Amca 99 PDF

Standards Handbook
AMCA Publication 99
The International Authority on Air System Components

AMCA 99
STANDARDS HANDBOOK
AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL

30 WEST UNIVERSITY DRIVE
ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, IL 60004-1893 USA
AMCA 99 – Standards Handbook
COPYRIGHT 2003 by Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections
107 and 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is
unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Executive Director,
Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.
AMCA 99 – Standards Handbook
AMCA 99
STANDARDS HANDBOOK
CONTENTS
99-0021-01 The Fan Laws

99-0066-01 The AMCA Vocabulary: Definitions
99-0068-03 The AMCA Vocabulary: Product Definitions
99-0070-01 The AMCA Vocabulary: Symbols
99-0098-00 Basic Series of Preferred Numbers
99-0100-76 Metric Units and Conversion Factors
99-0200-00 Charts & Tables
99-0401-86 Classification for Spark Resistant Construction
99-1401-66 Operating Limits for Central Station Units
99-2404-03 Drive Arrangements for Centrifugal Fans
99-2405-03 Inlet Box Positions for Centrifugal Fans
99-2406-03 Designation for Rotation and Discharge of Centrifugal Fans
99-2407-03 Motor Positions for Belt or Chain Drive Centrifugal Fans
99-2408-69 Operating Limits for Centrifugal Fans
99-2410-03 Drive Arrangements for Tubular Centrifugal Fans
99-2412-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Centrifugal Fans
99-2413-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Industrial Centrifugal Fans
99-2414-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Tubular Centrifugal Fans
99-3001-03 Dimensions for Axial Fans
99-3404-03 Drive Arrangements for Axial Fans
Purpose of AMCA Standards
AMCA Standards are adopted in the public interest. They are intended to eliminate
misunderstanding between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist in selecting,
specifying, and obtaining the proper product for the particular need.
Existence of an AMCA Standard does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member
from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to the standard.
Approval of Standards
Proposed standards are reviewed by the appropriate Standards Committees and by the Board of
Directors before submittal to the membership for approval. An affirmation vote of two-thirds of the
members affected is required for adoption or revision.
Review of Standards
AMCA Standards are regularly reviewed, but may also be reviewed at any time at the request of
the membership or by direction of the Board of Directors.
AMCA PUBLICATION 99
STANDARDS HANDBOOK
CONTENTS
99-0021-01 The Fan Laws

99-0066-01 The AMCA Vocabulary: Definitions
99-0068-03 The AMCA Vocabulary: Product Definitions
99-0070-01 The AMCA Vocabulary: Symbols
99-0098-00 Basic Series of Preferred Numbers
99-0100-76 Metric Units and Conversion Factors
99-0200-00 Charts & Tables
99-0401-86 Classification for Spark Resistant Construction
99-1401-66 Operating Limits for Central Station Units
99-2404-03 Drive Arrangements for Centrifugal Fans
99-2405-03 Inlet Box Positions for Centrifugal Fans
99-2406-03 Designation for Rotation and Discharge of Centrifugal Fans
99-2407-03 Motor Positions for Belt or Chain Drive Centrifugal Fans
99-2408-69 Operating Limits for Centrifugal Fans
99-2410-03 Drive Arrangements for Tubular Centrifugal Fans
99-2412-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Centrifugal Fans
99-2413-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Industrial Centrifugal Fans
99-2414-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Tubular Centrifugal Fans
99-3001-03 Dimensions for Axial Fans
99-3404-03 Drive Arrangements for Axial Fans
Air Movement and
Control Association BSR AMCA
International, Inc. THE FAN LAWS STANDARD
Arlington Heights, IL 99-0021-01
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 1 OF 10
THE FAN LAWS
Fan impellers differ from one another in many respects, even among those of the same type. One
characteristic that all share is that each individual impeller design can be uniquely related to the overall
diameter of the impeller. Because of this unique relationship, all impellers that share the same geometric
design but differ only in size are said to have similarity. Fan casings share in this unique relationship, with the
casing being optimized with respect to an impeller design so that aerodynamic performance goals are
achieved. A fan design, then, is a geometrically unique combination of fan impeller and fan casing. All sizes
of fans produced according to this unique geometry have similarity based on their respective diameters.
Similarity is useful in that it enables the prediction of aerodynamic performance: given the performance of a
fan of a given diameter at a certain rotational speed and a certain air density, the performance of that same
unique geometry at another impeller diameter, or rotational speed or air density can be determined.
Note that the variables that affect a fan's aerodynamic performance are: impeller diameter, rotational speed
and air density. Since these variables are expressed as ratios, they are dimensionless and are independent
of the system of units used, as long as the units are used consistently for each ratio.
The mathematical statements which describe the effects of these factors on aerodynamic performance for
any known performance point are known collectively as the FAN LAWS.
FAN LAWS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
As with all laws, some similarity requirements must be met if the FAN LAWS are to be effective:
A. DESIGN GEOMETRY
Geometric similarity must exist between any two fan sizes; i.e., dimensions must be proportional and
angularity must be constant for all essential air passages of the impeller and the casing.
B. GAS DENSITY
As air moves through the fan, it is acted upon by the rotating impeller and there results a pressure rise. With
a pressure rise, one would expect that the gas undergoes compression. Compression, in turn, means a
change in gas density.
The compressibility coefficient (Kp) must be calculated for the condition. The supporting formulas for Kp
originate in Appendix C, ANSI/AMCA Standard 210-99.
©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 2 OF 10
C. REYNOLDS NUMBER
Reynolds number is one of many descriptors of fan performance, and further information is available in most
textbooks on fluid mechanics. For our purposes here, it is necessary to know that for a given fan design
geometry, there are many possible Reynolds numbers, and that there is a threshold value on either side of
which fluids behave differently. The similarity requirement here is that both sets of operating parameters
result in Reynolds numbers such that the effect of any difference between them is negligible. The implied
requirement is that both of the Reynolds numbers must be on the same side of the threshold value. For
additional information on Reynolds number, see Handbook of Fan Engineering, latest edition.
D. MACH NUMBER
Mach number relates to the velocity of a gas (air) as it passes into or through a fan. Similarity requires that
the Mach numbers for the two sets of parameters must be reasonably close. Just as was the case with
Reynolds number, there is a threshold value and a difference in performance on either side of the threshold.
Since almost all fans operate well below the threshold value for Mach number, no procedure for determining
the threshold value is given in this document.
Then for any given point on a fan performance curve, the relationship between a known performance point
and desired performance point c (converted) is given by the FAN LAWS.
THE FAN LAWS
1ST LAW:
3
 Qc   Dc   Nc   K p 
 Q  =  D   N  K 
       pc 
2ND LAW:
2 2
 Ptc   Dc   Nc   K p   ρc 
 =      
 Pt   D   N   K pc   ρ 
3RD LAW:
2 2
 Pvc   Dc   Nc   ρc 
 P = D N ρ
       

Errata – February 2005
AMCA 99-0021-01
On page 2 of 10 the last equation on the page should read:
2 2
 Pvc   Dc   Nc   ρ c 
P =D  N   ρ 
 v       
[The denominator of the first term should have the subscript “v”.]
Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 3 OF 10
4TH LAW:
5 3
 Hc   Dc   Nc   K p   ρc 
H = D N   
       K pc   ρ 
5TH LAW:
Psc = Ptc − Pvc
Where Ptc and Pvc are established per the 2ND and 3RD FAN LAWS.
6TH LAW:
 Psc 
ηsc = ηtc  
 Ptc 
Where Psc is established using the 5TH FAN LAW and Ptc is established using the 2ND FAN LAW.
In the above, subscript c denotes the new operating condition, and:
D = Impeller diameter
Dc = Impeller diameter, converted
N = Impeller rotational speed
Nc = Impeller rotational speed, converted
Q = Volume airflow rate
Qc = Volume airflow rate, converted
Pt = Pressure, total
Ptc = Pressure, total, converted
Pv = Pressure, velocity
Pvc = Pressure, velocity, converted
H = Power
Hc = Power, converted
Ps = Pressure, static
Psc = Pressure, static, converted
ηsc = Efficiency, static, converted
ηtc = Efficiency, total, converted

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 4 OF 10
and Kp and Kpc are determined from:
 ln (1 + x )   z 
Kp =   
 x   ln (1 + z ) 
Pt
x=
Pt1 + (Cb p b )
γ −1  Ch H 
z=   
 γ  Q(Pt1 + (Cb p b )) 
2 2
zc  Pt1 + Cb p b   ρc   Nc   Dc   γ   γ c − 1 
=   
z  Pt1c + Cb p bc   ρ   N   D   γ − 1   γ c 
−1
  η γ   z   η γ  η γ   z 2  
K pc = 1 +  t c − 1   c  +  t c − 1  c c − 2   c   ,
  γ c − 1    2   γ c − 1   γ c − 1   6  
an approximation derived from a series expansion, sufficiently accurate for Kp >= 0.9, and fan mechanical
efficiency ηt is given by:
QPt K p
ηt =
Ch H
Note: For all fans, ηt=ηtc (for incompressible flow only)
Where:
Kp = Compressibility coefficient
Kpc = Compressibility coefficient, converted
x = A coefficient of convenience in the equation
z = A coefficient of convenience in the equation
Pt1 = Total pressure at fan inlet
Cb = Barometer constant: SI = 1 (I-P = 13.63)
Ch = Power constant: SI = 1 (I-P = 6362)
pb = Barometer pressure, Pa (in. Hg)
γ = Ratio of specific heats = 1.4
EXAMPLE:
The following example shows how the FAN LAWS, including compressibility, are applied in aerodynamic
performance predictions for a given fan design.

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 5 OF 10
KNOWN PARAMETERS:
SI I-P
impeller diameter D 927 mm 36.5 inches
fan rotational speed N 1000 rpm 1000 rpm
air density ρ 1.152 kg/m3 0.072 lbm/ft3
volume airflow rate Q 7.952 m3/s 16850 cfm
total pressure Pt 953.7 Pa 3.84 in. wg
barometric pressure pb 97.359 kPa 28.75 in. Hg
power H 9299 W 12.47 hp
ratio of specific heats γ 1.4 1.4
CONVERSION PARAMETERS:
SI I-P
impeller diameter Dc 1524 mm 60 inches
fan rotational speed Nc 820 rpm 820 rpm
air density ρc 1.2 kg/m3 0.075 lbm/ft3
volume airflow rate Qc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
total pressure Ptc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
power Hc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
barometric pressure pb 101.321 kPa 29.92 in. Hg
To determine the flow rate Qc and pressure Ptc, FAN LAWS 1 and 2 must be used. The GIVEN and
CONVERTED conditions provide all the information required for the calculations except Kp and Kpc.

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 6 OF 10
Determine Kp:
 ln (1 + x )   z 
KP =   
 x   ln (1 + z ) 
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS IN SI UNITS:
Pt
x=
Pt1 + (Cb Pb )
953.7
=
0 + ((1)(97359))
953.7
=
97359
x = 0.0097957
γ −1  Ch H 
z=   
 γ   Q(Pt1 + (Cb Pb )) 
1.4 − 1  
=
(1)(9299) 
 
 1.4  7.952 (0 + (1)(97359 )) 
z = 0.0034317
 ln (1 + x )   z 
Kp =   
 x   ln (1 + z ) 
 ln (1 + 0.0097957 )   0.0034317 
=  
 0.0097957   ln (1 + 0.0034317 ) 
K p = 0.99684

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 7 OF 10
QPt K p
ηt =
Ch H
 (7.952 )(953.7 )(0.99684 ) 

= 
 (1)(9299) 
ηt = 0.813, or 81.3%
To determine Kpc , calculate the factors in the necessary equations:
zc  Pt1 = (Cb p b )   ρc   Nc   Dc 
2 2
= 
z  Pt1c = (Cb p bc )   ρ   N   D 
 0 + (1x97359 )   1.2   820  2 1524  2

=     
 0 + (1x101321)  1.152  1000   927 
zc / z = 1.81905
Then:
zc
• z = (1.81905 )(0.0034317 ) = (0.006242 )
z
And:
 (ηt )(γ c )   (0.813 )(1.4 ) 

 =  = 2.8455
 γ c − 1   1.4 − 1 
1
K pc =
 0.006242   0.006242 2 
1 + (2.8455 − 1)  + (2.8455 − 1)(2.8455 − 2 ) 
 2   6 
Then:
K pc = 0.994235

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 8 OF 10
And to obtain the values for the unknowns at the converted conditions:
3
1524   820   0.99684 
Qc = 7.952 
 927  1000   0.994235 
= 29.05 m 3 / s
2 2
1524   820   1.2   0.99684 
Ptc = 953.7 
 927  1000  1.152   0.994235 
= 1810.2Pa
5 3
1524   820   1.2   0.99684 
H c = 9.299 
 927  1000  1.152   0.994235 
= 64.31kW
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS IN I-P UNITS:
Pt
x=
Pt1 = (Cb p b )
3.84
=
0 + (13.63 )(28.75 )
3.84
=
391.86
x = 0.0097994
γ −1  Ch H 
z=   
 γ  Q(Pt1 + (Cb p b )) 
1.4 − 1  
=
(6362 )(12.47 ) 
 
 1.4  16850 (0 + (13.63 )(28.75 )) 
 0.4   79334.14 
=  
1.4  16850 (0 + 391.86 ) 

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 9 OF 10
 (0.2857 )(79334.14 ) 
= 
 (16850 )(391.86 ) 
 (0.2857 )(79334.14 ) 
= 
 (6602841) 
[
= (0.2857 )(0.0120151) ]
z = 0.0034327
To determine Kpc, calculate the factors in the necessary equations:
Then:
zc  Pt1 + (Cb p b )   rc   Nc   Dc 
2 2
= 
z  Pt1c + (Cb p bc )   r   N   D 
 0 + (13.63 )(3.84 )   0.075   820  2  60  2

=     
 0 + (13.63 )(28.75 )   0.072  1000   36.5 
= 1.818652
zc = (1.818652 )(0.0034327 ) = 0.006243
And:
 ηt γ c   (0.813 )(1.4 )  1.1382 

 = =  0.4  = 2.8455
 γ c − 1   1.4 − 1 
1
K pc =
 0.006243   0.006243 2 
1 + (2.8455 − 1)  + (2.8455 − 1)(2.8455 − 2 )  
 2  6 
Then:
K pc = 0.994262

Air Movement and
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 10 OF 10
And to obtain the values for the unknowns at the converted condition:
3 2
 60.0   820   0.075   0.99684 
Qc = 16850 
 36.5  1000   0.072   0.99426 
= 61534 cfm
2 2
 60.0   820   0.075   0.99684 
Ptc = 3.84 
 36.5  1000   0.072   0.99426 
= 7.2867 in.wg
5 3
 60.0   820   0.075   0.99684 
H c = 12.47 
 36.5  1000   0.072   0.99426 
= 86.189 hp

Air Movement and THE AMCA VOCABULARY:
International, Inc. DEFINITIONS STANDARD
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 1 OF 17
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure above a perfect vacuum; the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric
pressure.
ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS – A measure of surface unevenness; the distance between high and low points
on a surface.
ACFM (ACTUAL CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE) – Actual volume airflow rate through a plane of measurement,
at the existing air density, expressed in ft3/min.
ACMS (ACTUAL CUBIC METERS PER SECOND) - Actual volume airflow rate through a plane of
measurement, at the existing air density, expressed in m3/s.
ACTUATOR (OPERATOR) – A mechanism attached to a damper or adjustable louver to move its blades, or
attached to a vaneaxial fan to change impeller blade pitch. An actuator may be manually, electrically,
pneumatically or hydraulically powered.
ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION DEVICE – Any component having sound absorption as its primary function.
ADJUSTABLE PITCH – The ability to mechanically alter the angle (pitch) of an impeller blade with the
impeller at rest.
AIR CURTAIN (AIRSTREAM) – A directionally-controlled stream of air, moving across the entire height and
width of an opening, which reduces the infiltration or transfer of air from one side of the opening to the other
and/or inhibits the passage of insects, dust, or debris.
AIR CURTAIN AVERAGE CORE VELOCITY – The average of several air curtain core velocities measured
along the width of the air curtain.
AIR CURTAIN CORE VELOCITY – The peak air velocity of the air curtain as measured across the air curtain
depth at a specified distance from the discharge nozzle.
AIR CURTAIN DEPTH – The airstream dimension perpendicular to both the height and width of the opening
being protected.
AIR CURTAIN UNIT EFFICIENCY – The ratio of the air curtain output air power to the power input to the
motor, expressed as a percentage.
AIR CURTAIN UNIT RATED THROW – The distance away from an air curtain unit discharge nozzle to a
point where a specified minimum air velocity is achieved.
AIR CURTAIN UNIT VELOCITY PROJECTION – The average air curtain core velocity at specified distances
from the air curtain unit discharge nozzle.
AIR CURTAIN WIDTH – The airstream dimension perpendicular to the direction of airflow and parallel to the
width of the opening being protected.
AIR (GAS) DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of air or gas.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 2 OF 17
AIRFLOW RATE – See VOLUME AIRFLOW RATE or MASS AIRFLOW RATE.
AIRFOIL – (1) A shape such that, when it is moved through air, has greater lift than drag. (2) A blade or vane
having a streamlined shape.
AIR SYSTEM – An assembly of connected ducts, filters, conditioning devices, dampers, louvers and fans for
the purpose of moving air from one place to another in a controlled fashion.
AIR THROW – The horizontal or vertical axis distance an air stream travels after leaving an air outlet before
the air velocity is reduced to a specific terminal value.
AMCA TESTING LABORATORY – The association’s testing laboratory, currently located in Arlington
Heights, Illinois, or an independent laboratory licensed by AMCA to perform pre-certification performance
tests and performance check tests.
AMCA ACCREDITED LABORATORY – A laboratory equipped and staffed to conduct tests according to the
appropriate AMCA-accepted test method, and which has been inspected by an AMCA staff engineer and duly
approved for such testing.
ANECHOIC TERMINATION – A device placed at the end of a test duct to prevent excessive reflection of
sound waves back into the duct, thus reducing interference with the sound waves being measured.
ATTENUATE – To weaken a signal by reducing its amplitude.
ATTENUATION – The amount by which sound amplitude is decreased as it travels from a sound source to a
receiver located at a given point.
AVERAGE OUTLET VELOCITY – (1) The airflow rate of a fan per unit area of the fan discharge, calculated
by dividing the airflow rate by the area of the fan discharge. (2) The free-delivery airflow rate of an air curtain
unit divided by the face area of the discharge nozzle.
AXLE – A shaft on which a damper or louver blade rotates.
BACKPLATE – A circular plate, a component of a centrifugal fan impeller, which is attached to the fan hub
and serves as the major attachment for the impeller blades and as the means of transmitting torque to them.
BACKPLATE / CENTERPLATE LINER – A narrow strip of steel, ceramic or synthetic material, installed in
sets, each attached to the backplate / centerplate of an impeller, adjacent to an impeller blade, for the
purpose of protection against erosion.
BALANCING – The process of adding or removing mass on a rotor to move the center of gravity toward the
axis of rotation so as to reduce the unbalanced forces.
BAROMETRIC – Pertaining to a barometer or the results obtained by using a barometer.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 3 OF 17
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE – The absolute pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a location of

measurement.
BEARING LOSS – The power loss resulting from friction in the main bearings of a fan or motor.
BLADE – (1) The flow element of an impeller, which, by its shape and motion, generates airflow inside a fan,
transforming impeller rotational energy to kinetic energy of airflow. (2) A movable surface in a damper or
louver that can be rotated to control airflow. (3) A stationary louver surface intended to restrict the passage of
water, sound or other airborne materials, or to limit visual see-through.
BLADE ENTRY SEAL – The sealing arrangement through which a damper blade passes in a guillotine
damper.
BLADE LINER – A steel, ceramic or synthetic material piece having the same size and shape as the fan
blade, which covers the fan blade face in part or completely for the purpose of protection against erosion.
BLADE PASSAGE FREQUENCY – The tone generated by the fan’s blades passing a fixed object and
having a frequency given by: F(Hz) = (number of blades x fan revolutions per minute) / 60.
BLADE SUPPORT – (1) A structural member, located inside the duct section of a guillotine damper frame,
which supports the blade load when the damper is in the closed position; (2) A bracket that connects a
stationary louver blade to a rear-mounted structural support.
BLAST AREA – The outlet area of a centrifugal fan less the projected area of its cut-off.
BONNET – The portion of a guillotine damper that supports the damper blade when the damper is in the open
position. (1) OPEN TYPE: The damper blade is exposed to the atmosphere when blade is withdrawn from the
duct. (2) FULLY ENCLOSED (SEALED) TYPE: The entire bonnet encloses the damper blade when the
damper is in the open position.
CASING – see HOUSING.
CENTERLINE SUPPORT – A method of supporting a fan housing at its centerline when necessary to control
differential thermal growth of the housing.
CENTERPLATE – see BACKPLATE
CERTIFIED RATING – A published performance rating of a product which AMCA has licensed to bear the
AMCA Certified Performance Rating Seal. The seller of the product certifies that the rating is in accordance
with the appropriate AMCA-approved test method and that the requirements of the AMCA Certified Ratings
Program have been met.
CERTIFIED RATINGS PROGRAM – The testing and licensing program established by AMCA International to
verify the published performance ratings of a product produced by a seller.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 4 OF 17
CHAMBER – (1) A test enclosure having a means for settling airflow, a cross sectional area larger than the
inlet/outlet of test equipment connected to it, and the capability for measuring airflow rate and pressure. (2)
An enclosure used to regulate airflow and to absorb sound.
CLASS STANDARD – An established minimum performance level of fan aerodynamic performance in terms
of pressure and airflow rate.
COMPRESSIBILITY – The characteristic of air or a gas whereby its density is a function of pressure.
COMPRESSIBILITY COEFFICIENT – A thermodynamic coefficient used to correct the perfect gas equation
when applied to air or gas.
CONTINUOUS LINE (CONTINUOUS BLADE) – A term describing a louver constructed with blades that
present an uninterrupted horizontal or vertical line to complement or enhance architectural features.
CONTROLLABLE PITCH IMPELLER – An axial impeller having a mechanism by which the pitch angle of all
the impeller blades can be changed while the impeller is rotating.
CORE AREA – The front cross-sectional area (product of minimum width and minimum height) of the front
opening of a louver assembly with the blades removed.
CORE AREA VELOCITY – The airflow rate through a louver divided by its core area.
CORROSION RESISTANT – A term descriptive of materials or surface treatments that reduce corrosive
attack.
COUNTERBALANCE – Weights or springs that offset the unbalanced weight of an eccentrically pivoted
damper blade.
COUNTERWEIGHT – An adjustable or variable weight used to offset (counterbalance) an eccentrically

pivoted damper blade.
CRITICAL SPEED, FIRST – The rotational speed of a fan corresponding to the lowest natural frequency of
the rotating fan impeller and shaft assembly when mounted on rigid supports without benefit of damping.
CUT-OFF – A baffle or plate at the narrowest radial distance between the impeller and the housing near the
outlet of a centrifugal fan, and which directs air away from the impeller and minimizes recirculation of air.
CURB – A roof penetration with a raised perimeter to seal against the weather and to facilitate installation of
roof mounted ventilation equipment such as a fan or hood.
DECIBEL – A dimensionless number expressing, in logarithmic terms, a level of sound pressure or power.
DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of a gas, liquid, or solid.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 5 OF 17
DETERMINATION – The complete set of measurements for a particular point of operation for a product under
test. The measurements must be sufficient to determine all performance variables.
DIFFUSER – (1) A duct discharge termination through a ceiling for the control and discharge of air. (2) A
gradual transition of a duct, located at a fan outlet, which increases in cross sectional area and permits a
portion of velocity pressure to be regained as static pressure; also known as an evasé.
DISCHARGE ANGLE – (1) The angle formed by the plane of an opening and the direction of an air curtain.
(2) The angle of air or other gas flow exiting an impeller.
DISCHARGE NOZZLE – An air curtain unit component that directs and controls the airstream.
DISCHARGE NOZZLE DEPTH – The inside nozzle dimension perpendicular to both the direction of airflow
and the width of the airstream.
DISCHARGE NOZZLE WIDTH - The inside nozzle dimension perpendicular to the direction of airflow and
parallel to the width of the airstream.
DISCHARGE STATIC PRESSURE – See FAN STATIC PRESSURE
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE - Air temperature measured by a temperature-sensing device without

modification to compensate for the effect of humidity.
DRY-BULB THERMOMETER – An ordinary thermometer, especially one with an un-moistened bulb; not
influenced by atmospheric humidity.
DUCT – A passageway used primarily for conveying air or other gas at low pressure.
DUCTED FAN – A fan having ductwork connected to the fan inlet, the fan outlet, or both.
DYNAMIC SIMILARITY – A comparison that uses ratios of forces due to elasticity, viscosity, gravity, surface
tension, inertia and pressure to show equivalence between two similar fans. The variables compared are fan
Reynolds number, point of operation, compressibility, gas specific heat ratio, and tip speed Mach parameter.
EFFICIENCY – A ratio of the useful energy provided by a dynamic application to the energy supplied to the
system at a specific point of operation.
END REFLECTION – A phenomenon that occurs whenever sound is transmitted across an abrupt change in
area, such as from the end of a duct into a room. When end reflection occurs, some of the sound is reflected
back into the smaller area of the duct and does not escape into the room.
ENERGY FACTOR – The ratio of the total kinetic energy of airflow to the kinetic energy corresponding to the
average air velocity.
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER – The diameter of a circle having the same area as another geometric shape. For
a rectangular cross-section having width (a) and height (b), the equivalent diameter is given by: De =
(4ab/π)0.5

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 6 OF 17
EXPLOSION-PROOF APPARATUS – Apparatus enclosed in a case that is capable of withstanding an

explosion of a specified gas or vapor which may occur within it, and of preventing the ignition of a specified
gas or vapor surrounding the enclosure by sparks, flashes, or explosion of the gas or vapor within, and which
operates at such an external temperature that a surrounding flammable atmosphere will not thereby be
ignited.
EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE – see FAN STATIC PRESSURE RISE
EVASÉ – see DIFFUSER
EXPANSION JOINT (FLEXIBLE CONNECTOR) – A flexible member used to attach a fan inlet and/or outlet
to a connecting duct.
FACE AREA – The total cross-sectional area of an air curtain unit discharge, a damper, louver, or duct.
FAN – (1) A device that uses a power-driven rotating impeller to move air or gas. The internal energy
increase imparted by a fan to air or a gas is limited to 25 kJ/kg (10.75 BTU/lbm). (2) A device having a power-
driven rotating impeller, without a housing, for circulating air in a room.
FAN AIR (GAS) DENSITY – The density of air or gas corresponding to the total pressure, total temperature,
and composition of the air or gas at a fan inlet.
FAN AIRFLOW RATE – The volume airflow rate at a fan inlet at fan air density.
FAN APPURTENANCES – Accessories added to a fan for the purpose of control, isolation, safety, static
pressure regain, erosion protection, etc. Common appurtenances include inlet box(es), inlet box damper,
variable inlet vane, outlet damper, vibration isolation base, inlet screen, belt guard, evasé or diffuser, sound
attenuator, erosion protection, and turning gear.
FAN BOUNDARIES – Limits defining the interfaces between the fan and the remainder of the air system and
delineated as the planes perpendicular to the airstream as it enters and leaves a fan. Various appurtenances,
such as an inlet box, inlet vane, inlet cone, silencer, screen, rain hood, damper, evasé or diffuser, may be
included as part of a fan between the inlet and outlet boundaries.
FAN EFFICIENCY, STATIC – see FAN STATIC EFFICIENCY
FAN EFFICIENCY, TOTAL – see FAN TOTAL EFFICIENCY
FAN EQUIPMENT – An assembly of a fan and its various appurtenances, as defined by the fan boundaries.
FAN IMPELLER POWER – The power delivered to a fan impeller, specifically, the fan shaft power minus the
bearing loss.
FAN INLET – The plane perpendicular to an airstream where the airflow first meets the inlet cone or the inlet
box furnished by the fan manufacturer.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 7 OF 17
FAN INLET AREA – The gross inside area measured at the plane(s) of the inlet connection(s). For
converging inlets, the inlet area is considered to be a plane perpendicular to the airstream where it first meets
the inlet cone.
FAN OUTLET – The plane perpendicular to the airstream at the outlet opening of the fan or the manufacturer-
supplied evasé or diffuser.
FAN OUTLET AREA – The gross inside area measured at the plane of the outlet opening. For a roof
ventilator, it is the gross impeller outlet area for centrifugal types or the gross housing area at the impeller for
axial types.
FAN PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS – The pressure rise (total or static) and the volume airflow rate
generated by a fan, and its power consumption at any given point of operation.
FAN POWER INPUT – The power required to drive a fan and any elements in the drive train.
FAN POWER OUTPUT – The useful power delivered to the air or a gas, and which is proportional to the
product of the fan airflow rate, the fan total pressure, and the compressibility coefficient.
FAN REYNOLDS NUMBER – A dimensionless parameter for judging dynamic similarity of flow in
geometrically similar fans, relating inertia to viscous forces, and given by:
Re = πND2ρ / 60µ
where: Re = fan Reynolds number, dimensionless
π = 3.14159…
N = fan rotational speed, rpm
D = tip diameter of impeller, m (ft)
ρ = inlet air density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
µ = absolute viscosity, Pa•s (lbm/ft•s)
FAN SHAFT – The spindle on which a fan impeller is mounted, and upon which it rotates.
FAN SHAFT POWER – The power delivered to the input end of a fan shaft, exclusive of drive losses other
than that due to the fan or motor bearings, and fan shaft seal friction.
FAN SOUND POWER – The ratio of sound power, radiated into a standard test duct, to a reference value of
1.0x10-12 watts.
FAN ROTATIONAL SPEED – The rotating speed of a fan impeller, in revolutions per minute.
FAN STATIC EFFICIENCY – A parameter consisting of fan total efficiency multiplied by the ratio of static
pressure to total pressure, at a given point of operation.
FAN STATIC PRESSURE – At a given point of fan operation, the difference between fan total pressure and
fan velocity pressure; the difference between static pressure at fan outlet and total pressure at fan inlet.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 8 OF 17
FAN STATIC PRESSURE RISE – At a given point of fan operation, the increase in static pressure between
fan inlet and fan outlet.
FAN TOTAL EFFICIENCY – At a given point of fan operation, a ratio equal to the fan power output divided by
the power input to the fan.
FAN TOTAL PRESSURE – At a given point of fan operation, the difference between total pressure at fan
outlet and fan inlet.
FAN VELOCITY PRESSURE – The pressure corresponding to the average air velocity at a specified fan
outlet.
FILTER – A device used to separate vibration on the basis of frequency.
FIXED PITCH – A term descriptive of an axial impeller having all blades permanently secured at a given pitch
angle.
FLASHING – A sheet metal strip placed at the junction of intersecting building surfaces to resist the entrance
of water.
FLOW RATE – The volume flow rate of a gas at a specific gas density.
FOUNDATION STIFFNESS – The lateral spring constant of the foundation as referenced to the fan bearing
centerline. Factors to be considered include the foundation block, the sub-soil, piles, if any, the concrete pier
supporting the steel fan supports, and the interface between the steel supports and the concrete pier.
FREE AREA – The minimum louver or damper area through which air can pass.
FREE AREA VELOCITY – The airflow rate through a damper or louver divided by its free area.
FREE AIR – see FREE AIR DELIVERY
FREE AIR DELIVERY – That point of operation where a fan or an air curtain unit operates against zero static
pressure.
FREQUENCY – The number of complete cycles in a unit of time. When applied to sound, it is the number of
complete pressure wave fluctuations which pass a given point each second. For a time period of seconds,
the unit of measure is the Hertz (Hz).
GAS DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of air or gas.
GAUGE PRESSURE – The value of a pressure when the reference pressure is the barometric pressure at
the point of measurement.
GEOMETRIC SIMILARITY – A comparison of the ratio of corresponding dimensions of two fans, including
angles, each dimension proportioned to impeller diameter. The proportional dimensions include material
thickness, clearances, and roughness, as well as airflow passages

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 9 OF 17
GUIDE VANES – Curved stationary vanes (stator vanes) located at the impeller inlet or discharge to reduce
swirl and to enhance static pressure regain from the airflow.
HEAD – (1) The upper or highest frame member of a damper or louver. (2) Fluid pressure expressed in
terms of height of water column.
HOUSING – A stationary enclosure for an impeller, having an inlet and an outlet, and designed to direct the
flow of air through the impeller and towards the outlet. The housing may also affect the energy transformation
of the airstream.
HOUSING SIDEPLATE LINER – A narrow strip of steel, ceramic or synthetic material fastened to the
sideplate of a centrifugal fan housing at the intersection of the sideplate and the scroll, for the purpose of
erosion protection.
HUB – The center portion of an impeller, by which the impeller is connected to its shaft, and through which
the shaft transmits torque to the impeller.
HYDRAULIC DIAMETER – A characteristic dimension in Reynolds number calculations, taken normal to the
fluid flow and equal to four times the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter.
IDENTICAL MODULES – A standard for performance comparison wherein two fans have identical
aerodynamic designs, including fan impeller diameter, impeller tip width, number of blades, blade pitch, blade
arc, blade size, scroll configuration and angle of expansion, rotational speed, distance to the next adjacent fan
or barrier, and essentially the same inlet and outlet conditions. Motor frame size and drive are be the same if
these are within the airstream.
IMPELLER – The assembled rotating component of a fan, designed to increase the energy level of the
airstream.
INDEPENDENT ACCREDITED LABORATORY – With respect to the AMCA International Accredited

Laboratory Program, a laboratory not owned by or affiliated with an AMCA member company but which has
been designated as an Accredited Laboratory by the AMCA Board of Directors for the purpose of performing
pre-certification performance tests, performance check tests, and challenge tests.
INLET BOX – A component, similar to a duct elbow, which can be added to the inlet of an axial or centrifugal
fan for the purpose of directing airflow into the fan inlet in line with the axis of the fan shaft.
INLET FLOW PROFILE – The shape of the air velocity profile just upstream of a fan inlet and which indicates
variation in airflow through a plane extending across the airflow passage.
INTERFERENCE FIT – A mating condition of two components wherein the limits of size are so specified that
an interference always results when the mating components are assembled; either a press fit or a shrink fit.
JACKSHAFT – (1) A separate shaft used to operate multiple louver or damper sections. (2) An intermediate
shaft between motor and fan impeller.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 10 OF 17
JAMB – The vertical frame member on either side of a damper or louver.
JOURNAL – The part of a rotor that is in contact with or supported by a bearing in which it revolves.
KINEMATIC SIMILARITY – A relationship between airflow systems requiring that the ratios of all
corresponding velocities be similar for two fans to be considered similar. This includes corresponding
velocities of the air or gas and corresponding peripheral velocities of the impellers. The directions and points
of application of all corresponding vectors must be identical.
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY – The viscosity of a fluid divided by its mass density.
LINKAGE – A system of bar links, pivots, and rotating members for the transfer of force and motion to louver
and damper blades.
MACH NUMBER – A ratio of fluid velocity to the speed of sound in the same fluid.
MAKE-UP AIR – Outside air that is brought into a building to replace exhaust air and building leakage
(exfiltration), or process exfiltration.
MASS AIRFLOW RATE – The mass of air that passes through a given area in unit time and is obtained by
multiplying the volumetric airflow rate by the air density.
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS RATING – The maximum continuous airflow, pressure and temperature values at
which the fan is specified to operate.
MEASUREMENT PLANE – The radial plane in the test duct, generally perpendicular to the airflow, at which
measurement(s) is(are) obtained.
MECHANICAL RUN-OUT – The total actual variation in the location of a shaft surface during a complete
revolution as determined by a stationary measuring device such as a dial indicator.
MOTOR POWER – The power delivered from the output shaft of the motor.
MULLION – A frame support member between multiple section louvers or dampers.
NATURAL FREQUENCY – The frequency at which a system oscillates in the absence of external forces and
exhibits a maximum response to an external input.
NON-DUCTED FAN – A fan without ductwork connected to either its inlet or its outlet.
NOSE PIECE (REPLACEABLE) – A sacrificial metal, ceramic or synthetic material piece added to the
leading edge of an airfoil blade for the purpose of erosion protection.
NOZZLE – A flow-measuring device having a streamlined entrance and a sharp-edged outlet perpendicular to
its longitudinal axis. Airflow rate through a nozzle is proportional to the square root of the differential pressure
across the nozzle and the throat area of the nozzle.
OCTAVE BAND – A range of frequencies between two end frequencies selected such that the center
frequency is twice the center frequency of the next lowest band.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 11 OF 17
ONE-THIRD OCTAVE BAND – A band of frequencies resulting from the division of an octave band into three
smaller bands.
OPPOSED BLADE DAMPER – A damper constructed such that adjacent blades rotate in opposite directions.
OUTLET VELOCITY – The average velocity of air emerging from an outlet, measured in the plane of the
outlet.
OUTLET VELOCITY UNIFORMITY – A measure of test velocity variation equal to the standard deviation of
measured test velocities divided by the average of those test values, the ratio being subtracted from one
(1.0).
PACKING – Sealing material used to minimize or eliminate leakage at the shaft penetration of a housing or
frame.
PARALLEL BLADE DAMPER – A damper in which the blades rotate in the same direction.
PARTIAL BLADE LINER – A narrow piece of metal, ceramic or synthetic material located at the intersection
of the impeller blade and backplate or centerplate for erosion protection.
PEAK DESIGN TEMPERATURE – The maximum temperature at which a piece of equipment can operate for
a specific duration.
POINT OF OPERATION – The relative position on a fan or air curtain unit performance curve corresponding
to a particular airflow rate, pressure, power consumption, and efficiency.
POINT OF RATING – The specified fan operating point on its characteristic curve.
POWER RATING - The amount of power consumed by the drive motor(s) of the air curtain unit.
PRESSURE – (1) Force per unit area; (2) Stress per unit volume of a fluid, corresponding to the energy per
unit volume of a fluid.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL – Commonly, the change in static pressure across a device. The term is
seldom if ever associated with velocity pressure or total pressure.
PRESSURE DROP – Commonly, (1) The static pressure difference between two points in an airflow system,
due to frictional resistance along system walls, or in passing over or through an obstruction; (2) A measure of
the resistance to airflow across a device, which is expressed as the difference in static pressure across the
device at a specific rate of airflow. The term is seldom if ever associated with velocity pressure or total
pressure.
PRESSURE LOSS – The change in total pressure due to friction and turbulence.
PRODUCT LINE – A product or series of product sizes with a common design purpose and generally similar
aerodynamic features, but not necessarily homologous, cataloged under the same product description or
name and/or identifying references.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 12 OF 17
PROPELLER – A bladed device (impeller) that rotates on a shaft to produce a useful thrust of air or gas in a
direction parallel with the shaft axis.
PSYCHROMETRIC – Pertaining to the measurement and determination of water vapor content in

atmospheric air.
RACKING – The twisting of a frame out of its intended planar arrangement.
RATE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE – The increase or decrease in temperature per unit time.
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTOR – The measurement of surface unevenness, from peaks to valleys,
divided by a dimension such as pipe diameter.
RESONANCE – A condition of high vibration response that occurs when the frequency of an external driving
force approaches the natural frequency of the system.
RESONANT FREQUENCY – See NATURAL FREQUENCY
RESONANT SPEED, DESIGN – The calculated fan rotational speed corresponding to the lowest natural
frequency of the combined fan shaft in bending, considering the fan rotor, oil film, bearing housing, and
bearing supports, but excluding the effect of foundation stiffness.
RESONANT SPEED, INSTALLED – The calculated fan rotational speed corresponding to the lowest natural
frequency of the combined fan shaft in bending, considering the fan rotor, oil film, bearing housing, and
bearing supports, and including the effect of foundation stiffness.
REYNOLDS NUMBER – A dimensionless number representing the ratio of internal forces to viscous forces at
a particular point of a fluid in motion. Its value is calculated as: the fluid’s density times the flow velocity at the
point of interest, multiplied by a characteristic length, and the product divided by the fluid’s viscosity.
Re = ρ (VD / µ) = (VD / ν )
where: Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
ρ = inlet air density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
V = Velocity of air, m/s (ft/s)
D = Diameter, m (ft)
µ = absolute viscosity, Pa•s (lbm/ft•s)
ν = kinematic viscosity, m2/s (ft2/s)
ROTOR – An assembly consisting of a fan impeller mounted on its shaft.
SAMPLING TUBE – A windscreen tube designed for minimum sensitivity to airflow noise, and designed to be
attached to a standard 13 mm (0.5 in.) microphone.
SCROLL LINER – A metal, ceramic or synthetic material piece attached to a fan scroll for the purpose of
erosion protection.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 13 OF 17
SEAL AIR – (1) Air introduced into the air chamber of an isolation damper at a pressure higher than that of
gases either upstream or downstream, to prevent passage of duct gas across the enclosed damper space. (2)
Pressurized air introduced into a shaft seal chamber to function as a leakage barrier to process gas. (3)
Pressurized air introduced into a housing around a furnace to prevent the escape of products of combustion.
SEATING TORQUE - The amount of torque required to compress the seals or hold the louver or damper
blades in the closed position.
SEISMIC QUALIFICATION – Documentation supplied with an item of equipment that substantiates the ability
of the equipment to withstand the effects of an earthquake of specified magnitude.
SHAFT – A cylindrical piece of metal, usually solid, that is used to support a rotating part such as a fan
impeller, and transmit torque to the supported component.
SHAFT SEAL – A device that creates a barrier over the circumference of a fan shaft or damper axle for the
purpose of limiting or preventing the passage of air or gas across the barrier.
SHALL and SHOULD – In this and other AMCA standards, the word shall is understood to be mandatory,
and the word should as advisory.
SHUT-OFF – That point of fan operation where the airflow rate is zero.
SHUTTER – See BACKDRAFT DAMPER.
SILL – The bottom or lowest frame member of a louver or damper.
SIMILARITY – A ratio used to compare a given characteristic of two fans; when equated to unity, similarity is
said to exist for that characteristic. The ratios considered may be for dynamic, geometric, and/or kinematic
characteristics
SKEWING – The deviation of a frame from rectangularity or from a straight line.
SONE – (1) A unit of loudness corresponding to the loudness of a sound at a frequency of 1000 Hz and a
sound pressure of 0.02 microbar (40 dB); (2) A linear unit of sound loudness based on the perception of the
average human ear.
SOUND – An auditory sensation produced by the vibration of matter that results in propagation by variation of
pressure, particle displacement or density through an elastic medium.
SOUND ATTENUATION - See ATTENUATION
SOUND POWER LEVEL – The acoustic power rating of a sound source measured in decibels and equal to
ten times the logarithm (base 10) of the acoustic power in watts with reference to 1x10-12 watts.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 14 OF 17
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL – The acoustic pressure at a point in space where a microphone or a listener’s
ear is situated. One decibel (dB) of sound pressure is defined as 20 times the logarithm (base 10) of the
sound pressure fluctuation with reference to 0.0002 microbars (20 micropascals).
SPECIFIC HEAT – The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass of any
substance one degree to that amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of a
standard substance one degree (usually water at 15°C (59°F)).
SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE – The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance one degree at constant pressure.
SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT VOLUME - The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance one degree at constant volume.
SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO – The numeric ratio of the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that of the
same gas at constant volume.
STALL LIMIT – That point near the peak of an axial fan’s pressure curve (for a particular blade angle) that
corresponds to the minimum airflow at which the fan can be operated without instability.
STANDARD AIR – Air having a density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3), a specific heat ratio of 1.4, a viscosity of
1.819E-05 Pa•s (1.222E-05 lbm/ft-s) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (406.78 in. wg). Air at 20°C
(68°F), 50% relative humidity, and 101.325 kPa (29.92 in. Hg) has these properties, approximately.
STANDARD AIR DENSITY – A density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3), corresponding approximately to air at
20°C (68°F), 50% relative humidity, and 101.325 kPa (29.92 in. Hg).
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – A reference pressure (assumed to be at sea level) defined by

the International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO) as 101.325 kPa. In I-P units the corresponding values
are 14.696 psi or 29.921 in. Hg at 32°F.
SCFM (STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE) – The volume airflow rate through a plane of
measurement, corrected to standard air density of 0.075 lbm/ft3.
SCMS (STANDARD CUBIC METERS PER SECOND) - The volume airflow rate through a plane of
measurement, corrected to standard air density of 1.2 kg/m3.
START-OPEN PRESSURE – The differential pressure across a backdraft or pressure relief damper at which
the blades begin to rotate towards the open position.
STATIC PRESSURE – That portion of air pressure that exists by degree of compression only.
STATIC REGAIN – (1) The conversion of velocity pressure at a small area into static pressure at a larger
area by slowing the gas or air velocity by means of a diffuser or an evasé; (2) The amount of static pressure
gained by conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 15 OF 17
STATIC TEMPERATURE – The temperature that exists by virtue of the internal energy of the air alone. If a
portion of the energy is converted to kinetic energy, the static temperature is decreased accordingly.
STOP – An angle or rigid strip used to close the gap between a blade edge and frame at the top and bottom
of a damper or a louver.
SUB-FRAME (BUCKFRAME) – A frame installed in a wall opening to facilitate the mounting or removal of a
louver.
SUB-SILL (EXTENDED SILL) – A shaped metal flashing installed at the bottom of a wall opening to facilitate
water drainage.
SURGE LIMIT – A point near the peak of a centrifugal fan’s performance pressure curve that defines the
minimum airflow rate at which a fan can be operated without instability.
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR – A decrease in fan performance capability, observed as a pressure loss that
results from the effect of fan inlet restrictions / obstructions, fan outlet restrictions or other conditions
influencing the performance of the fan when it is installed in a system.
SYSTEM PRESSURE LOSSES – The sum of the static pressure losses due to friction, shock, dissipation of
velocity pressure at the system discharge and the static pressure differences between the entry and
discharge openings of an air system. System pressure losses are total pressure losses.
TEMPERATURE, DESIGN – The minimum or maximum temperature at which a fan or damper can be
continuously operated.
TEMPERATURE, DESIGN AIR – (1) That air temperature at which a heating, ventilating or air conditioning
system or apparatus is designed to maintain (indoor design) or to operate against (outdoor design). Outdoor
design temperature is usually give for both minimum and maximum conditions. (2) The maximum and/or
minimum gas temperature for specification of process control equipment.
TEMPERATURE, OPERATING – The air temperature in the fan under actual normal operating conditions.
TERMINATING DUCT – Where a fan under test for sound and equipped with both inlet and outlet ducts, one
duct contains the sound pressure measurement device. The duct on the opposite side may be equipped with
an anechoic termination and is known as the terminating duct.
TEST – A series of determinations for various points of operation of a fan, damper, louver, airflow
measurement station or air curtain unit.
TEST BLOCK – The operating test point above and beyond the Maximum Continuous Rating that
demonstrates the fan margin to the customer.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 16 OF 17
TEST DUCT – (1) A duct section of prescribed length that is defined originally in ANSI/AMCA 210 (and
subsequently in AMCA standards 500D and 500L), and which is used to control and measure airflow rate and
pressure. (2) A duct that functions as the sound measurement section and has an anechoic termination.
TIP SPEED – The peripheral velocity at the tips of a fan impeller.
TIP SPEED MACH PARAMETER – A dimensionless number expressing the ratio of a fan impeller’s
peripheral velocity to the local velocity of sound at the fan inlet.
TOTAL PRESSURE – The air pressure that exists by virtue of the degree of compression and rate of motion
of flowing air. It is equal to the algebraic sum of the velocity pressure and the static pressure at a point.
Thus, if the air is at rest, the total pressure will equal the static pressure.
TOTAL TEMPERATURE – The temperature that exists by virtue of the internal and kinetic energy of the air.
If the air is at rest, the total temperature will equal the static temperature.
TORSIONAL CRITICAL SPEED – The fan rotational speed that corresponds to the natural frequency in
torsion of its power transmission system, including driver, drive train components, and the fan rotor.
TURNING GEAR – An intermittent fan drive arrangement consisting of a motor, a speed reducer, and a
unidirectional engagement clutch fastened to the outboard end of a fan shaft or motor shaft through a flexible
coupling. The turning gear rotates the complete rotating assembly at a low speed to prevent distortion in the
rotor assembly due to uneven cooling. The turning gear may be sized to have the capability of starting the
main rotor. Axial fans generally do not require a turning gear.
VANE – (1) A stationary curved surface used to straighten or direct airflow, (2) A flat or curved surface that
can be rotated about an axis to direct airflow.
VARIABLE PITCH IMPELLER – An axial impeller having a mechanism or mechanisms by which the pitch
angle of each impeller blade can be changed while the impeller is at rest.
VELOCITY DISTORTION PARAMETER – AXIAL – A parameter characterizing air velocity distortion within a
measuring plane at a constant radius in a circular duct, and in a direction parallel to the fan shaft centerline in
a rectangular duct. It is expressed as a percentage of the mean velocity of the air at the fan inlet
VELOCITY DISTORTION PARAMETER – INLET FLOW – An indicator of the variation in the airflow field at
the inlet plane of a fan. It is calculated by applying the principle of standard deviation, using velocity
measurements taken in a matrix form in a transverse plane across the flow field and expressed as a
percentage of the mean velocity of the air at the fan inlet.
VELOCITY DISTORTION PARAMETER – TRANSVERSE – A parameter characterizing the air velocity

distortion within a measuring plane in a radial direction for a circular duct and at a right angle to the fan shaft
in a rectangular duct. It is expressed as a percentage of the mean velocity of the air at the fan inlet.
VELOCITY PRESSURE – That portion of air pressure that exists by virtue of rate of motion only.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 17 OF 17
VELOCITY PROFILE – A graphic presentation of the distribution of velocities, shown parallel to the general
direction of flow, in a moving fluid.
VELOCITY PROJECTION – The average core velocity at several distances from a discharge nozzle of an air
curtain unit.
VIBRATION – The continuing periodic motion of an elastic system having properties of amplitude, frequency,
and phase, with values generally reported as displacement, velocity, or acceleration.
VISCOSITY – A proportionality factor relating the shearing stress to a unit rate of change in the velocity of the
flowing gas or liquid. Also known as ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY or DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, depending on
whether the value is defined in terms of force or terms of mass.
VOLUME AIRFLOW RATE – The volume of air that passes through a given area in unit time.
VOLUTE - See HOUSING.
WAVELENGTH – In a wave, the distance between two adjacent points that have the same phase. For sound
waves, wavelength is determined by dividing the speed of sound in the medium through which the wave
propagates by the frequency of the sound.
WET-BULB DEPRESSION – The difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures at the same
location.
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE – The temperature measured by a temperature sensor covered by a water-

moistened wick and exposed to air in motion. When properly measured, wet-bulb temperature is a close
approximation of the temperature of adiabatic saturation.
WET-BULB THERMOMETER – A thermometer having a sensing bulb covered with cloth, usually muslin or
cambric, and saturated with water.
WHEEL – See IMPELLER.
WIND-MILLING – The reverse-direction rotation of a fan rotor due to a flow of natural air into the fan housing
when the fan driver is not energized.

Control Association ANSI/AMCA
International, Inc. PRODUCT DEFINITIONS STANDARD
An American National Standard PAGE 1 OF 7
60004-1893 U.S.A.
Approved by ANSI on August 6, 2003
ABRASION RESISTANT FAN (or DAMPER) - A fan or damper designed to minimize abrasion, having parts
subject to wear constructed of materials that are abrasion resistant and/or are easily replaceable.
ACOUSTICAL DUCT SILENCER – An air duct section containing sound absorbing materials that reduce the
transmission of sound through the air passage.
ACOUSTICAL LOUVER - A louver incorporating sound absorbing material to reduce sound transmission
across an opening.
ADJUSTABLE LOUVER - A louver in which the blades may be rotated either manually or mechanically.
AIR CURTAIN UNIT – An air moving device that produces a curtain of air.
AIR DIFFUSER - A duct discharge termination located in a ceiling and arranged to direct airflow, or to promote
air mixing.
AIRFLOW MEASUREMENT STATION - A multiple-point sensing device used to measure the airflow in a duct
and which consists of a single or multiple array of sensors in permanent position across the duct system.
1. DIFFERENTIAL (VELOCITY) PRESSURE OUTPUT TYPE - Converts air velocity into a differential
(velocity) pressure signal which correlates to the velocity or volume of air flowing through a duct.
2. ELECTRONIC OUTPUT TYPE - Converts air velocity into an electronic signal that correlates directly and
proportionally to the velocity of the air volume flowing through a duct.
AIR-HANDLING UNIT - A packaged assembly of air-conditioning components (coils, filters, fan, humidifier, and
so forth) that provides for treatment of air before it is distributed.
1. BLOW-THROUGH – Fan is mounted upstream of a heat exchanger.
2. CENTRAL STATION – Does not include a source of heating or cooling.
3. COOLING – Includes a means for cooling air.
4. COOLING – HEATING – Includes the means for both heating and cooling air.
5. DRAW-THROUGH – Heat exchanger(s) are mounted upstream of the fan.
6. HEATING – Includes a means for heating air.
AXIAL FAN - A fan in which the airflow is predominately parallel to the impeller’s axis of rotation.
BACKDRAFT DAMPER - A damper which, when mounted in a duct or opening, permits airflow in one direction
only.
BALANCING DAMPER - A damper used to regulate the airflow in an air system.
BAROMETRIC DAMPER - A backdraft damper having an adjustable start-open pressure and used for gravity
ventilation or other low velocity applications.

60004-1893 U.S.A.
BATH FAN – A fan used to exhaust air from a bathing / toilet area for the primary purpose of moisture and/or
odor removal.
BIFURCATED FAN - A direct-driven fan having the airstream-mounted drive motor separated from the
airstream by means of a compartment or tunnel.
BLAST DAMPER – A damper that reacts to sudden pressure changes in an air system, to either relieve the air
pressure, or to isolate a space from the rapid pressure rise.
BLOWER – A fan that operates against air system resistance downstream of the fan; a Forced Draft Fan.
BOX FAN – A fan used in an office or residential application and having the motor and impeller enclosed in an
approximately square box having a handle.
CAST-IRON VOLUME FAN – A fan having a housing made of cast iron.
CENTRIFUGAL CEILING/WALL EXHAUSTER – A factory-assembled fan consisting of one or more centrifugal

impellers connected to a motor and enclosed in a housing; usually including an inlet grille and a backdraft
damper, and intended for installation in a ceiling or a wall.
CEILING DAMPER - A device intended to protect an air duct opening in a fire-rated ceiling assembly and which
operates to interrupt airflow automatically in the event of fire to restrict the passage of flame and heat.
CEILING EXHAUST FAN - A fan mounted in a ceiling and which serves to exhaust air from a room.
CEILING FAN - A propeller fan supported from a ceiling and which serves to circulate air within a given space;
also known as an air circulation fan.
CENTRIFUGAL FAN - A fan in which a gas, such as air, is moving in a primarily axial direction upon entering
the impeller and has its direction changed by the impeller blades to an essentially radial flow at the impeller
discharge. The impeller is generally contained in a volute housing
CIRCULATING FAN - A fan used for moving air within a space, and which is unconnected to any ducting, and is
usually without a housing.
COMBINATION LOUVER-DAMPER - A louver having both stationary and eccentrically pivoted movable blades
that can be opened and closed.
COMBUSTION AIR BLOWER – A centrifugal fan that serves to supply pressurized air to a burner system
combusting gas, oil, or other fuel.
CONTRA-ROTATING FAN - An axial flow fan having two impellers arranged in series and rotating in opposite
directions.
CONVEYING FAN - A fan suitable for conveying solids (e.g., wood chips, textile waste, pulverized material, or
dust).

60004-1893 U.S.A.
CORROSION RESISTANT FAN – A fan having an impeller and housing constructed of materials that resist
corrosion, or having airstream or exterior components surface-treated to minimize the corrosive effect of certain
chemicals or compounds.
CROSS-FLOW FAN - A fan in which the fluid path though the impeller is in a direction substantially at right
angles to its axis with air both entering and leaving radially at its periphery.
DAMPER – A device used to vary the volume of air passing through an opening, duct or confined cross-section
by varying the cross-sectional area.
DESTRATIFICATION FAN - An air circulation fan located in a room to move warm air from the ceiling
downward or to mix air in a given space.
DOWNDRAFT FAN – An exhaust fan that serves to remove heated air and moisture by inducing air to flow
down to a fan inlet located below a cooking surface.
DUST FAN - A fan that serves to extract dust-laden air.
ELECTRIC AIR HEATER – A space heater having electric resistance elements as the heat source and a fan for
the circulation of heated air.
EVAPORATIVE COOLER – An assembly consisting of a fan or fans and other necessary equipment to cool by
evaporation the airflow created by the fan(s).
FACE-AND-BYPASS DAMPER – A pair of dampers that operate together but with opposite motion, to direct an
airstream either through or around a heat transfer device.
FIRE DAMPER - A device arranged to interrupt airflow automatically through part of an air system so as to
restrict the passage of flame, and installed in a fire-related wall or floor to close automatically in the event of a
fire in order to maintain the integrity of the fire-rated separation.
FIXED LOUVER - A louver having immovable blades.
FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION FAN - An additional induced draft fan placed in series with and downstream of
an induced draft fan to overcome losses of retrofit air pollution control devices.
FORCED DRAFT FAN – A high pressure / high volume fan used to supply primary and secondary combustion
air to a furnace / boiler and its exhaust system. See also: COMBUSTION AIR BLOWER and BLOWER.
GAS RECIRCULATION FAN – An induced draft fan used to redirect boiler gases through the furnace,
superheaters, economizers and to overcome losses in connecting ductwork
GAS TIGHT FAN (DAMPER) – A fan or damper constructed with seals and gaskets at all housing penetrations
to minimize gas leakage through the housing and appurtenances.
GENERAL PURPOSE FAN - A fan suitable for handling clean air that does not exceed a temperature of 80°C
(176°F), or 40°C (104°F) if the motor or the fan bearings are in the airstream.

60004-1893 U.S.A.
GOGGLE DAMPER – A damper having a single sliding blade that has a cut-out opening matching the inside
dimension of the duct to which it is attached. The blade slides in tracks and may be positioned to either allow or
restrict the passage of air or gas.
GRAVITY ROOF VENTILATOR - A roof mounted hood or louvered penthouse that uses the difference in air
density or internal building pressurization to vent air into or out of a building.
GRILLE - A perforated or bladed covering for an air inlet or outlet.
GUILLOTINE DAMPER - A damper used for isolation purposes and having a blade or blades that are
withdrawn from the duct area when the damper is fully open.
GUILLOTINE DAMPER, DOUBLE-BLADE - A guillotine damper having two parallel blades, the space between
them capable of being pressurized to prevent duct gas leakage across the space between the blades when the
damper is in the closed position.
HAZARDOUS LOCATION FAN (DAMPER) - A fan or damper equipped with electrical equipment having
enclosures tested as suitable to contain internal combustion without ignition of atmospheres external to the
enclosures. The fan or damper itself is of spark resistant construction.
HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATOR – A fan-powered assembly utilizing a heat exchanger or heat recovery
material(s) to transfer energy from exhaust air to replacement air.
HEAVY DUTY DAMPER – A channel frame air control device intended to be fastened between flanged duct
sections and constructed to withstand the elevated temperatures, pressures and contaminated gas flows of
industrial processes.
HIGH PRESSURE FAN – A fan serving to supply air to an industrial process at relatively low airflow and
relatively high pressure.
HOT GAS FAN - A fan constructed of materials capable of operating continuously at elevated temperature
INDUCED DRAFT FAN – A high pressure fan located downstream of a boiler/furnace which draws air or
induces products of combustion from the boiler and discharges them through the exhaust system; any fan which
induces airflow into the fan inlet.
INDUSTRIAL FAN – A fan constructed of materials capable of withstanding the elevated temperatures,
pressures and contaminated gas flows of industrial processes.
INLET VANE (RADIAL) DAMPER – A round damper intended for installation at or in a fan inlet and which
controls and/or pre-swirls air entering the fan impeller. The damper blades are mounted radially and operate in
parallel. The cylindrical (external) type has a sleeve or channel frame that allows mounting directly to the
exterior of a fan inlet. The cone (nested) type has blades supported by the centrifugal fan inlet cone. Either
type may be constructed such that the blades are cantilevered from the outer attachment or are in addition
supported by a center hub that may itself contain the operating mechanism.

60004-1893 U.S.A.
IN-LINE FAN – A fan designed to be mounted between duct sections with air inlet and outlet being in an axial
direction.
ISOLATION DAMPER - A low leakage damper intended to regulate or stop the airflow in branches of a duct
system.
ISOLATION DAMPER, MAN-SAFE – A damper containing an isolating system to seal off flue gases so that
men without breathing apparatus or other special equipment may safely enter the isolated section.
JET FAN - A fan mounted at the ceiling of a vehicular tunnel and which induces airflow by entrainment of air
with that streaming from the fan outlet.
KITCHEN FAN – A centrifugal or axial fan located in a kitchen area and which serves to exhaust heat and
moisture.
LOUVER - A device comprising multiple blades which, when mounted in an opening, permits airflow but inhibits
the entrance of water or other elements.
MAKE-UP AIR UNITS - A packaged assembly consisting of a heat source and fan(s) serving to supply fresh,
tempered, replacement air for that exhausted from a building.
MATERIAL HANDLING FAN - see CONVEYING FAN
MECHANICAL DRAFT FAN – A generic term of classification applying to any of the fans used in a furnace or
boiler system, including Forced Draft, Induced Draft, Primary Air, Overfire Air, Gas Recirculation, Seal Air, and
Flue Gas Desulfurization fans.
MIXED FLOW FAN - A fan in which the airflow through the impeller is intermediate between the centrifugal and
axial flow types, the air moving both axially and radially.
MULTI-STAGE FAN - A fan having two or more impellers that work in series, with guide (stator) vanes between
the impellers.
NON-CLOGGING FAN - A fan having an impeller designed to minimize clogging by virtue of its shape or by use
of special materials. The fan may also incorporate other features to allow use of cleaning sprays and to facilitate
the removal of any resulting materials.
OVERFIRE AIR FAN – A fan that serves to deliver additional (excess) air downstream of the fuel burners in a
boiler for the purpose of improving combustion.
PACKAGED FAN – see UTILITY SET
PARTITION FAN - A fan installed in or on a partition and used for moving air from one air space to another.
PASSIVE THROUGH-THE-WALL INLET – A device mounted in an outside wall of a building and which serves
to allow the entrance of ambient air to replace that which has been exhausted.

60004-1893 U.S.A.
PEDESTAL FAN – A propeller fan intended for mounting on a stand having a base and column.
PENTHOUSE - A roofed structure incorporating louvers or louver blades in all or part of the walls and usually
located on the roof of a building.
PLENUM FAN - A fan having an un-housed centrifugal impeller that draws air into the impeller through an inlet
located in a barrier wall, and having a driver located on the same side of the barrier as the impeller.
PLUG FAN – A fan having an un-housed impeller arranged such that the system into which it is inserted may
act as a housing, allowing air to be drawn into impeller inlet, and constructed such that the driver is located
outside the duct system
PORTABLE PERSONNEL COOLER – A type of air circulator fan having the impeller and motor enclosed in a
common safety-guarded housing that is mounted on wheels or casters and which serves primarily to provide
cooling for personnel.
POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATOR – A portable fan that can be positioned relative to an opening of a
confined space and cause it to be positively pressurized by discharge air velocity. It is principally used by
firefighters to mitigate the effect of smoke and is also used to assist in inflating hot air balloons.
POWER ATTIC VENTILATOR – A fan used to exhaust air from an attic.
POWER GENERATION FAN – see MECHANICAL DRAFT FAN
POWER ROOF/WALL VENTILATOR (PRV) - A fan consisting of a centrifugal or axial impeller with an integral
driver in a weather-resistant housing and with a base designed to fit, usually by means of a curb, over a wall or
roof opening.
PRESSURE BLOWER (TURBO BLOWER) - see HIGH PRESSURE FAN.
PRESSURE RELIEF DAMPER – A type of backdraft damper having an adjustable start-to-open pressure and
which is capable of maintaining a relatively constant pressure at various airflows and which closes upon a
decrease in differential pressure.
PRIMARY AIR FAN – see COMBUSTION AIR FAN
PROPELLER FAN - An axial fan having an impeller comprised of symmetrical and equally spaced blades
extending radially from a central hub and which is mounted in an orifice plate or ring.
RANGE HOOD – A hood located above a range, stove, grill, or oven and which serves to exhaust hot air, fumes
or moisture directly to a building’s exterior or through filtering media for discharge back into the room.
REGISTER - A grille equipped with an integral damper or control valve.
REVERSIBLE AXIAL-FLOW FAN - An axial fan capable of changing impeller rotation so that air may be moved
in either direction along the fan’s axis of rotation.

60004-1893 U.S.A.
SEAL AIR FAN – (1) A fan that serves to pressurize an enclosure around a furnace or boiler to prevent the
escape of burned gases into ambient air. (2) A fan supplying air to a shaft seal chamber as a leakage barrier to
process gas. (3) A fan supplying air to the chamber of an isolation damper to prevent the passage of duct gases
across the enclosed space.
SIGHT-PROOF LOUVER - A louver that cannot be seen through from any direction.
SMOKE (LEAKAGE RATED) DAMPER - A damper intended to: (1) restrict the spread of smoke in HVAC
systems that are designed to be automatically shut down in the event of a fire or (2) control the movement of
smoke when the HVAC system is operational in a building having a smoke management system.
SMOKE MANAGEMENT FAN (SMOKE VENTILATION FAN) – A fan that serves to exhaust smoke and heated
air from a building and which may be certified to remain operable after exposure to a given temperature for a
given duration.
SPARK RESISTANT FAN (or DAMPER) - A fan or damper constructed to reduce the potential for spark
generation when the airstream is potentially explosive.
STATIC VENTILATING DEVICE – A device that passively exhausts air from a building by venting.
TABLE FAN – An air circulator fan intended for use on a desk, table or counter top; it may also be provided with
the means for being mounted to a wall.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL DAMPERS – A pair of dampers intended to be operated together to provide a total
airflow at a given temperature. Two different airflows are regulated by simultaneous damper adjustments.
TUBE AXIAL FAN - An axial flow fan with the impeller in a cylindrical housing and without guide vanes to
straighten the discharged air.
TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FAN - A fan having a centrifugal impeller within a cylindrical housing discharging
the air in an axial direction.
UTILITY SET - A centrifugal fan designed as a packaged unit, ready to run, either belt-driven or directly
connected to an electric motor.
VANE AXIAL FAN - A fan comprised of an axial impeller in a cylindrical housing having guide vanes located
upstream or downstream of the impeller, or both.
VENTILATOR - A device that serves to supply air into or exhaust air from a building.
VOLUME CONTROL DAMPER - A device which, when mounted in a duct or opening, is used to vary the
volume of air flowing through the duct or opening and which can be operated manually or mechanically, and can
have one or more blades.
WET GAS FAN - A fan that serves to move air that contains particles of water.
WHOLE-HOUSE FAN – A fan mounted in the ceiling or attic wall of a house and from which it serves to exhaust
air and which incorporates a backdraft damper.
International, Inc. SYMBOLS STANDARD
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 1 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P
A area of cross section m2 ft2
A duct width m ft
Ae area-orifice equivalent to system m2 ft2
Ao area-nozzle with no loss m2 ft2
ah absolute humidity, (mass)H20 / (mass)dry air kg/kg lbm/lbm
B minimum distance between the sill and bottom blade mm in.
B duct height m ft
BPF blade pass frequency Hz Hz
BW band width Hz Hz
b flow-induced absorption coefficient dB dB
C dynamic loss coefficient --- ---
C combined free field response correction dB dB
C nozzle discharge coefficient --- ---
C minimum distance between adjacent blades mm in.
Cm constant for tip speed Mach number --- ---
Cn nozzle discharge coefficient --- ---
Cp specific heat at constant pressure J/kg-K Btu/lbm-ºF
Cv specific heat at constant volume J/kg-K Btu/lbm-ºF
C1 free field microphone correction response dB dB
C2 frequency response correction of sampling tube dB dB

(normal incidence)
C3 flow velocity correction for frequency response dB dB

required by sampling tube
C4 modal correction for the frequency response dB dB

required by sampling tube

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 2 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
c speed of sound m/s ft/s
D diameter of duct or impeller m ft
De equivalent diameter m ft
De/y ratio of straightener cell size (dia. to thickness of cell) --- ---
Dh hydraulic diameter m ft
DI diameter of intermediate duct m ft
DT diameter of terminating duct m ft
DVM digital voltmeter --- ---
D1-6 diameters along anechoic termination --- ---
d orifice diameter m ft
dBA estimated sound pressure level at a location --- ---

using "A" weighing network
E energy factor --- ---
E system resistance curve --- ---
Ei1-in duct inlet end correction dB dB
Eo1-on duct outlet end correction dB dB
Ev volts, direct current, output signal Vdc Vdc

of thermal flow sensor
e orifice plate end reflection dB dB
eper permissible specific unbalance µm or (g·mm)kg in. or (lb in.)/lb
ex per unit uncertainty in x --- ---
F beam load kg lbf
FLA full load amps amps amps
f coefficient of friction --- ---
f frequency Hz Hz

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 3 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
fc cut-off frequency Hz Hz
G water volume flow rate L/s gpm
G balance quality grade --- ---
g acceleration due to gravity m/s2 ft/s2
H fan power input kW hp
H actual louver height mm in.
Ha air power of air curtain kW hp
HL power transmission loss kW hp
Hm power input to motor kW hp
Hmo motor power output kW hp
Ho fan power output kW hp
Hr fan impeller power kW hp
Hsr fan shaft power kW hp
H/T axial fan hub-to-tip ratio --- ---
I index in transverse direction for velocity matrix --- ---
j index in axial direction for velocity matrix --- ---
K system effect factor --- ---
K loss coefficient relevant to a specific damper --- ---

design sample
KE friction chart correction factor for elevation --- ---
KM friction chart correction factor for roughness --- ---
Kp compressibility coefficient --- ---
KT friction chart correction factor for temperature --- ---
kW kilowatts, electric power kW kW

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 4 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
L length m ft
L minimum distance between louver jambs mm in.
Le equivalent length of straightener m ft
Lm average sound level from multiplexing six duct dB dB

stations or continuous circular traverses
∆Lmax maximum difference of microphone dB dB

readings (nose cone - sampling tube)
Lp sound pressure level re 20 µPa dB dB
Lp average sound pressure level at the measuring plane dB dB
Lpmax maximum sound pressure level within the measuring duct dB dB
Lpmin minimum sound pressure level within the measuring duct dB dB
Lp1,pn corrected sound pressure level of the fan dB dB
Lp1-p6 sound pressure levels at each of six stations dB dB

in the test duct
Lpb1,pbn recorded sound pressure level of room background dB dB

as measured over the normal microphone path
Lpm1,pmn recorded sound pressure level of fan and room dB dB

background as measured over the normal
microphone path
LpNC corrected sound pressure level with nose cone dB dB
Lpq1,pqn corrected sound pressure level of reference sound source dB dB
Lpqm1,pqmn recorded sound pressure level of RSS and room dB dB

background as measured over the normal
microphone path
LpST corrected sound pressure level with the sampling tube dB dB
∆Lt turbulence noise suppression value dB dB
Lw sound power level re 1x10-12 watts dB dB

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 5 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
LwA sound power level of fan (A-weighted; for dB dB
each band or summarized)
LWA sound power level, A-weighted, re 1x10-12 watts dB dB
LWF capacity fraction, re 1.0E-12 watts dB dB
LWG generalized sound power level, re 1.0E-12 watts dB dB
LWi sound power level at the inlet, re 1.0E-12 watts dB dB
LWiA sound power level at the inlet, A-weighted, dB dB

re 1.0E-12 watts
LW1,Wn total sound power of the test fan dB dB
LWi1,Win sound power transmitted to the inlet duct of the fan dB dB
LWK specific sound power level, re 1.0E-12 watts dB dB
LWmi measured sound power level from the inlet, dB dB

re 1.0E-12 watts
Lwmi1,wmin measured sound power at the open inlet of a fan dB dB
LWmo measured sound power level from the outlet, dB dB

re 1.0E-12 watts
Lwmo1,wmon measured sound power at the open outlet of a fan dB dB
LWo sound power level at the outlet, re 1.0E-12 watts dB dB
LWoA sound power level at the outlet, A-weighted, dB dB

re 1.0E-12 watts
LWr1,Wrn sound power level rating of the reference sound source dB dB
LWo1,Won sound power transmitted to the outlet duct of the fan dB dB
Lx,x' length of duct between planes x and x' m ft
L1-5 lengths along anechoic termination m ft
l length of moment arm mm in.
la output signal of thermal mAdc mAdc

flow sensor

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 6 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
M Mach number --- ---
M chamber dimension m ft
M rotor mass kg ---(see W)
Mt tip speed Mach parameter --- ---
N rotational speed rev/min. rev/min.
NLA no-load amps A A
NPH nameplate power kW hp
NPV nameplate volts V V
n number of readings --- ---
P pressure Pa in. wg
∆P pressure differential or pressure drop across Pa in. wg

device being tested
∆Pc pressure drop of combined dampers Pa in. wg
PL plane of measurement --- ---
∆Pn pressure differential across nozzle Pa in. wg
∆Pn pressure drop of damper "n" Pa in. wg
Ps static pressure or fan static pressure Pa in. wg
∆Ps pressure loss across damper Pa in. wg
∆Ps fan static pressure rise Pa in. wg
∆Ps static pressure regain from diffuser/evasé Pa in. wg
Psx static pressure at plane x Pa in. wg
Pt total pressure or fan total pressure Pa in. wg
∆Pt total pressure loss due to friction Pa in. wg
Ptx total pressure at plane x Pa in. wg

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 7 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
Pv velocity pressure or fan velocity pressure Pa in. wg
Pvx fan velocity pressure or velocity at plane x Pa in. wg
∆Px-x' pressure differential between planes x and x' Pa in. wg
p atmospheric pressure kPa in. Hg
pb corrected barometric pressure kPa in. Hg
pe saturated vapor pressure at tw kPa in. Hg
pp partial vapor pressure kPa in. Hg
px absolute pressure at plane x kPa in. Hg
Q airflow rate or fan airflow rate m3/s cfm
Q directivity factor --- ---
Qd tested device airflow rate m3/s ft3/min
Qi interpolated airflow rate m3/s ft3/min
Qr test reference airflow rate m3/s ft3/min
Qx airflow rate at plane x m3/s ft3/min
R gas constant J/kg-K ft-lb/lbm-ºR
R room constant m2 ft2
R reflection constant --- ---
Re Reynolds Number; Fan Reynolds Number --- ---
RSS reference sound source --- ---
r radius m ft
r ratio of duct area to orifice area --- ---
r index in the radial direction in the measuring plane --- ---
r radial distance from test duct centerline to m ft

sampling tube location

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 8 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
rh relative humidity % %
S area or areas of test duct m2 ft2
S aspect parameter --- ---
S total loudness index sone sone
SEF system effect factor --- ---
SF outlet or inlet area of fan m2 ft2
SR system resistance factor m4 ft4
sm maximum octave band loudness index sone sone
T number of grid velocity measurements in the --- ---

transverse direction
T torque N-m lbf-in.
T absolute inlet total temperature or absolute temperature K ºR
Ta length of transitions T1, T2, or T3 m ft
t number of velocity measurements at a given radius --- ---

r taken in circumferential increments
t temperature ºC ºF
td dry-bulb temperature ºC ºF
tt total (stagnation) temperature ºC ºF
tw wet-bulb temperature ºC ºF
U number of grid velocity measurements in the --- ---

axial direction
Uper permissible residual unbalance g·mm lb in.
u number of velocity measurements at a given angle θ --- ---

taken at radial increments
V velocity or average velocity m/s ft/min.
V mean velocity at plane 1 m/s ft/min.

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 9 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
Va velocity profile distortion in axial direction % %
(parallel to the fan impeller shaft)
I mean velocity for each of the T traverses m/s ft/min.
j mean velocity along each of the U grid stations m/s ft/min.
r mean velocity at a given radius r from duct center m/s ft/min.
∧
Vt velocity profile distortion in transverse direction % %
(perpendicular to the fan impeller shaft)
Vθ mean velocity at a given angle θ in the measuring plane m/s ft/min.
v velocity at any point m/s ft/min.
W power input to motor kW W
W rainfall rate mm/hr in./hr
W actual louver width mm in.
W rotor weight (see M) lbm
w weight of water gram ozm
X plotting variable --- ---
∆X absolute uncertainty in X --- ---
x function used to determine Kp --- ---
x peak air velocity along test plane m/s ft/min.
Y nozzle expansion factor --- ---
y thickness of straightener element mm in.
Z altitude m ft
z function used to determine Kp --- ---
α static pressure ratio for nozzles --- ---
β diameter ratio for nozzles --- ---

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 10 OF 11
SYMBOL OR
γ ratio of specific heats --- ---
ε absolute surface roughness height m ft
η motor efficiency % %
ηac air curtain unit efficiency % %
ηs fan static efficiency % %
ηt fan total efficiency % %
θ index in the circumferential direction in the --- ---

measuring plane
λ wavelength m ft
µ absolute viscosity Pa•s lbm/ft•s
v kinematic viscosity m2/s ft2/s
ρ air density kg/m3 lbm/ft3
ρs air density at standard conditions kg/m3 lbm/ft3
ρx air density at plane x kg/m3 lbm/ft3
σn standard deviation of quantity n --- ---
⇒ airflow direction --- ---
α average absorption coefficient for each surface --- ---
α average room absorption coefficient --- ---
ω angular velocity (of a rotor) rad/s rad/s
SUBSCRIPT
a atmospheric conditions
b barometric pressure
c converted or calculated value
d dry-bulb temperature

60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 11 OF 11
g static pressure
r reading
w wet-bulb depression
x generalized quantity (A,b,...,ρ)
x plane 0,1,2,.... as appropriate
x,x' between planes x and x'
SYMBOL OR
0 plane 0 (general test area)
1 plane 1 (fan inlet)
2 plane 2 (fan outlet)
3 plane 3 (Pitot traverse station)
4 plane 4 (duct piezometer station)
5 plane 5 (nozzle inlet station in chamber)
6 plane 6 (nozzle discharge station)
7 plane 7 (outlet chamber measurement station)
8 plane 8 (inlet chamber measurement station)

Air Movement and BASIC SERIES OF
International, Inc. PREFERRED NUMBERS STANDARD
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 1 OF 2
Percentage
Basic Series Theoretical values differences
SERIAL between
NUMBER basic series
Base 10 and
Mantissa Calculated calculated
R5 R 10 R 20 R 40
of values values (%)
logarithms
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 000 1.000 0
1.06 1 .025 1.0593 +0.07
1.12 1.12 2 .050 1.1220 -0.18
1.18 3 .075 1.1885 -0.71
1.25 1.25 1.25 4 .100 1.2589 -0.71
1.32 5 .125 1.3335 -1.01
1.40 1.40 6 .150 1.4125 -0.88
1.50 7 .175 1.4962 +0.25
1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 8 .200 1.5849 +0.95
1.70 9 .225 1.6788 +1.26
1.80 1.80 10 .250 1.7783 +1.22
1.90 11 .275 1.8836 +0.87
2.00 2.00 2.00 12 .300 1.9953 +0.24
2.12 13 .325 2.1135 +0.31
2.24 2.24 14 .350 2.2387 +0.06
2.36 15 .375 2.3714 -0.48
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 16 .400 2.5119 -0.47
2.65 17 .425 2.6607 -0.40
2.80 2.80 18 .450 2.8184 -0.65
3.00 19 .475 2.9854 +0.49
3.15 3.15 3.15 20 .500 3.1623 -0.39
3.35 21 .525 3.3497 +0.01
3.55 3.55 22 .550 3.5481 +0.05
3.75 23 .575 3.7584 -0.22
This reference standard is in harmony with ISO 497:1973.

Those who wish to explore the topic of preferred numbers should refer to the ISO standard.

Air Movement and BASIC SERIES OF
International, Inc. PREFERRED NUMBERS STANDARD
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 2 OF 2
Percentage
Basic Series Theoretical values differences
SERIAL between
NUMBER basic series
Base 10 and
Mantissa Calculated calculated
R5 R 10 R 20 R 40
of values values (%)
logarithms
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 24 .600 3.9811 +0.47
4.25 25 .625 4.2170 +0.78
4.50 4.50 26 .650 4.4668 +0.74
4.75 27 .675 4.7315 +0.39
5.00 5.00 5.00 28 .700 5.0119 -0.24
5.30 29 .725 5.3088 -0.17
5.60 5.60 30 .750 5.6234 -0.42
6.00 31 .775 5.9566 +0.73
6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 32 .800 6.3096 -0.15
6.70 33 .825 6.6834 +0.25
7.10 7.10 34 .850 7.0795 +0.29
7.50 35 .875 7.4989 +0.01
8.00 8.00 8.00 36 .900 7.9433 +0.71
8.50 37 .925 8.4140 +1.02
9.00 9.00 38 .950 8.9125 +0.98
9.50 39 .975 9.4406 +0.63
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 40 1.000 10.0000 0
This reference standard is in harmony with ISO 497:1973.

Those who wish to explore the topic of preferred numbers should refer to the ISO standard.

Air Movement and Adopted
Control Association
METRIC UNITS AND AMCA 1976
International, Inc. CONVERSION FACTORS STANDARD
Supersedes AMS-100-76 PAGE 1 OF 1 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A.
1983
U.S.
AMCA Standard (1) Conversion (4)
Customary
Metric (SI) Unit Factor
Units
cubic meter per second
VOLUME FLOW cfm 0.00047195
m3/s
pascal
PRESSURE in. wg 248.36
Pa or N/m2
watt
POWER hp 745.70
W or J/s
newton meter
TORQUE lbf-in 0.11298
NCm
kilogram per cubic meter

DENSITY lbm/ft3 16.018
kg/m3
revolution per second

SPEED (2) rpm 0.016667
rps
meter per second

VELOCITY fpm 0.0050800
m/s
millimeter
DIMENSIONS in. 25.400
mm
kilogram meters squared

MOMENT OF INERTIA lbm-ft2 0.042140
kgCm2
pascal
STRESS lbf/in2 6894.8
Pa or N/m2
kelvin
TEMPERATURE (3) °F (°F + 459.67)/1.8
Notes:
1) The choice of the appropriate multiple or sub multiple of an SI unit is governed by convenience. The
multiple chosen for a particular application should be the one which will lead to numerical values
within a practical range (i.e. kilopascal for pressure, kilowatts for power, megapascal for stress, and
liters/second for volume flow.)
2) The second is the SI base unit of time. Although outside SI, the minute has been recognized by
CIPM as necessary to retain for use because of its practical importance.
3) The kelvin is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature and is preferred for most scientific and
technological purposes. The degree celcius (°C) is acceptable for practical applications.
4) Multiply “Customary” unit by this factor to obtain AMCA Standard except for kelvin temperature.
Air Movement and
International, Inc. CHARTS & TABLES STANDARD
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 1 OF 8
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC DATA VERSUS ALTITUDE CHART (SI)
Z t p D : v c
Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Air Dynamic Kinematic Speed of
Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity Sound
m °C kPa kg/m3 PaCs m2/s m/s

0 15.00 101.32 1.230 1.793x10-05 1.456x10-05 340.43
100 14.35 100.13 1.215 1.790x10-05 1.473x10-05 340.05
200 13.70 98.94 1.201 1.786x10-05 1.487x10-05 339.66
300 13.05 97.77 1.189 1.784x10-05 1.500x10-05 339.28
400 12.40 96.61 1.177 1.780x10-05 1.512x10-05 338.89
500 11.76 95.46 1.166 1.777x10-05 1.524x10-05 338.51
600 11.11 94.32 1.155 1.774x10-05 1.536x10-05 338.19
700 10.46 93.20 1.145 1.771x10-05 1.546x10-05 337.73
800 9.81 92.08 1.134 1.768x10-05 1.559x10-05 337.34
900 9.16 90.98 1.123 1.765x10-05 1.571x10-05 336.95
1000 8.51 89.88 1.112 1.761x10-05 1.584x10-05 336.57
1100 7.86 88.80 1.102 1.758x10-05 1.595x10-05 336.18
1200 7.21 87.72 1.091 1.755x10-05 1.609x10-05 335.79
1300 6.56 86.66 1.080 1.751x10-05 1.621x10-05 335.40
1400 5.90 85.61 1.069 1.748x10-05 1.635x10-05 335.01
1500 5.25 84.56 1.058 1.745x10-05 1.649x10-05 334.62
1600 4.60 83.53 1.047 1.741x10-05 1.663x10-05 334.22
1700 3.95 82.50 1.037 1.738x10-05 1.676x10-05 333.83
1800 3.30 81.49 1.026 1.735x10-05 1.691x10-05 333.44
1900 2.65 80.49 1.016 1.732x10-05 1.705x10-05 333.05
2000 2.00 79.49 1.006 1.728x10-05 1.718x10-05 332.66
2100 1.35 78.51 0.996 1.725x10-05 1.732x10-05 332.26
2200 0.70 77.54 0.986 1.722x10-05 1.746x10-05 331.87
2300 0.53 76.57 0.976 1.718x10-05 1.760x10-05 331.48
2400 -0.60 75.62 0.967 1.715x10-05 1.774x10-05 331.08
2500 -1.25 74.68 0.957 1.712x10-05 1.789x10-05 330.69
2600 -1.90 73.74 0.948 1.708x10-05 1.802x10-05 330.29
2700 -2.55 72.82 0.938 1.705x10-05 1.818x10-05 329.90
2800 -3.20 71.91 0.929 1.702x10-05 1.832x10-05 329.50
2900 -3.85 71.00 0.919 1.699x10-05 1.845x10-05 329.10
3000 -4.50 70.11 0.909 1.695x10-05 1.865x10-05 328.71
3100 -5.15 69.23 0.900 1.692x10-05 1.880x10-05 328.31
3200 -5.80 68.35 0.890 1.689x10-05 1.898x10-05 327.51
3300 -6.46 67.48 0.880 1.685x10-05 1.914x10-05 327.11
3400 -7.11 66.62 0.871 1.682x10-05 1.931x10-05 326.70
3500 -7.76 65.77 0.862 1.679x10-05 1.948x10-05 326.70

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
Arlington Heights, IL
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 2 OF 8
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC DATA VERSUS ALTITUDE CHART (I-P)
Z t p D : v c
Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Air Dynamic Kinematic Speed of
Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity Sound
ft °F in. Hg lbm/ft3 lbm/ft-s ft2/s ft/s

-1000 62.6 31.02 .0787 1.212x10-05 1.538x10-04 1120.7
-500 60.8 30.47 .0776 1.208x10-05 1.556x10-04 1118.8
0 59.0 29.92 .0765 1.205x10-05 1.576x10-04 1116.9
500 57.2 29.38 .0754 1.202x10-05 1.595x10-04 1115.0
1000 55.4 28.86 .0743 1.198x10-05 1.614x10-04 1113.1
1500 53.7 28.33 .0732 1.195x10-05 1.633x10-04 1111.1
2000 51.9 27.82 .0721 1.192x10-05 1.653x10-04 1109.2
2500 50.1 27.32 .0710 1.189x10-05 1.673x10-04 1107.3
3000 48.3 26.82 .0700 1.185x10-05 1.694x10-04 1105.3
3500 46.5 26.33 .0689 1.182x10-05 1.714x10-04 1103.4
4000 44.7 25.84 .0679 1.179x10-05 1.735x10-04 1101.4
4500 43.0 25.37 .0669 1.175x10-05 1.757x10-04 1099.5
5000 41.2 24.90 .0659 1.172x10-05 1.778x10-04 1097.5
5500 39.4 24.43 .0649 1.169x10-05 1.800x10-04 1095.6
6000 37.6 23.98 .0639 1.165x10-05 1.823x10-04 1093.6
6500 35.8 23.53 .0630 1.162x10-05 1.846x10-04 1091.7
7000 34.0 23.09 .0620 1.158x10-05 1.869x10-04 1089.7
7500 32.3 22.65 .0610 1.155x10-05 1.892x10-04 1087.7
8000 30.5 22.22 .0601 1.152x10-05 1.916x10-04 1085.7
8500 28.7 21.80 .0592 1.148x10-05 1.904x10-04 1083.8
9000 26.9 21.39 .0583 1.145x10-05 1.965x10-04 1081.8
9500 25.1 20.98 .0574 1.142x10-05 1.990x10-04 1079.8
10000 23.3 20.58 .0565 1.138x10-05 2.015x10-04 1077.8

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 3 OF 8
PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY TABLE (SI)
Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions – kg/m3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °C
Barometric Pressure kPa
97 98.5 100 101.5 103 104.5
-2.0 1.244981 1.263273 1.282390 1.302927 1.324194 1.340401
-1.5 1.242122 1.260977 1.280094 1.300086 1.322000 1.337965
-1.0 1.239396 1.258667 1.277753 1.297353 1.319731 1.335505
-0.5 1.236782 1.256345 1.275377 1.294710 1.317400 1.333027
0.0 1.234260 1.254012 1.272975 1.292141 1.315018 1.330532
0.5 1.231812 1.251672 1.270553 1.289629 1.312595 1.328024
1.0 1.229423 1.249325 1.268119 1.287163 1.310140 1.325506
1.5 1.227079 1.246973 1.265679 1.284731 1.307661 1.322979
2.0 1.224768 1.244618 1.263236 1.282324 1.305166 1.320447
2.5 1.222480 1.242261 1.260796 1.279934 1.302659 1.317912
3.0 1.220207 1.239902 1.258360 1.277553 1.300147 1.315376
3.5 1.217942 1.237545 1.255931 1.275177 1.297634 1.312841
4.0 1.215680 1.235188 1.253510 1.272800 1.295123 1.310307
4.5 1.213416 1.232834 1.251098 1.270421 1.292618 1.307778
5.0 1.211147 1.230483 1.248697 1.268037 1.290121 1.305254
5.5 1.208871 1.228135 1.246304 1.265645 1.287634 1.302735
6.0 1.206587 1.225792 1.243921 1.263247 1.285157 1.300224
6.5 1.204295 1.223453 1.241546 1.260842 1.282692 1.297720
7.0 1.201994 1.221119 1.239179 1.258431 1.280239 1.295225
7.5 1.199687 1.218791 1.236817 1.256015 1.277798 1.292738
8.0 1.197375 1.216468 1.234459 1.253595 1.275367 1.290260
8.5 1.195060 1.214150 1.232105 1.251173 1.272946 1.287790
9.0 1.192743 1.211838 1.229752 1.248752 1.270533 1.285328
9.5 1.190428 1.209530 1.227399 1.246334 1.268128 1.282875
10.0 1.188116 1.207227 1.225045 1.243920 1.265728 1.280428
10.5 1.185810 1.204927 1.222689 1.241512 1.263332 1.277988
11.0 1.183512 1.202631 1.220330 1.239113 1.260938 1.275553
11.5 1.181224 1.200338 1.217968 1.236723 1.258544 1.273122
12.0 1.178948 1.198047 1.215603 1.234343 1.256148 1.270693
12.5 1.176683 1.195757 1.213236 1.231974 1.253747 1.268266
13.0 1.174432 1.193466 1.210866 1.229616 1.251342 1.265837
13.5 1.172192 1.191174 1.208497 1.227266 1.248928 1.263406
14.0 1.169963 1.188879 1.206131 1.224925 1.246506 1.260970
14.5 1.167742 1.186581 1.203771 1.222588 1.244075 1.258527
15.0 1.165527 1.184277 1.201420 1.220251 1.241632 1.256073
15.5 1.163312 1.181965 1.199084 1.217911 1.239178 1.253607
16.0 1.161092 1.179644 1.196770 1.215560 1.236712 1.251125
16.5 1.158860 1.177313 1.194483 1.213191 1.234235 1.248624
17.0 1.156606 1.174968 1.192231 1.210795 1.231747 1.246101
17.5 1.154320 1.172609 1.190025 1.208361 1.229250 1.243553
18.0 1.151991 1.170232 1.187875 1.205877 1.226746 1.240975

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 4 OF 8
PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY TABLE (SI) (Continued)
Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions – kg/m3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °C
Barometric Pressure kPa
97 98.5 100 101.5 103 104.5
18.5 1.148567 1.167391 1.185062 1.203323 1.225071 1.240138
19.0 1.146325 1.164887 1.182780 1.200987 1.222584 1.237641
19.5 1.144073 1.162437 1.180492 1.198647 1.220116 1.235154
20.0 1.141813 1.160033 1.178197 1.196304 1.217665 1.232675
20.5 1.139548 1.157668 1.175897 1.193957 1.215229 1.230205
21.0 1.137279 1.155335 1.173591 1.191607 1.212804 1.227740
21.5 1.135008 1.153029 1.171279 1.189254 1.210388 1.225283
22.0 1.132735 1.150742 1.168962 1.186898 1.207980 1.222830
22.5 1.130461 1.148470 1.166639 1.184537 1.205577 1.220383
23.0 1.128188 1.146207 1.164311 1.182174 1.203177 1.217939
23.5 1.125917 1.143949 1.161977 1.179806 1.200778 1.215499
24.0 1.123646 1.141691 1.159639 1.177435 1.198380 1.213061
24.5 1.121378 1.139431 1.157295 1.175060 1.195979 1.210625
25.0 1.119111 1.137164 1.154946 1.172681 1.193576 1.208190
25.5 1.116846 1.134888 1.152592 1.170298 1.191169 1.205755
26.0 1.114582 1.132601 1.150234 1.167912 1.188756 1.203320
26.5 1.112318 1.130299 1.147871 1.165521 1.186338 1.200883
27.0 1.110055 1.127983 1.145503 1.163126 1.183912 1.198445
27.5 1.107790 1.125650 1.143131 1.160726 1.181480 1.196003
28.0 1.105523 1.123300 1.140754 1.158323 1.179039 1.193559
28.5 1.103253 1.120932 1.138373 1.155915 1.176591 1.191110
29.0 1.100978 1.118548 1.135988 1.153503 1.174134 1.188656
29.5 1.098695 1.116147 1.133599 1.151086 1.171669 1.186196
30.0 1.096404 1.113730 1.131206 1.148664 1.169195 1.183730
30.5 1.094102 1.111299 1.128809 1.146239 1.166714 1.181257
31.0 1.091787 1.108856 1.126408 1.143808 1.164226 1.178775
31.5 1.089456 1.106402 1.124004 1.141372 1.161731 1.176286
32.0 1.087106 1.103942 1.121596 1.138932 1.159230 1.173786
32.5 1.084735 1.101478 1.119184 1.136487 1.156724 1.171277
33.0 1.082339 1.099014 1.116769 1.134037 1.154213 1.168756
33.5 1.079915 1.096553 1.114351 1.131582 1.151700 1.166224
34.0 1.077460 1.094100 1.111930 1.129122 1.149185 1.163679
34.5 1.074970 1.091661 1.109506 1.126656 1.146669 1.161121
35.0 1.072440 1.089240 1.107079 1.124186 1.144155 1.158549
35.5 1.069867 1.086844 1.104649 1.121710 1.141644 1.155963
36.0 1.067247 1.084478 1.102216 1.119229 1.139139 1.153361
36.5 1.064575 1.082149 1.099780 1.116742 1.136640 1.150743
37.0 1.061846 1.079865 1.097342 1.114250 1.134151 1.148108
37.5 1.059056 1.077632 1.094902 1.111753 1.131673 1.145455
38.0 1.056198 1.075460 1.092459 1.109249 1.129210 1.142784

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 5 OF 8
PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY TABLE (I-P)
Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions – lbm/ft3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °F
Barometric Pressure in. Hg
28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0
30 .07703 .07839 .07974 .08111 .08245 .08380
31 .07687 .07822 .07957 .08093 .08228 .08363
32 .07671 .07806 .07940 .08075 .08210 .08345
33 .07654 .07789 .07924 .08058 .08193 .08327
34 .07638 .07772 .07907 .08041 .08175 .08310
35 .07621 .07756 .07890 .08024 .08158 .08292
36 .07605 .07739 .07873 .07807 .08141 .08274
37 .07589 .07723 .07856 .07990 .08123 .08257
38 .07573 .07706 .07840 .07973 .08106 .08239
39 .07557 .07690 .07823 .07956 .08089 .08222
40 .07541 .07674 .07806 .07939 .08072 .08205
41 .07525 .07657 .07790 .07922 .08055 .08187
42 .07509 .07641 .07773 .09705 .08038 .08170
43 .07493 .07625 .07757 .07889 .08021 .08153
44 .07477 .07609 .07740 .07872 .08004 .08135
45 .07461 .07592 .07724 .07855 .07986 .08118
46 .07445 .07576 .07707 .07838 .07970 .08101
47 .07429 .07560 .07691 .07822 .07953 .08084
48 .07413 .07544 .07674 .07805 .07936 .08066
49 .07397 .07528 .07658 .07788 .07919 .08049
50 .07381 .07512 .07642 .07772 .07902 .08032
51 .07366 .07496 .07625 .07755 .07885 .08015
52 .07350 .07479 .07609 .07739 .07868 .07998
53 .07334 .07464 .07593 .07722 .07852 .07981
54 .07318 .07447 .07576 .07706 .07835 .07964
55 .07302 .07431 .07560 .07689 .07818 .07947
56 .07287 .07415 .07544 .07673 .07801 .07930
57 .07271 .07399 .07528 .07656 .07784 .07913
58 .07255 .07383 .07512 .07640 .07768 .07896
59 .07240 .07367 .07495 .07623 .07751 .07879
60 .07224 .07352 .07479 .07607 .07734 .07862
61 .07208 .07336 .07463 .07590 .07718 .07845
62 .07193 .07320 .07447 .07574 .07701 .07828
63 .07177 .07304 .07430 .07557 .07684 .07811
64 .07161 .07288 .07414 .07541 .07668 .07794

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 6 OF 8
PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY TABLE (I-P)
Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions – lbm/ft3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °F
Barometric Pressure in. Hg
28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0
65 .07145 .07272 .07398 .07525 .07651 .07770
66 .07130 .07256 .07382 .07508 .07634 .07760
67 .07114 .07240 .07366 .07492 .07618 .07744
68 .07098 .07224 .07350 .07475 .07601 .07727
69 .07083 .07208 .07333 .07459 .07584 .07710
70 .07067 .07192 .07317 .07442 .07568 .07693
71 .07051 .07176 .07301 .07426 .07551 .07676
72 .07035 .07160 .07285 .07410 .07534 .07659
73 .07020 .07144 .07268 .07393 .07517 .07642
74 .07004 .07128 .07252 .07377 .07501 .07625
75 .06988 .07112 .07236 .07360 .07484 .07603
76 .06972 .07096 .07220 .07343 .07467 .07591
77 .06956 .07080 .07203 .07327 .07451 .07574
78 .06940 .07064 .07187 .07310 .07434 .07557
79 .06925 .07048 .07171 .07294 .07417 .07540
80 .06909 .07032 .07155 .07277 .07400 .07523
81 .06893 .07015 .07138 .07261 .07383 .07506
82 .06877 .07000 .07122 .07244 .07366 .07489
83 .06861 .06983 .07105 .07227 .07349 .07472
84 .06845 .06967 .07089 .07211 .07333 .07454
85 .06829 .06950 .07072 .07194 .07316 .07437
86 .06812 .06934 .07056 .07177 .07299 .07420
87 .06796 .06917 .07039 .07160 .07281 .07403
88 .06780 .06901 .07022 .07143 .07264 .07385
89 .06764 .06885 .07005 .07126 .07247 .07368
90 .06748 .06868 .06989 .07109 .07230 .07351
91 .06731 .06852 .06972 .07092 .07213 .07333
92 .06715 .06835 .06955 .07075 .07195 .07316
93 .06698 .06818 .06938 .07058 .07178 .07298
94 .06682 .06801 .06921 .07041 .07161 .07280
95 .06665 .06785 .06904 .07024 .07143 .07263
96 .06648 .06768 .06887 .07006 .07126 .07245
97 .06632 .06751 .06870 .06989 .07108 .07227
98 .06615 .06734 .06853 .06972 .01091 .07209
99 .06598 .06717 .06835 .06954 .07073 .07191
100 .06581 .06700 .06818 .06937 .07055 .07174

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 7 OF 8
DRY AIR DENSITY CORRECTION FACTOR (SI)

3
(Multiply Standard Air Density, 1.2 kg/m x the Factor to obtain Density at Condition B.)
Altitude, m Sea Level 300 600 900 1200
Barometer, mm Hg 759.97 733.47 707.46 682.43 657.90
kPa 101.32 97.79 94.32 90.98 87.71
Air Temp. °C -20 1.22 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.00
0 1.12 1.04 1.01 .97 .94
20 1.03 .97 .94 .90 .87
40 .95 .91 .88 .85 .81
60 .93 .86 .83 .80 .77
80 .85 .80 .78 .75 .72
100 .79 .76 .73 .70 .68
120 .77 .72 .70 .67 .65
140 .73 .69 .67 .64 .62
160 .69 .65 .63 .61 .59
180 .65 .61 .59 .57 .55
200 .62 .57 .55 .53 .51
220 .57 .56 .54 .52 .50
240 .57 .55 .53 .51 .49
260 .56 .53 .51 .49 .47
280 .54 .52 .50 .48 .46
300 .52 .50 .48 .46 .44
320 .50 .48 .49 .45 .43
340 .49 .46 .48 .43 .41
Altitude, m 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700

Barometer, mm Hg 634.34 611.3 588.98 567.17 546.30
kPa 84.57 81.50 78.52 75.62 72.83
Air Temp. °C -20 .97 .93 .91 .87 .84
0 .90 .87 .84 .81 .80
20 .84 .81 .78 .75 .72
40 .78 .75 .73 .70 .68
60 .74 .71 .69 .67 .64
80 .69 .67 .65 .63 .60
100 .65 .63 .61 .59 .58
120 .62 .61 .59 .57 .58
140 .60 .58 .56 .54 .53
160 .57 .55 .53 .51 .49
180 .53 .51 .50 .49 .47
200 .49 .47 .47 .45 .43
220 .48 .46 .45 .43 .42
240 .47 .46 .46 .43 .41
260 .45 .44 .43 .41 .39
280 .44 .43 .42 .40 .38
300 .43 .41 .40 .38 .37
320 .41 .40 .39 .37 .35
340 .40 .39 .37 .36 .34

Air Movement and
99-0200-00
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 8 OF 8
DRY AIR DENSITY CORRECTION FACTOR (I-P)

3
(Multiply Standard Air Density, 0.075 lbm/ft x the Factor to obtain Density at Condition B.)
Altitude, ft. -1000 Sea 1000 2000 3000 4000
Level
Barometer, in. Hg 31.02 29.92 28.86 27.82 26.82 25.84
in. wg 422.2 407.5 392.81 378.6 365.0 351.7
Air Temp. °F -40 1.31 1.26 1.22 1.17 1.13 1.09
0 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.03 0.99
40 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.92
70 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86
100 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.81
150 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75
200 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69
250 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.64
300 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
350 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56
400 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53
450 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50
500 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47
550 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
600 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43
700 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39
800 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36
900 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33
1000 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31
Altitude, ft. 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000

Barometer, in. Hg 24.90 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.39 20.58
in. wg 338.9 326.4 314.3 302.1 291.1 280.1
Air Temp. °F -40 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87
0 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79
40 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.73
70 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69
100 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65
150 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
200 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55
250 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.51
300 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
350 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
400 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
450 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40
500 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
550 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36
600 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34
700 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32
800 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29
900 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27
1000 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25

Air Movement and CLASSIFICATIONS FOR AMCA
Adopted
2-12-86
Control Association SPARK RESISTANT STANDARD
International, Inc.
Arlington Heights, IL CONSTRUCTION 99-0401-86
PAGE 1 OF 1 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A.
Supersedes 99-0401-82 1986
Fan applications may involve the handling of potentially explosive or flammable particles, fumes, or vapors.
Such applications require careful consideration of all system components to insure the safe handling of such
gas streams. This AMCA Standard deals only with the fan unit installed in that system. The Standard
contains guidelines which are to be used by both the manufacturer and user as a means of establishing
general methods of construction. The exact method of construction and choice of alloys is the responsibility
of the manufacturer; however, the customer must accept both the type and design with full recognition of the
potential hazard and the degree of protection required.
TYPE CONSTRUCTION
A All parts of the fan in contact with the air or gas being handled shall be made of nonferrous
material. Steps must also be taken to assure that the impeller, bearings, and shaft are
adequately attached and/or restrained to prevent a lateral or axial shift in these components.
B The fan shall have a nonferrous impeller and nonferrous ring about the opening through which
the shaft passes. Ferrous hubs, shafts, and hardware are allowed provided construction is such
that a shift of impeller or shaft will not permit two ferrous parts of the fan to rub or strike. Steps
must also be taken to assure that the impeller, bearings, damper blades and shaft are adequately
attached and/or restrained to prevent a lateral or axial shift in these components.
C The fan shall be so constructed that a shift of the impeller or shaft will not permit two ferrous parts
of the fan to rub or strike.
NOTES:
1. No bearings, drive components or electrical devices shall be placed in the air or gas stream unless they
are constructed or enclosed in such a manner that failure of that component cannot ignite the surrounding
gas stream.
2. The user shall electrically ground all fan parts.
3. For this Standard, nonferrous material shall be any material with less than 5% iron or any other material
with demonstrated ability to be spark resistant.
4. The use of aluminum or aluminum alloys in the presence of steel which has been allowed to rust requires
special consideration. Research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and others has shown that aluminum
impellers rubbing on rusty steel may cause high intensity sparking.
The use of the above Standard in no way implies a guarantee of safety for any level of spark resistance.
“Spark resistant construction also does not protect against ignition of explosive gases caused by catastrophic
failure or from any airstream material that may be present in a system.”
This Standard applies to:

Centrifugal Fans
Axial and Propeller Fans
Power Roof Ventilators
This Standard applies to ferrous and nonferrous metals. The potential questions which may be
associated with fans constructed of FRP, PVC, or any other plastic compound were not addressed.
Air Movement and Adopted
Control Association
OPERATING LIMITS FOR AMCA 11-30-66
International, Inc. CENTRAL-STATION UNITS STANDARD
60004-1893 U.S.A. PAGE 1 OF 1 Reviewed
1983
1. This standard includes the following total static

pressure classifications:
Class A Total static pressure of 0 inches

to 3 inches maximum of water gauge.
Class B Total static pressure of 3 inches to

5.5 inches maximum of water gauge.
Class C Total static pressure over 5.5 inches

of water.
2. Total static pressure includes the internal static

pressure losses.

Air Movement and DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR
International, Inc. CENTRIFUGAL FANS 99-2404-03
Arlington Heights, IL PAGE 1 OF 2
An American National Standard
60004-1893 U.S.A.
Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003
ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Fan Alternative Fan
Drive Description
Arrangement Configuration Configuration
Arrangement
1 SWSI 1 or For belt or direct drive.
12 (Arr. 1 with
sub-base) Impeller overhung on shaft, two
bearings mounted on pedestal
base.
Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals, with
or without inlet box.
2 SWSI 2 For belt or direct drive.
Impeller overhung on shaft,

bearings mounted in bracket
supported by the fan casing.
Alternative: With inlet box.
3 SWSI 3 or For belt or direct drive.

11 (Arr. 3 with
sub-base) Impeller mounted on shaft
between bearings supported by
the fan casing.

or without inlet box.
3 DWDI 6 or For belt or direct drive.

18 (Arr. 6 with
sub-base) Impeller mounted on shaft
between bearings supported by
the fan casing.

or without inlet boxes.
4 SWSI 4 For direct drive.
Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan.
Motor mounted on base.

shaft.No bearings on fan. Motor
flange mounted to casing.

Air Movement and DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS
International, Inc. FOR CENTRIFUGAL FANS 99-2404-03
60004-1893 U.S.A.
ISO 13349
Drive Description
Arrangement
7 SWSI 7 For coupling drive.
Generally the same as

Arr. 3, with base for the
prime mover.
Alternative: Bearings
mounted on
independent pedestals
with or without inlet
box.
7 DWDI 17 For coupling drive.
(Arr. 6 with base
for motor) Generally the same as
Arr. 3 with base for the
prime mover.
mounted on
box.

Arr. 1 with base for the
prime mover.
mounted on
box.
9 SWSI 9 For belt drive.
Impeller overhung on
shaft, two bearings
mounted on pedestal
base.
Motor mounted on the

outside of the bearing
base.
Alternative: With inlet

box.
10 SWSI 10 For belt drive.

Arr. 9 with motor
mounted inside of the
bearing pedestal.
Alternative: With inlet

box.

Air Movement and INLET BOX POSITIONS
Control Association FOR CENTRIFUGAL FANS ANSI/AMCA
International, Inc. 99-2405-03
Arlington Heights, IL An American National Standard PAGE 1 OF 1
60004-1893 U.S.A. Approved by ANSI on May 9, 2003
Notes:
1. Position of inlet box and air entry to inlet box is determined from the drive side as defined below:
a. On single inlet fans: The drive side is that side which is opposite of the fan inlet.
b. On double inlet fans:
1) With a single driver: That side with the driver is considered as the drive side.
2) With multiple drivers: That side with the higher total power is considered as the drive side. If
the total power on each side is equal, then that side which has the fixed (non-expansion)
bearing is considered as the drive side.
2. Position of inlet box is determined in accordance with diagrams. Angle of air entry to box is referred to the
top vertical axis of fan in degrees as measured in the direction of fan rotation. Angle of air entry to box
may be any intermediate angle as required.
3. Positions 135º to 225º in some cases may interfere with floor structure.

Air Movement and
DESIGNATION FOR ROTATION
Control Association AND DISCHARGE OF ANSI/AMCA
60004-1893 U.S.A. An American National Standard
Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise

Up Blast Top Angular Up Top Horizontal Top Angular Down Down Blast Bottom Angular Down Bottom Horizontal Bottom Angular Up
CW 360 CW 45 CW 90 CW 135 CW 180 CW 225 CW 270 XW 315
Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise

Up Blast Top Angular Up Top Horizontal Top Angular Down Down Blast Bottom Angular Down Bottom Horizontal Bottom Angular Up
CCW 360 CCW 45 CCW 90 CCW 135 CCW 180 CCW 225 CCW 270 CCW 315
Notes:
1. Direction of rotation and angular reference is determined from the drive side as defined below:
a. On single inlet fans: The drive side is that side opposite the fan inlet.
b. On double inlet fans:
1) With a single driver: That side with the drive is considered the drive side.
2) With multiple drivers: That side with the higher total power is considered the drive side. If
the total power on each side is equal, then the side that has the fixed (non-expansion)
bearing is considered the drive side.
2. Direction of discharge is determined in accordance with diagrams. Angle of discharge is referred to

the top vertical axis of fan and designated in degrees as measured in the direction of fan rotation.
Angle of discharge may be any intermediate angle as required.
3. A fan inverted for ceiling suspension or rotated for side wall mounting will have its direction of
rotation and angle of discharge determined when fan is located as if floor mounted.
4. This standard is in harmony with ISO 13349. In ISO 13349, CCW fans are referred to as LG, i.e.,
Left or Gauche, while CW fans are referred to as RD, i.e, Right or Droit-handed rotation.

Air Movement and
DESIGNATION FOR ROTATION
Control Association AND DISCHARGE OF ANSI/AMCA
METHODS OF DESIGNATION OF THE ANGULAR POSITION OF

COMPONENT PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL FAN
360 0
360 0
315 0 45 0
45 0 315 0
270 0 270 0
900 900
1350 225 0 225 0 1350
180 0 180 0
CCW Example 1 CW Example 2
Outlet CCW 315° Outlet CW 360°

Inspection door CCW 135° Inspection door CW 45°
Inlet box CCW 45° Inlet box CW 360°
Motor CCW 360° Motor CW 135°

Air Movement and MOTOR POSITIONS FOR BELT
Control Association OR CHAIN DRIVE ANSI/AMCA
Location of motor is determined by facing the drive side of the fan and designating the
motor position by letters W, X, Y or Z as the case may be.

20
19
To be designated as meeting the requirements of a specified Class,

18 as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
operating safely at every point of rating on or below the "minimum
17
performance" limit for that Class.
16
15
14
13½" @ 3780
STATIC PRESSURE (SP) inches of water
13 Ratings may be published

in this UPPER RANGE.
12
mi
nim
Typical Class II
um
11 Fan is required to be physically capable
characteristic curve. of performing over this range.
pe
rfo
rm
10
an
ce
9 CL
AS
8½" @ 3000 CLASS III SI
SELECTION ZONE
II
8
m
in
im
um
7
6¾" @ 5260
pe
rfo
rm
6
an
ce
CLASS II
CL
5 5" @ 2300 SELECTION ZONE

AS
m
S
in
II
4¼" @ 4175
mi
4
um LA
C
pe SS
rfo I
Ratings may be published

rm
3 in this LOWER RANGE.

an
CLASS I
2½" @ 3200
ce
SELECTION ZONE
2
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
OUTLET VELOCITY (OV) feet per minute
Air Movement and OPERATING LIMITS FOR AMCA

Adopted
10-20-69
Control Association SINGLE WIDTH CENTRIFUGAL STANDARD
FANS – Ventilating Airfoils & PAGE 1 OF 5 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A. Backwardly Inclined.
Supersedes 2408-69 1983
19
as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
18
17
16
15
14
13½" @ 3970
13
12 Ratings may be published

mi
nim
11
Fan is required to be physically capable
um
of performing over this range.
pe
10
rfo
rm
an
ce
9
CL
8½" @ 3150
AS
8 CLASS III
SI
m
SELECTION ZONE
in
II
im
um
7
pe
rfo
6¾" @ 5520
rm
6
an
ce
CL
5 5" @ 2415 CLASS II

AS
SELECTION ZONE
m
S
in
II
4¼" @ 4380
im CL
4
um A
pe S I
rfo
S

rm
3 in this LOWER RANGE.

an
2½" @ 3360
ce
CLASS I
2 SELECTION ZONE
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Adopted
10-20-69
Control Association DOUBLE WIDTH CENTRIFUGAL STANDARD
FANS – Ventilating Airfoils & PAGE 2 OF 5 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A. Backwardly Inclined.
Supersedes 2408-69 1983
20
19
performance" limit for the Class.
17
16
15
14
13
12
11 10¾" @ 4600
10
Fan is required to be physically
m
in
capable if performing
im
9
um
over this range.
pe
rfo
8
rm
an
ce
CLASS III
CL
7 SELECTION ZONE
6¾" @ 3640
AS
S
m
III
in
im
6
um
5½" @ 6100
pe
rfo
rm
5
an
ce
CL
4" @ 2800 CLASS II

AS
4 m SELECTION ZONE
S
in
II
im 3½" @ 4900
um
CL pe
3 AS rfo
S rm
I an
CLASS I ce Ratings may be published
2 SELECTION ZONE 2" @ 3700 in this LOWER RANGE.
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Adopted
10-20-69
Control Association SINGLE WIDTH CENTRIFUGAL STANDARD
FANS – Ventilating Forward Curved. PAGE 3 OF 5 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A. Supersedes 2408-69 1983
20
19
17
16
15
14
13
12
11 10¾" @ 4800
10
m
Fan is required to be physically
in
capable of performing
im
um
9 over this range.
pe
rfo
rm
8
an
ce
CL
7 6¾" @ 3800 CLASS III
AS
m SELECTION ZONE
in
S
im
III
6 um
pe 5½" @ 6400
rfo
rm
5 an
ce
CL
4" @ 2900 CLASS II AS
4 m S
in SELECTION ZONE II
im
um
3½" @ 5150
CL pe
3 AS rfo
S rm Ratings may be published
I an
CLASS I ce in this LOWER RANGE.
2 SELECTION ZONE 2" @ 3900
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Adopted
10-20-69
Control Association DOUBLE WIDTH CENTRIFUGAL STANDARD
FANS – Ventilating Forward Curved. PAGE 4 OF 5 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A. Supersedes 2408-69 1983
20
19
17
16
15
14
13½" @ 2050
13
12
mi
in this UPPER RANGE. Fan is required to be physically
nim
11 capable of performing
um
over this range.
pe
10
rfo
rm
an
ce
9
CL
8½" @ 1630 CLASS III
AS
SELECTION ZONE
S
8
III
m
in
im
um
7
6¾" @ 2950
pe
rfo
rm
6
an
ce
CL
5" @ 1250
AS
5 CLASS II
m
S
in SELECTION ZONE
II
im
um 4¼" @ 2350
4
CL pe
AS rfo
S rm Ratings may be published
3 I an
CLASS I ce in this LOWER RANGE.
SELECTION ZONE 2½" @ 1800
2
0 1000 2000 3000
Adopted
Air Movement and AMCA 10-20-69
Control Association OPERATING LIMITS FOR STANDARD
CENTRIFUGAL FANS – Tubular. PAGE 5 OF 5 Reviewed
60004-1893 U.S.A. Supersedes 2408-69 1983
Air Movement and DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR
International, Inc. TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FANS 99-2410-03
Arlington Heights, IL An American National Standard PAGE 1 OF 1
ARRANGEMENT 1
Motor For belt drive. Impeller overhung on
Left
a shaft supported by bearings
mounted within casing. Motor
mounted independent of casing.
Horizontal discharge.
View Facing Outlet
ARRANGEMENT 4
For direct drive. Impeller overhung
on motor shaft. Motor supported
within casing. For horizontal or
vertical discharge. Duct mounting
shown.
View Facing Outlet
360 ARRANGEMENT 9
315 45 For belt drive. Impeller overhung on
a shaft supported by bearings
mounted within casing. Designed
270 90 for mounting of motor on outside of
casing in one of the standard
locations shown. For horizontal and
225 135
vertical discharge. Duct mounting
180 shown.
Motor Shown in Position 360
View Facing Outlet
Arrow designates the direction of airflow. Vertical Mounting
Rotation of fans is determined by viewing from the fan outlet end.
Specify either up blast or down blast discharge for vertically-mounted fans.
The locations of motors, supports, access doors, etc., are determined by

viewing the outlet of the fan and resting location 180 on the floor as shown for
Arrangement 9.
Ceiling-Mounting Brackets
Arrangements 4 and 9 can be furnished with supports for floor, wall or ceiling
mounting. The position of these supports determines which motor locations
are available for motor placement. Generally motor locations 135, 180, and
225 are not available on floor, wall or inverted ceiling-mounted fans and motor
locations 45, 90, 270 and 315 may not be available for ceiling-hung fans.
Another method of mounting vertical fans is shown in the view on the right.
Specify fan to be furnished with ceiling-mounting brackets, floor mounting
Floor-Mounting Brackets
brackets, or both.

Air Movement and
IMPELLER DIAMETERS & OUTLET
Control Association AREAS FOR ANSI/AMCA
Outlet Area Max Impeller Outlet Area Max

(Inside dimensions) Diameter (Inside dimensions)
AxB D AxB
SWSI DWDI SWSI DWDI
2 2 2 2
m m mm inches ft ft
0.081 0.145 311 12.25 0.86 1.55
0.083 0.149 *315
0.098 .0176 343 13.50 1.05 1.89
2.33 Notes:
0.105 0.189 *355 15.00
1. SWSI = Single width, single inlet
0.121 0.218 381 1.29
fan.
0.133 0.240 *400
DWDI = Double width, double
0.146 0.263 419 16.50 1.57 2.82 inlet fan.
0.169 0.304 *450 2. Precise outlet area:
0.179 0.322 464 18.25 1.91 3.45 SI
SWSI:
2 2
0.208 0.375 *500 20.00 4.14 OA(m ) = 0.833E-06 (Dmm)
0.215 0.387 508 2.30 DWDI:
2 2
0.261 0.470 *560 OA(m ) = 1.5E-06 (Dmm)
0.266 0.479 565 I-P

22.25 2.85 5.12 SWSI:
0.323 0.581 622
24.50 3.45 6.21 2
OA(ft ) = 5.74967E-03 (Din.)
2
0.331 0.595 *630
DWDI:
2 2
0.392 0.705 686 27.00 4.19 7.54 OA(ft ) = 1.034941E-03 (Din.)
0.420 0.756 *710
0.484 0.871 762 30.00 5.17 9.31 3. A fan conforming to this Standard
shall not exceed the impeller
0.533 0.960 *800 diameter or maximum outlet area
0.585 1.054 838 33.00 6.26 11.27 shown.
0.675 1.215 *900
*Preferred sizes in SI and in
0.716 1.289 927 36.50 7.66 13.79 accordance with ISO 13351.
0.833 1.500 *1000
0.871 1.568 1022 40.25 9.31 16.77

Air Movement and
Control Association AREAS FOR ANSI/AMCA
Outlet Area max Outlet Area Max

(Inside dimensions) Impeller (Inside dimension)
AxB Diameter AxB
D
SWSI DWDI SWSI DWDI
2 2 2 2
m m mm inches ft ft
1.045 1.882 *1120

1.065 1.916 1130 44.50 11.39 20.49
1.291 2.324 1245 49.00 13.80 24.85
1.302 2.344 *1250 30.46

1.582 2.848 1378 54.25 16.92
1.633 2.940 *1400 Notes:
1. SWSI = Single width, single inlet fan.
1.935 3.484 1524 60.00 20.70 37.26 DWDI = Double width, double inlet
2.133 3.840 *1600 fan.
2.342 4.215 1676 66.00 25.05 45.08 2. Precise outlet area:
SI
2.700 4.860 *1800 SWSI:
2.865 5.157 1854 73.00 30.64 55.15 2
OA(m ) = 0.833E-06 (Dmm)
2
3.333 6.000 *2000 DWDI:
2 2
OA(m ) = 1.5E-06 (Dmm)
3.506 6.310 2051 80.75 37.49 67.48
4.181 7.526 *2240
I-P
4.259 7.665 2261 89.00 45.54 81.98
SWSI:
2 2
5.190 9.342 2496 98.25 55.50 OA(ft ) = 5.74967E-03 (Din.)
99.90 DWDI:
5.208 9.375 *2500 2 2
122.40 OA(ft ) = 1.034941E-03 (Din.)
6.358 11.445 2762 108.75 68.00
6.533 11.760 *2800 3. A fan conforming to this Standard

7.742 13.935 3048 120.00 82.80 149.03 shall not exceed the impeller diameter
8.269 14.884 *3150 or maximum outlet area shown.
9.439 16.990 3366 *Preferred sizes in SI and in accordance

10.502 18.904 *3550 132.50 100.94 181.70 with ISO 13351.

Air Movement and
Control Association AREAS FOR INDUSTRIAL ANSI/AMCA
Outlet Area Outlet Area

Impeller Inlet Diameter, Impeller
Max (Inside Max (Inside
Diameter Maximum at Point of Diameter
Dimensions) Dimensions)
D* Connection (Inside Diameter C) D
AxB AxB
2 2
m mm mm inches inches ft
0.020 *280 *160
0.031 *355 *200
0.049 *450 *250
11 19.13 0.66
0.078
*560 *315
13 22.63 0.92
15 22.13 1.23
1.26
*710 *400
17 29.63 1.58
19 33.00 1.97
0.196
*900 *500
21 36.50 2.41
0.246 *1000 *560
23 40.00 2.89
0.312 *1120 *630
26 45.13 3.69
Notes:
0.396 1. Maximum impeller
*1250 *710 4.59
29 50.50 diameter: (SI) = 1.75 x
0.503 *1400 *800 maximum inlet inside
diameter; rounded up to
33 57.50 5.94 next highest standard SI
0.636 *1600 *900
impeller size.
37 64.38 7.47 (I-P) = 1.75 x maximum
0.785 inlet inside diameter.
*1800 *1000
41 71.25 9.17
0.985 2. A fan conforming to
*2000 *1120 45 78.25 11.04 this standard shall not
49 85.25 13.10 exceed the impeller
diameter or maximum
1.227 *2240 *1250 outlet area shown.
54 93.75 15.90
1.539 *2500 *1400
*Preferred sizes in SI
and in accordance with
60 104.25 19.63 ISO 13351.
2.011 *2800 *1600

Air Movement and
Control Association AREAS FOR TUBULAR ANSI/AMCA
Approved by ANSI on July 8, 2003
Outlet Area Impeller Outlet Area

Maximum Diameter Maximum
2
(πr ) D (πr2)
m2 mm inches ft2
0.145 311 12.25 1.55

0.149 *315
0.176 343 13.50 1.89
0.189 *355
0.218 381 15.00 2.33
0.240 *400
0.263 419 16.50 2.82

0.304 *450
0.322 464 18.25 3.45
0.375 *500
0.387 508 20.00 4.14
0.470 *560
Notes:
0.479 565 22.25 5.12 1. Precise outlet area=
0.581 622 24.50 6.21
0.595 *630 SI: OA(m2) = 1.5x10-06 (D(mm))2
0.705 686 27.00 7.54 I-P: OA(ft2)=1.034941x10-02(D(in.))2

0.756 *710
0.871 762 30.00 9.31 2. A fan conforming to this Standard
0.960 *800
shall not exceed the impeller diameter or
1.054 838 33.00 11.27 maximum outlet area shown.
1.215 *900
3. Outlet areas in SI and I-P units are
1.289 927 36.50 13.79 not exactly equal due to rounding of
1.500 *1000 sizes in the respective systems.
2.568 1022 40.25 16.77
*Preferred sizes in SI and conforming to
1.882 *1120
1.916 1130 44.50 20.49
ISO 13351.
2.324 1245 49.00 24.85

Air Movement and
Control Association AREAS FOR TUBULAR ANSI/AMCA
Approved by ANSI on July 8, 2003
Outlet Impeller Outlet Area

Area Diameter Maximum
Maximum D (πr2)
(πr2)
m2 mm inches ft2
2.344 *1250
2.848 1378 54.25 30.46
2.940 *1400
3.484 1524 60.00 37.26

3.840 *1600 Notes:
4.215 1676 66.00 45.08 1. Precise outlet area=
4.860 *1800 SI: OA(m2) = 1.5x10-06 (D(mm))2

5.157 1854 73.00 55.15
6.000 *2000 I-P: OA(ft2)=1.034941x10-02(D(in.))2
6.310 2051 80.75 67.48 2. A fan conforming to this Standard

7.526 *2240 shall not exceed the impeller diameter or
7.665 2261 89.00 81.98 maximum outlet area shown.
9.342 2496 98.25 99.90 3. Outlet areas in SI and I-P units are
9.375 *2500 not exactly equal due to rounding of
11.445 2762 108.75 122.40 sizes in the respective systems.
11.760 *2800
*Preferred sizes in SI and conforming to
13.935 3048 120.00 149.03
ISO 13351.
14.884 *3150
16.990 3366 132.50 181.70

18.904 *3550

Air Movement and
Control Association DIMENSIONS FOR AXIAL FANS ANSI/AMCA
MOTOR I.D.
FAN SIZE
CUTAWAY VIEW
(Motor Support Not Shown)
Fan Size
Outlet Area
(Casing ID) 2
m
mm
200 0.031
224 0.039
250 0.049
280 0.062
315 0.078
355 0.099
400 0.126
450 0.159
500 0.196
560 0.246 Notes:
630 0.312
710 0.396
1. This standard is not limited
800 0.503 to the range of sizes listed.
900 0.636 Smaller and larger fan sizes
1000 0.785 conforming to the R20 series,
1120 0.985 with the 1000mm size as a
1250 1.23 base, may be included. See
1400 1.54 AMCA 99-0098, Basic Series of
1600 2.01 Preferred Numbers.
1800 2.54
2000 3.14
2240 3.94 2. Fan size is based upon
2500 4.91 casing ID; impeller diameter is
2800 6.16 slightly smaller.
3150 7.79
3550 9.90

Air Movement and
Control Association
DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ANSI/AMCA
International, Inc. AXIAL FANS 99-3404-03
Approved by ANSI on June 10, 2003
ISO 13349
Drive Description
Arrangement
For belt or direct drive.
1 1
12 (Arr. 1 with Impeller overhung on shaft,
sub-base) two bearings mounted either
upstream or downstream of
the impeller.
Alternative: Single stage or

two stage fans can be
supplied with inlet box and/or
discharge evasé.
For belt or direct drive.
3 3
11 (Arr. 3 with Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings on internal
supports.
Alternative: Fan can be

supplied with inlet box,
and/or discharge evasé.
For direct drive.
4 4
shaft. No bearings on fan.
M M
Motor mounted on base or M M
integrally mounted.
Alternative: With inlet box

and/or with discharge evasé.
For direct drive.
7 7
Generally the same as Arr. 3
with base for the prime M
M
mover.
Alternative: With inlet box

For direct drive.
8 8
Generally the same as Arr. 1
with base for the prime
M
mover. M
Alternative: Single stage or

two stage fans can be
supplied with inlet box and/or
discharge evasé.
For belt drive.
9 9
Generally same as Arr. 1 with
motor mounted on fan
casing, and/or an integral
base.
Alternative: With inlet box M

NOTE: All fan orientations may be horizontal or vertical.

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Standards Handbook

The International Authority on Air System Components

AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL

COPYRIGHT 2003 by Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

99-0021-01 The Fan Laws

99-0021-01 The Fan Laws

THE FAN LAWS

FAN LAWS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

THE FAN LAWS

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

On page 2 of 10 the last equation on the page should read:

Psc = Ptc − Pvc

In the above, subscript c denotes the new operating condition, and:

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

and Kp and Kpc are determined from:

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

impeller diameter D 927 mm 36.5 inches

fan rotational speed N 1000 rpm 1000 rpm

air density ρ 1.152 kg/m3 0.072 lbm/ft3

volume airflow rate Q 7.952 m3/s 16850 cfm

total pressure Pt 953.7 Pa 3.84 in. wg

barometric pressure pb 97.359 kPa 28.75 in. Hg

power H 9299 W 12.47 hp

ratio of specific heats γ 1.4 1.4

impeller diameter Dc 1524 mm 60 inches

fan rotational speed Nc 820 rpm 820 rpm

air density ρc 1.2 kg/m3 0.075 lbm/ft3

volume airflow rate Qc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

total pressure Ptc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

power Hc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

barometric pressure pb 101.321 kPa 29.92 in. Hg

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS IN SI UNITS:

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

 (7.952 )(953.7 )(0.99684 ) 

To determine Kpc , calculate the factors in the necessary equations:

 0 + (1x97359 )   1.2   820  2 1524  2

 (ηt )(γ c )   (0.813 )(1.4 ) 

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

To determine Kpc, calculate the factors in the necessary equations:

 0 + (13.63 )(3.84 )   0.075   820  2  60  2

zc = (1.818652 )(0.0034327 ) = 0.006243

 ηt γ c   (0.813 )(1.4 )  1.1382 

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

AIRFLOW RATE – See VOLUME AIRFLOW RATE or MASS AIRFLOW RATE.

ATTENUATE – To weaken a signal by reducing its amplitude.

AXLE – A shaft on which a damper or louver blade rotates.

BAROMETRIC – Pertaining to a barometer or the results obtained by using a barometer.

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE – The absolute pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a location of

CASING – see HOUSING.

CENTERPLATE – see BACKPLATE

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

COUNTERWEIGHT – An adjustable or variable weight used to offset (counterbalance) an eccentrically

DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of a gas, liquid, or solid.

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

DISCHARGE STATIC PRESSURE – See FAN STATIC PRESSURE

DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE - Air temperature measured by a temperature-sensing device without

©2001 Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.