ELEC-1104

Lecture 3:

Per Unit Systems

 Basic Units
ƒ The 4 basic electrical quantities are:
Voltage V (volt)
Current I (amp)
Impedance Z (ohm)
P
Power S (VA)
ƒ For single-phase circuits,
V(volt) = Z(ohm) × I(amp);
S (VA) = V(volt) × I(amp)
I(amp)*
 Per unit notation

ƒ In per unit notation, the physical quantity is

expressed as a fraction of the reference
value,
va ue, i.e.
.e.
per unit value = actual value/base value in
the same unit.
unit
e.g. V(in per unit) = V(in kV)/V base (in kV)
where the base value is a reference value for
magnitude.
 Base Quantities
Q
ƒ In per unit notation we would like to keep
the basic relations:
Vpu = Zpu Ipu; Spu = Vpu Ipu*
ƒ Hence the base quantities should be chosen
such that
Base voltage (VB) =
b
base impedance
i d (ZB) × base
b currentt (IB)
Base power (SB) =
b
base voltage
l (VB) × base
b current(I
(IB)
 Base Quantities
Q

ƒ Thus only two of the base quantities can be

arbitrarily chosen, the other two will follow
d ect y.
directly.
ƒ It is common practice to specify
b
base pwer (SB) andd base
b voltage
lt (VB)
ƒ Then it follows
base current IB = SB/VB
base impedance
p ZB = VB/IB =VB2/SB
 Percentage
g Values

ƒ An equivalent way to express the per unit

value is the percentage value where
Percentage value = per unit value × 100%

ƒ However, percentage values are not so

convenient to use since
Vpercent ≠ Zpercent × Ipercent
 Example
p 1

ƒ Given V = 100∠30o
Z = 3 + j4 = 5∠53.1o Ω
ƒ Find
Fi d currentt
active, reactive, & apparent power
power factor
I Z

V
 Solution 1

Take ((for example)

p )
Base power SB = 1 kVA
Base voltage VB = 100 V
Then
Base current IB = SB/VB = 10 A
Base impedance ZB = VB/IB = 10 Ω

Given V = 100 ∠30o V = 1.0 ∠30o p.u.

5∠53 1o Ω = 0.5∠53.1
Z = 5∠53.1 0 5∠53 1o p.u.
 Solution 1 (cont)
( )

ƒ Current
» I = V/Z = 2.0 ∠-23.1o p.u
= 2.0×10∠ 23.11o A = 20∠
2 0×10∠-23 20∠-23
23.11o A
ƒ Complex power
2 0 ∠53.1
» S = VI* = 2.0 ∠53 1o p.u
p u = 1.2
1 2 + j1.6
j1 6 p.u.
pu
» Apparent power S = 2.0×1 = 2 kVA
» Active
Acti e power
po er P = 11.2×1
2×1 = 1.2
1 2 kW
» Reactive power Q = 1.6×1 = 1.6 kVAr
» Power
P ffactor
t p.f.
f = P/S = 11.2/2.0
2/2 0 = 0.6
06
 Base Value for 3-phase
p systems
y

ƒ For 3-phase
3 phase systems it is common practice
to describe system operation with:
total 3-phase power S = S3-Ԅ
line voltage V = Vline
line current I = Iline
equivalent impedance/phase Z = Zph
p
with (in magnitude)
V = √3ZI; S = √3VI.
√3VI
 Base Value for 3-phase
p systems
y

ƒ Hence if base values are chosen for:

total 3-phase power SB
li voltage
line lt VB
Then
base line current
IB = SB/ √
√3VVB
base impedance
ZB = VB/ √3IB = VB2/SB
 Example
p 2

ƒ Supply: 400 V, 50 Hz, 33-phase

phase
ƒ Load: 3 identical coils with Z = 20+j15 Ω
in star connection.
connection

ƒ Find: line current

power supplied
power factor.
 Solution 2

Take ((for example)

p )
Base power (total 3-phase) SB = 10 kVA
Base voltage (line-to-line) VB = 400 V
Then
Base current IB = SB/√3VB = 14.43
14 43 A
Base impedance ZB = VB2/SB = 16 Ω

Given V = 400 V = 1.0 p.u.

25∠36 9o Ω = 1.5625∠36.9
Z = 25∠36.9 1 5625∠36 9o p.u.
 Solution 2 (cont)
( )
ƒ Current
I = V/Z
/ = 1.0
1 0 /1.5625
/1 62 p.u. = 0.64
0 64 p.u.
= 0.64×14.43 A = 9.235 A
ƒ Apparent power
S = VI = 1.0×0.64 = 0.64 p.u. = 6.4 kVA
ƒ Power factor
pp.f. = cos 36.9o = 0.8
ƒ Active power
P = VI × ppf = 0.64 × 0.8 pp.u = 0.512 pp.u.
= 0.512 × 10 = 5.12 kW
 Choice of Base values

ƒ For a connected circuit,, it is obvious that the same

bases should be used for the whole network such
that the normal circuit theorems would also apply
to per unit values, e.g.
Kirchhoff laws
At a given node, ∑i(Ipu)i = 0
Around a mesh ∑i(ΔVpu)i = 0
Impedance in series Zpu = (Zpu)1+ (Zpu)2
Admittance in parallel Ypu = (Ypu)1+ (Ypu)2
 Base values for a transformer

In a transformer, two circuits are not directly

connected but magnetically coupled. The
voltages
vo tages of
o the
t e windings
w d gs are a e in the
t e ratio
at o of
o
turns and currents in inverse ratio.
For the coupled circuit
circuit, we should then choose
» The same base power
» Base voltages in the ratio of turns.
turns
This will ensure Spu, Vpu, Ipu, to remain unchanged
when passing through an ideal transformer
 Base values for a transformer

Let
n1,n2 be the number of turns in primary and
secondary winding.
winding
Z1, Z2 be the primary and secondary winding
impedance.
Then total impedance referred to primary
ZT11 = Z1 + (n1/n2)2Z2
and total impedance referred to secondary
ZT2 = Z2 + (n2/n1)2Z1 = (n2/n1)2ZT1
 Base values for a transformer

If base values were chosen for the transformer:

SB1 = SB2; VB1 = (n1/n2)VB2
Then
Th
IB1 = (n2/n1)IB2 ; ZB1 = (n1/n2)2ZB2
Thus per unit impedance of transformer
Zpu = ZT1/ZB1 = ZT2/ZB2
is the same whether we use the total
impedance referred to primary or secondary.
secondary
 Equivalent
q circuit for transformer

ƒ In the per unit representation, the equivalent

circuit of a transformer is a simple winding
peda ce Zpu (w
impedance (with
t excitation
e c tat o branch
ba c
ignored)
(I1)pu (I2)pu
(Z)pu
(V1)pu (V2)pu
 Base Conversion

ƒ If the per unit values are given based on SB1

and VB1 which are different from the chosen
base SB2 aandd VB2 for
o analysis,
a a ys s, tthee given
g ve per
pe
unit values must be modified before they
ccan be used. Thus
us
(Vpu)2 = V/VB2 = (Vpu)1×VB1/VB2
(Spu)2 = S/SB2 = (Spu)1×SB1/SB2
 Base Conversion

ƒ Similarly
(Ipu)2 = I/IB2 = (Ipu)1×IB1/IB2
= (Ipu)1×VB2/VB1 ×SB1/SB2
(Zpu)2 = Z/ZB2 = (Zpu)1×ZB1/ZB2
= (Zpu)1×(VB1/VB2)2 ×SB2/SB1
 Example
p

ƒ Given a 50 MVA, 3.3 kV generator has a

synchronous impedance of 10%.
ƒ Find the per unit impedance on a base of
100 MVA and 5 kV.

Zp.u. = 0.1 x (3.3/5.0)2 x (100/50)

= 0.087 p.u.
 Example
p

ƒ Choose base power

p
20MVA 40MVA
Sbase = 20 MVA X=15% X=20%

ƒ Base
ase vo
voltages
tages G1 G2
Vbase1 = 11 kV
Vbase2 = 33 kV 11 kV

ƒ Then T
11/33kV
60MVA
X=12%
XG1 = 0.15pu 33 kV
XG2 = 0.20x20/40=0.10pu
XT = 0.12x20/60=0.04pu
 Advantages
g of Per Unit System
y

ƒ Normally we are dealing with numerics

near unity rather than over a wide range.
ƒ Provides a more meaningful comparison of
parameters of machines with different
ratings.
ratings
ƒ As the per unit values of parameters of a
machine
hi off a given
i ddesign
i normallyll falls
f ll
within a certain range, a typical value can
be used
sed if such
s ch parameters are not provided.
pro ided