Power system II

Brief Supplementary Notes

Basics of Per Unit (p.u.) System

p.u. value =Actual value /base value

Let, Ia= Actual Value (in A)
Ib= Base Value (in A)
Va= Actual Value (in V)
Vb= Base Value (in V)
Sb= Base Power
Sa= Base Power

Ia V Z
Ipu= ; Vpu= a ; Zpu= a
Ib Vb Zb

Vb Vb 2
Zb= =
Ib Sb

Za S
Zpu= = Z a  b2
Zb Vb

For 1-Φ System,

If Sb is in MVA and Vb in kV, then

 MVAb
Ib (in kA)=
 kV b
 kV b
2
V
Zb= b =
Ib  MVAb
For 3-Φ System,
If Vb=Vl-l (in kV) and Sb (in MVA) are given, then

 kVb l l
Vb/ph=
3
( MVAb 3 )
Ib/ph=
3  kVb l l
  kVb l l 
2

Zb/ph= 
MVAb 3  

( MVAb 3 )
Zpu= Z act 
 KVb l l 
2

Change of base
Let Base system-1 have base values as Vb1 and Sb1
Let Base system-2 have base values as Vb2 and Sb2

Sb1 S
Ib1= ; Ib2= b 2
Vb1 Vb 2

I act I
I1pu= ; I2pu= act
I b1 Ib2

I b1
I2pu= I1 pu 
Ib 2

Sb1 S
Z1pu= Z act  2
; Z2pu= Z act  b 22
Vb1 Vb 2

Vb12 Sb 2
Z2pu= Z1 pu  
Vb 2 2 Sb1

Vbo 2 Sbn
same as, (Zpu)n= ( Z pu )o   where n = new, o = old
Vbn 2 Sbo

Per Unit Impedance of a Transformer

Let in a 1-Φ transformer,
Z1eq= total lumped impedance referred to primary
V1=Base Voltage (Vb)
I1= Base Current (Ib)

Vb V
Zb1= = 1
Ib I1

Z1eq
Z1eq pu=
Z b1

Actual lumped impedance of both windings referred to the secondary,

 N1 2
Z2eq= Z1eq  ( )
N2

Let at the secondary, V2=Vb (base voltage); I2=Ib (base current)

V2
Zb2=
I2

Z 2 eq I2
Z2eq pu= = Z 2 eq 
Zb 2 V2

I2 N
Z2eq pu= Z1eq pu   ( 2 )2
V2 N1

I 2 V1 N
We know that   1
I1 V2 N 2

N1
I1 
N N2 I
So, Z2eq pu= Z1eq pu  ( 2 ) 2  = Z1eq  1
N1 N V1
V1  2
N1

Hence, Z2eq pu = Z1eq pu

Advantage of p.u. system:

There are mainly two advantages of using the Per Unit System.
 The parameters of the rotating electrical machines and the transformer lies roughly in the
same range of numerical values irrespective of their ratings if expressed in per unit system
of their ratings.
 It relieves the analyst of the need to refer circuit quantities to one or other side of the
transformer, making the calculations easy.