D B = 12.806 . . .
10 cm
The length of DB is 12.81 cm correct to two
decimal places.
SA
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418 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
e Strategy: Apply the cosine rule to triangle ABH to find the magnitude of angle HBA.
H HA 2 = AB 2 + HB 2 − 2 × AB× HB cos B
E
113 = 100 + 213 − 2 × 10 × 213 cos B
√113 cm √213 cm −200
∴ cos B =
−20 213
∴ cos B = 0.68518 . . .
A
Example 8
10 cm
PL B
B = 46.75◦ (correct to two decimal places)
The diagram shows a pyramid with a square base. The base has
sides 6 cm long and the edges VA, VB, VC, VD are each 10 cm long.
a Find the length of DB. b Find the length of BE.
c Find the length of VE. d Find the magnitude of angle VBE. 10 cm
V
M
A B
Give all answers correct to two decimal places.
E 6 cm
Solution D C
a
A B D B 2 = 62 + 62
= 72
SA
6 cm
E ∴ D B = 8.4852 . . .
The length of DB is 8.49 cm correct
D C
6 cm to two decimal places.
1
b BE = D B
2
1
∴ BE = 72 = 4.2426 . . .
2
The length of BE is 4.24 cm correct to two decimal places.
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 419
c V
V E 2 = V B 2 − EB 2
1
= 100 − × 72
4
= 100
− 18 = 82
∴ V E = 82 = 9.0553 . . .
θ The length of VE is 9.06 cm correct to two decimal places.
E B
VE 82
E
d sin θ = =
VB 10
= 0.9055 . . .
∴ θ = 64.90◦
The magnitude of angle VBE is 64.90◦ correct to two decimal places.
Example 9
PL
Using Pythagoras’ theorem and tan in three dimensions
C
60 m
B
H
A
45 m
M
Give answers correct to two decimal places.
Solution
a A AC 2 = AB 2 + CB 2
= 452 + 602 = 5625
45 m ∴ AC = 75
SA
C B
60 m
H HA
= tan 12◦
75
12°
C 75 A ∴ HA = 75 tan 12◦
= 15.9417
The height of the mast is 15.94 m correct to two decimal places.
b H HA
tan θ =
45
B θ A = 0.3542 . . .
45
∴ θ ≈ 19.51◦
The angle of elevation of the top of the mast, H, from B is 19.51◦ correct to two decimal
places.
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420 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
Exercise 14B
1 ABCDEFGH is a cuboid with dimensions as shown. A B
a Find the length of FH.
b Find the length of BH, correct to two decimal places. D
E C
c Find the magnitude of angle BHF, correct to F
8 cm
one decimal places. 5 cm
d Find the magnitude of angle BHG, correct to H 12 cm G
E
two decimal places.
PL
b Find the magnitude of angle VEF.
c Find the length of VE.
d Find the length of a sloping edge.
e Find the magnitude of angle VAD.
f Find the surface area of the pyramid.
A
E
D
Where decimals are involved, give all answers correct to two decimal places.
5 Standing due south of a tower 50 m high, the angle of elevation of the top is 26◦ . What is
the angle of elevation after walking a distance 120 m due east?
6 From the top of a cliff 160 m high two buoys are observed. Their bearings are 337◦ and
308◦ . Their respective angles of depression are 3◦ and 5◦ . Calculate the distance between
the buoys, correct to the nearest metre.
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 421
E
9 A and B are two positions on level ground. From an advertising balloon at a vertical height
of 750 m, A is observed in an easterly direction and B at a bearing 160◦ . The angles of
depression of A and B as viewed from the balloon are 40◦ and 20◦ respectively. Find the
distance between A and B.
PL
a Find the distance VA. b Find the distance VC.
c Find the distance AC.
d Find the magnitude of angle VCA.
6 cm
C
M
12 A light aircraft flying at a height of 500 m above O' A' light aircraft
the ground is sighted by an observer stationed 500 m
at a point O on the ground, measured to be B'
1 km from the plane. The aircraft is flying O E
45° A
1000 m
south west (along A B ) at 300 km/h. 500 m
a How far will it travel in one minute?
SA
B
b Find its bearing from O(O ) at this time.
c What will be its angle of elevation from O at this time?
This diagram shows a hill over 200 m high rising from sea level. B is a point on the hill 50 m
above sea level. A line drawn through B passes through all other points that are 50 m above sea
level. This is called the 50 m contour line.
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422 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
Similarly, C, D and E mark the levels of the 100 m, 150 m and 200 m contour lines respectively.
Imagine that the contour lines are all painted black and then projected onto the base as shown
below.
sea level
50 m
100 m
A B' C' D' E' 150 m
200 m
E
This is called a contour map.
Note that the map does not give the actual distance between B and C but gives the horizontal
distance.
In order to find the distance between B and C, first determine from the diagram (drawn to a
scale) the horizontal distance B C . Suppose this distance is 80 m. Then triangle BCH in the
B and C.
B θ
80 m
PL
first diagram can be used to find the distance between B and C and the average slope between
50 m
H
BC 2 = BH 2 + CH 2
= 6400 + 2500
= 8900
√
BC = 8900
= 94.3398 . . .
The distance BC is 94 m to the nearest metre.
M
CH 50
The average slope = = = 0.625
BH 80
and tan = 0.625
which implies = 32.00◦ correct to two decimal places
The angle of elevation of C from B is 32◦ to the nearest degree.
SA
A cross-sectional profile can be drawn from a contour map for a given cross-section AB.
This is illustrated below.
500 m
300 m
A 400 m 200 m B
100 m
500 m-
400 m-
300 m-
200 m-
100 m-
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 423
Exercise 14C
1 Draw a cross-sectional profile for each of the following maps with the given cross-section
AB.
a 150 m b
A B
50 m 100 m
O A B
O 150 m
E
100 m
50 m
2 Two places on a map are 5 cm apart. One is on a 50 m contour and the other on a 450 m
contour. If the scale of the map is 1 cm to 1 km, what is the angle of elevation from the first
to the second place?
is 400 m. Find:
PL
3 a For this diagram the horizontal distance from A to B
50 m
B
100
C
150 m
m
M
4 Draw a possible contour map to match the
250 m
given cross-section. 200 m
150 m
100 m
50 m
A B
SA
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Review 424 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
Angle of elevation The angle of elevation is the angle between the horizontal and
a direction above the horizontal. (See p. 370)
Angle of depression The angle of depression is the angle between the horizontal
and a direction below the horizontal. (See p. 370)
Three-figure bearing The three-figure bearing is the direction measured from north
clockwise (also called compass bearing).
E
Contour line/diagram/map A contour line joins all the points that are the same distance
above sea level. (See p. 381)
A contour diagram is made up of a number of contour lines
showing the whole feature, e.g. a hill.
Skills check PL A contour map is produced when the contour lines are
projected onto the base of the diagram.
Multiple-choice questions
1 A man walks 5 km due east followed by 7 km due south. The bearing he must take to
SA
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 425
Review
6 A hiker walks 5.2 km on a bearing of 160◦ and then takes a bearing of 035◦ and
walks 7 km. The bearing he must take to return directly to the start is:
A 047◦ B 215◦ C 223◦ D 235◦ E 262◦
7 The diagram shows a rectangular prism (cuboid). A
The dimensions are as marked. The length of the 10 cm
diagonal is closest to:
A 26 cm B 30 cm C 31 cm 16 cm
B 24 cm
D 34 cm E 39 cm
E
V
8 VABC is a pyramid. V is vertically above B and
triangle ABC has a right angle at B. The distance
between points A and C is closest to:
A 12 cm B 21 cm C 26 cm 12 cm 18 cm
D 30 cm E 36 cm 20 cm B
PL
9 A ship travels from a point A to B on a bearing of
045◦ for a distance of 60 km. It then travels to a
point C on a bearing of 120◦ for a distance of
100km. The distance of C to A is closest to:
A
N
N
B 120°
45° 60 km
100 km
C
C
M
A 123 km B 125 km C 127 km A
D 129 km E 131 km
10 A right pyramid with a square base is shown in
the diagram. Each edge of the square base has
length 8 centimetres and the height of the pyramid
is 16 cm. The length of a sloping edge of the
SA
4 √ 6 km
A B 62 + 42 − 48 cos 120◦
◦
√ 30
sin
D 6 sin 60◦
C 6 + 42 + 48 cos 120◦
2 B
√ 4 km
E 52
A
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Review 426 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
E
A hiker walks up the hill from a point A on A 350
the 100 m contour line to a point B on the B
350 m contour line along the track shown. 300
250
From the contour map the steepest part 200
of the track is between the: 150
scale 1 : 10 000
PL
A 100 m and 150 m contour lines
C 200 m and 250 m contour lines
E 300 m and 350 m contour lines
Extended-response questions
100
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 427
Review
f The hexagonal blocks are 1.2 m deep. Find the volume of 1.5 m
one of the hexagonal blocks. Give your answer in cubic
metres correct to one decimal place.
m
1.2
Aristotle wanted to see a scale model of a section of the wall before it was built.
The scale he chose was 1 : 25.
E
g What would be the length of an edge of a hexagonal face
of a block for the model? Give your answer in centimetres.
h What is the ratio of the volume of a block in the
model to the volume of a block in the actual wall?
PL
A part of the wall is to cross a marshland. Aristotle
wanted to find out the length of this part of the wall
but did not want to get his sandals muddy. To
overcome the problem, Aristotle made the
measurements shown on the diagram.
i Find the distance AC in metres, correct
to two decimal places.
j Find the length of the wall to be constructed across
the marshland. Give your answer to the nearest metre.
D
marshland
20° C
20 m
50°
20 m
A
wall
B
M
2 From a point C, by looking due north, a girl can see a North
beacon at point B. She can also see a tower at point T,
which is 5 km away on a bearing of 056◦ . The tower at
T
point T is due east of the beacon at B. B
5 km
a Calculate the length of BT, the distance of the tower 56°
SA
(cont’d.)
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Review 428 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
E
iii What is the bearing of the mast at M from the tower at T ?
d The tower is 20 m high and in the shape of a right A
C
triangular prism with dimensions as shown in the 5m
diagram. 8m
B
places. PL
i What is the volume of the tower in cubic metres?
ii What is the length, in metres, of edge AC of the
tower? Give your answer correct to two decimal
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Chapter 14 — Applications of geometry and trigonometry 429
Review
d A mesh is to be placed over the reservoir to partially Z
shade its surface. The first plan is to use a triangular Y
mesh. The triangular mesh, XYZ, is to be supported
by three posts around the edge of the reservoir at
O
X, Y and Z respectively as shown. In the diagram,
YX = ZX and ∠YOZ is a right angle. O is the
centre of the circle and OZ = OY = 50 m.
i Find the length YX (correct to two decimal places). X
E
ii Find the area of the triangular mesh (rounded to the nearest whole number).
iii Find the percentage of the area of the circle, centre O, covered by the
triangular mesh (correct to one decimal place).
e If the mesh has the form of a regular dodecagon (12-sided regular polygon), with
vertices on the circumference of the circle, find the percentage of the area of the
PL
circle covered by the mesh (correct to one decimal place).
4 Lee and Nick are staying in the seaside
township of Eagle Point, famous for the
octagonal window in its lighthouse door.
The window is in the shape of a regular
octagon. PQ is the bottom side of the
window whose diagonals meet at O. The
height of the window is 50 cm. P
O
Q
Window in door
50 cm
M
a Show by calculation that the size of
angle POQ is 45◦ .
Lighthouse door
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Review 430 Essential Further Mathematics — Module 2 Geometry and trigonometry
e The Eagle Point Surf Club has set up a training course which requires
participants to run 250 metres along the beach from the starting point S to a
point L on the shore. They then swim across an inlet to a point M on the opposite
shore before running 280 metres directly back to the starting point S as shown.
L is due north of S and the bearing of M from S is 078◦ .
i Write down the size of angle LSM. N
ii Find the total length of the training course. L
Give your answer correct to the nearest metre.
E
sea
iii What is the bearing of M from L? Give your
250 m
answer correct to the nearest degree.
beach M
S 280 m
PL
to mark points on the training course.
The flagpoles sit in wooden boxes
which are in the shape of truncated
right pyramids. One such box is
shown in the diagram. The base
ABCD of the box is a 50 cm by
50 cm square. The top FGHL is
a 40 cm by 40 cm square. The
flagpole KE sits vertically in
H
D
L
40 cm
E
J
G 40 cm
F
250 cm
50 cm
A
M
the box and is 250 centimetres long. C 50 cm B
If the pyramid could be completed,
its vertex would be at K, the top of
the flagpole, as shown.
i Find the angle KCE. Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.
ii Find JE, the depth of the block, in centimetres.
SA
Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample pages • 978-0-521-61328-6 • 2008 © Jones, Evans, Lipson
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