CHAPTER 1
3. Civic Welfare Training
NSTP - National Service Training
Program
- Starting school year 2002-2003
- In compliance with SECTION 4 of
Republic Act. No. 9163 ( National
Service Training Program Act of 2001
and Section 4, Rule III of the
Implementing rules and regulations.
2001- Naging batas
2002- Started to be implemented in
all colleges and universities
ESTER A. GARCIA (President of
UE)
- Conceptualize the NSTP Act of 2001
- She proposed the law because there
are abuses happening in the ROTC
NSTP
- Program designed to train students to
have civic consciousness and defense
preparedness or military training
- Enhancing awareness in our
community
CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS
(3 programs)
1. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
(ROTC)
- Designed to provide military
training , Train, Organize and
mobilize them for national defense
preparedness.
2. Literacy Training Service (
LTS )
- to train students to teach literacy
and numeracy skills to school
children.
Service ( CWTS )
- Programs contributory to the
general welfare and betterment of life
in the community.
NSTP , Generally designed to
recover the youth’s sense of patriotism
and national pride , values and habits
of discipline and hard work, integrity
and accountability for nation building.
Seeks to promote values education,
transformational leadership,
volunteerism and virtuous social
entrepreneurship, through an
integrative approach to human
development.
RA 9163 ( The revised implementing
Rules and Regulations of the National
Service Training Program)
Program Component- Refers to the
service components of NSTP as
defined herein
Clustering- Groupings pf students
enrolled to different schools into
taking up the same NSTP component
into obe group under the management
and supervision of a designated school
Cross Enrollment - refers to a
system of enrollment whwre a student
is officially enrolled in an academic
program of an origin school but is
sllowed to enroll in the NSTP
component of another accepting
school.
Non Government Organizations
( NGO) - refers to any private
organization duly accredited by CHED
or recognized by TESDA
 Student Cadet - refers to a student
enrolled in the ROTC component.
RULE III PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
SECTION 4 COVERAGE
- All incoming students starting SY
2002-2003 enrolled in any 2 yr
techvoc or other courses are
REQUIRED to complete one NSTP
comoponent of their choice as a
graduation requirement
- All higher educational institutions
including State Universities and
Colleges (SUCs) and techvoc educ.
SECTION 5 PROGRAM
COMPONENTS
-NSTP shall have LTS, CWTS AND
ROTC
SECTION 6 DURATION AND
EQUIVALNET COURSE UNIT
- Academic period of 2 semesters. 3
units per sem for 54-90 hrs per sem.
- 1 Summer program (OSP) may also be
handle.
- Earned NSTP units shall not be
included in the computation of
GRADE POINT AVERAGE (GPA)
grades of college students
SECTION 7 CLUSTERING AND
CROSS ENROLLMENT
- Clustering of students from different
school during sem or summer period
may be done. The host school shall be
responsible in managing the program
- The school must allow any NSTP
student to cross enroll in any CHED/
TESDA
SECTION 8 MONITORING AND
EVALUATION
A. MANAGEMENT
- The school authorities shall
exercise academic and administrative
supervision.
B. MONITORING
- . An NSTP Joint Committee at
provincial, regional and national level
shall be created by Tripartite
agreement for monitoring all the
program components in the various
institutions.
Rule IV FEES AND
INCENTIVES
Section 9. Fees:
*No fees shall be collected for
any of the NSTP components except
basic tuition which should not be
more than fifty (50%) percent of the
charges of the school per academic
unit.
*The NSTP fees collected shall
constitute a Trust Fund, 70% of which
shall be used for the operation of the
Program. The remaining 30% retained
shall serve as contingency fund.
*NSTP funds derived from
NSTP-related operations shall serve as
augmentation to sustain
unprogrammed activities of the NSTP.
A. Incentives
A program of
assistance/incentives for ROTC
students shall be provided and
administered by DND, in accordance
with existing laws and regulations and
subject to the availability of funds.
B. Insurance and Protection
School authorities concerned,
CHED and TESDA shall ensure that
health and accident group insurance is
provided for students.
Schools that already provide
health and accident group insurance
and collect the necessary fees for the
purpose from their students as of the
effectively of this Rules, are deemed to
have complied with this requirement.
Effectivity of this Rules, are deemed to
have complied with this requirement.
Rule V
Graduates of ROTC
- shall form partof the Citizen
Armed Forces subject to Department
of National Defense (DND)
Graduates of Non- ROTC
- shall belong to the National
Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and
could be tapped by the state for
literacy and civic welfare activities in
times of calamities.
Rule VI
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 12. Certificate of Completion.
Certificate of Completion with
corresponding serial number issued by
CHED, TESDA or DND, shall be awarded
to students who have successfully
complied with the program
requirements.
THE MINIMUM STANDARDS
FOR NSTP IMPLEMENTATION
The revised NSTP-IRR mandates
the implementation of 25-hour
common module and 83-hour specific
module or a total of 108 hours for 2
sems focusing on the ff. topics:
1. Common Module
A. Physical Course and Orientation.
B. NSTP Program (RA9163).
C. Citizenship Training.
D. Drug Education.
E. Disaster Risk Reductions and
Management Awareness.
F. Environmental Protection.
G. Other National Security Concerns.
2. Specific Module for CWTS
A. Self-Awareness and Values Develop-
ment
B. Leadership Training
C. Dimensions of Development
D. Community exposure
E. Community Needs Assessment
F. Community Service
G. Program Evaluation
RA 7077 ( Citizen of the
Philippines )
- aims to organize, train, develop and
maintain a support unit to the armed
Forces of the PH to help protect our
country and citizens in the event of
war, invasion or rebellion, assist in
relief and rescue during disaster or
calamities.
- Graduates of ROTC component shall
form part of the Citizen Armed Force
subject to DND while graduates of
non-ROTC components shall belong
to the NSRC and could be tapped by
the State for literacy and Civic Welfare
Activities in times of calamities. The
government’s duty is to protect and
serve its citizens; the government may
require each citizen to render personal
military or civil service.
RA ACT NO. 9163 (NSTP Act of
2001)
- That the prime duty of the
government is to serve and protect its
 citizens who in turn shall also protect
and defend the state for their security
and to fulfill this, the government may
require each citizen to render
personal, military or civil service.
PHILIPPINE PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino
people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a
just and humane society, and
establish a Government that
shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony, and
secure to ourselves and our
posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy
under the rule of law and a
regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate
this Constitution.
- Serves as an introduction to our 1987
Philippine Constitution.
-It is stated that we, The Filipino
people, must live morally upright and
value our existence as one family
under God in order to develop and
uphold a just and humane society.
NATIONAL MOTTO ( RA ACT 8497
Section 40 - “Flag Heraldic Code of
the Philippines”)
- These are some of many practices
that the NSTP shall impart to the
students as the service providers and to
the community as recipient. The NSTP
shall abide by the National
Motto
“MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO,
MAKAKALIKASAN AT
MAKABANSA”
as stipulated in Section 40 of RA 8497
known as the “Flag Heraldic Code of
the Philippines.”
CHAPTER 2
GOOD GOVERNANCE
- To describe how public institutions
conduct public affairs and manage
public resources.
- Often emerges as a model to compare
ineffective economies or political
bodies with viable economies and
political bodies
- Centers on the Responsibility of
governments and giverning bodies to
meet the needs of the masses as
opposed to select groups in society.
GOVERNANCE
- Is the process of decision making and
process by which decisions are
implemented ( or not implemented)
2 Dimensions to qualify governance as
good or bad:
1. The capacity of the state
2. The Bureaucracy’s Autonomy
THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT(
LAWSON 2011)
-Corruption
-Social Trust
-Inequality in International
perspective
GOOD GOVERNANCE IN LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
 - It tries to promote more relationship
between government and
1. Empowered Citizens
2. Neighborhood Councils
3. Community Councils
1987 CONSTITUTION ARTICLE III
-Approved: Feb. 2 1987
-BILL OF RIGHTS
BILL OF RIGHTS
- Declaration and enumeration of a
person’s rights and privileges that the
Constitution is designed to protect
against violation by the government or
by an individual or groups of
individuals
- Charter or Liberties for the Individual
and limitation upon the power of the
state.
CLASSES OF RIGHTS
1. NATURAL RIGHTS
- Rights possessed by every citizen
without being granted by the state.
For they are given to man by God as a
human being created in his image so
that he may live a happy life.
- Right to life, Right to liberty, Right to
property, Right to Love.
2. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
- They are the rights that are conferred
and protected by the constitution.
Since they are part of the fundamental
law, they cannot be modified or taken
away by any law-making body.
3. STATUTORY RIGHTS
- The Rights that are provided by laws
promulgated by a law-making body;
consequently they may be abolished
by the same body.
- Right to Receive Minimum wage and
the right to adopt a child by an
unrelated person
CLASSIFICATION OF
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
1. POLITICAL RIGHTS
- Rights of the citizens that give them
the power to participate, directly or
indirectly , in the establishment or
administration of the government.
- Ex. Right of Suffrage(to vote), Right to
information on matters of public
concern
2. CIVIL RIGHTS
- Rights that the law will enforce at the
instance of private individuals for the
purpose of securing for them the
enjoyment of their means of
happiness.
Examples: the right due process and
equal protection of the law; the right of
assembly and petition; and the right to
form association.
3. Social economic rights
- rights that are intended to insure the
well-being and economic security of the
individual.
Examples: just compensation for private
property taken for public use; the
promotion of education, science and
technology, and the arts and culture.
4. Rights of the accused
- rights intended for the protection of a
person accused of any crime.
Examples: right against unreasonable
search seizure; the right against cruel,
degrading, or inhuman punishment.
Section 1. No person shall be deprived
of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be
denied the equal protection of the laws.
Meaning of due process of law
Any depreciation of life, liberty, or
property by the State is with due process
if it is done under the authority of a law
that is valid or of the Constitution itself,
and after compliance with fair reasonable
methods of procedure prescribed by law.
Aspects of due process of law
1. Procedural due process- a
procedure which hears before it
condemns, which proceeds upon inquiry,
and renders judgment only after trials.
2. Substantive due process- No
person shall be deprived of his life,
liberty, or property, for arbitrary reasons
or on flimsy grounds.
Procedural due process
1. In judicial proceedings- procedural
due process has its application in judicial
proceedings, civil or criminal.
2. In administrative proceedings- In
certain proceedings of an administrative
character, notice and hearing may be
dispensed with, where because of public
need or for practical reasons, the same is
not feasible.
Substantive due process
-Due process of law requires that the law
in question affecting life, liberty, or
property be a valid law, within the power
of the law-making body to enact and is
reasonable in its operation.
Section 2. The right of people to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers
Section 3. The privacy of
communication and correspondence
shall be inviolable except upon lawful
order of the court, or when public safety
or order requires otherwise, as
prescribed by law.
Section 4. No law shall be passed
abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble and
petition the government for redress of
grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made
respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
The right of a man to worship God,
Section 6. It is the right of a person to
have his home in whatever place chosen
by him
Section 7. The right of the people to
information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized.
Section 8. The right of the people
including those employed in the public
and private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be
taken for public use without just
compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the
obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and
quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any
person by reason of poverty.
Section 12. Any person under
investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent
Section 13. All persons, except those
charged with offenses punishable by
reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt
is strong, shall, before conviction, be bail
able by sufficient sureties, or be released
on recognizance as may be provided by
law.
Section 14. No person shall be held to
answer for a criminal
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion,
when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the
right to a speedy disposition of their
cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be
compelled to be a witness against
himself.
Section 18. No person shall be detained
solely by reason of his political beliefs
and aspirations. Section 19. Neither
shall death penalty be imposed, unless,
for compelling reasons involving heinous
crimes,
Section 20. No person shall be
imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a
poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put
in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill
of attainder shall be executed.
The Flag Code
Republic Act 8491
-refers to “An act prescribing the code of
the National Flag, Anthem, motto,Coat of
Arms and other heraldic items and
devices of the Philippines”
-known as “ The Flag and Heraldic code
of the Philippines”
-pass by the Tenth Congress of the
Philippines on its third regular session
-it declares that reverence and respect at
all times be accorded to the flag, the
anthem & other national symbols which
embody the national ideals & traditions
and which express the principles of
sovereignty and national solidarity. The
heraldic items and devices shall seek to
manifest the national virtues and to
inculcate in the minds and hearts of ur
people a just pride in their native land,
fitting respect and affection for the
national flag and anthem, and the proper
use of national motto, coat-of-arms, and
any other heraldic items and devices
(section 2).
*Important definitions found in Code*
-Military shall mean all branches of
Armed Forces of the Philippines (PNP,
Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology , BFP)
-Festoon (to hang in curved shape
between two points as decoration)
-Flag means Philippine National Flag,
unless otherwise stated
-Fly *part of the flag outside the hoist or
length
-Symbol any conventional sign that
reveals man’s achievement and heroism
(decorations / for orders), identification,
authority, and a sign of dignity (for coat
of arms, logo & insignia)
Half Mast lowering the flag to one half
the distance between the top and bottom
of staff
Hoist part of the flag nearest the staff or
the canvass to which the halyard is
attached
Inclement weather typhoon signal is
raised in the locality
National Anthem means Philippine
National Anthem
Official Residences mean
Malacañang, and any other government-
owned structures where the President
resides, and any other structures
occupied by the Philippines Consulate or
Embassies abroad
Places of Frivolty meanplaces of
hilarity marked by or providing
boisterous merriment or recreation
Institute mean the National historical
Institute
Understanding Our National Flag
- shall be blue, white and red with an
eight-rayed golden-yellow sun and three
stars that are five-pointed, as
consecrated and honored by the people.
- shall be displayed in all public
buildings, official residences, public
plazas, and institutions of learning
everyday throughout the year.
- shall be permanently hoisted, day and
night, throughout the year, in front of the
following: Emilio Aguinaldo, Shrine
Congress of the Phils., Rizal Park,
Libingan ng mga Bayani, Barasoain
Church, Rizal’s House and all other
places as may be designated byt he
Institute.
- shall also be displayed in private
buildings and residences or raised in the
open flag-staffs in front of said buildings
every.:
April 9 Araw ng Kagitingan, May 1
Labor Day, August National Heroes Day
November 30 Bonifacio Day,
November 1 All Saints Day May 28-June
12 Flag Day to Independence Day
December 30Rizal Day and on such other
days as may be declared or approved by
the President and/or local chief
executives.
The National Flag may also be raised and
displayed at sunrise and lowered at
sunset and throughout the year in the
open flagstaff in front of private
buildings. Provided, that proper flag
ceremonies be observed in accordance
with these Rules.
- shall be flow non -all naval vessels and
on merchant ships of Philippine registry,
of more than one thousand (1,000) gross
tons. Pleasure, merchant and fishing
boats or yachts are also encouraged to fly
the National Flag.
-BLUE – peace
RED – war;
- If planted on the ground, the flagpole
shall be at a prominent place and shall be
of such height as would give the. The
flagpole must not be of equal height or
higher than the Independence Flagpole
at the Rizal Park, Manila (107ft).
- When the National Flag is flown with
flag or flags of other countries, the flags
must be of equal size and on separate
staffs of the same height.
- The National Flag shall be hoisted first
and lowered last.
- When displayed with another flag, the
Philippine flag must be on the right of
the other flag. When carried in a parade
with flags, which are not national flags,
the Philippine flag shall be in front of the
center of the line.
A worn out National Flag
- should not be thrown away. Flag
Disposal Ceremony28 May 1998
- It should be burned solemnly, ashes
collected and buried. The National Flag
shall be replaced immediately when it
begins to show signs of wear and tear.
Where can our Philippine flag be
displayed?
- The National Flag may be displayed: a.
Inside and/or outside a building, on
stationary or movable flagpole, it shall be
placed at the left of the observer as one
enters the room;
-Flat against the wall vertically with the
sun and stars on top;
Hanging in a vertical position across a
street, with the blue field pointing east, if
the road is heading south or north or
pointing north if the road is heading east
or west.
How is flag-raising ceremony
conducted?
Every Monday morning, all the
government offices and educational
institutions shall observe the flag-raising
and the flag-lowering every Friday
afternoon.
The assembly shall stand in formation
facing the flag during the flag raising
ceremony.
When is the Philippine Flag flown
at half-mast?
The National Flag shall be flown at half-
mast as a sign of mourning on all the
buildings and places where it is
displayed, as provided, on the day of the
official announcement of the death of any
of the following officials:
The President or a former President, for
ten (10) days;
The Vice-President, the Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court, the President of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, for seven (7) days;
Other persons to be determined by the
Institute for any period less than seven
(7) days.
What is the Pledge of Allegiance to
the Philippine Flag?
Ako ay Pilipino
Buong katapatang nanunumpa
Sa watawat ng Pilipinas
At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag
Na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang
Maka-Diyos
Maka-tao
Makakalikasan at
Makabansa.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
Bayang magiliw
Perlas ng Silanganan,
Alab ng puso,
Sa dibdib mo’y buhay.
Lupang Hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig,
Di ka pasisiil.
Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag ang tula
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo’y
Tagumpay na nagniningning,
Ang bituin at araw niya
Kailan pa ma’y di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati’t pagsinta,
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo;
Aming ligaya, na pag may mang-aapi
Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo.
-Also known as Lupang Hinirang
-shall be always sung in national
language within or without the country
-Rendition should be sung or played
according with the musical arrangement
and composition of Julian Felipe.
What is our National Motto?
“MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO,
MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA”
What is our National Coat-of Arms?
Paleways of two pieces azure and gules; a
chief argent studded with three mullets
equidistant from each other; and, in
point of honor, ovoid argent over all the
sun rayonnant with eight minor lesser
rays. Beneath shall be the scroll with the
words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS”,
inscribed thereon.
What is our Great Seal, Official
Seals, and other Heraldic items and
Devices?
The Great Seal shall be circular in form,
with the arms as described in the
preceding section, but without the scroll
and the inscription thereon. Surrounding
the whole shall be a double marginal
circle within which shall appear the
words “Republika ng Pilipinas.” For the
purpose of placing The Great Seal, the
color of the arms shall not be deemed
essential but tincture representation
must be used. The Great Seal shall bear
the National Motto.
It shall be affixed to or place upon all
commission signed by the President.
What are the penalties in violating
RA8491?
- shall after proper notice and hearing, be
penalized as by public censure which
shall be published at least once in a
newspaper of general circulation .
- upon conviction be punished by a fine
of not less than P5,000.00 nor more
thanP20,000.00, or by imprisonment for
not more than 1 year
The Historical Underpinning of
Philippine Elections
The Electoral System
- Refer to the detailed constitutional
arrangements and voting systems that
convert the vote into a determination of
which individuals and political parties
are elected to positions of power.
1. Periodic election of officials by single-
ballot plurality vote
2. Executive and senators elected at large
3. Existence of legislative districts and
local government units
4. Electorate: duly registered citizens 18
years of age and above
Pre-Colonial Philippines
*No elections for ruling authorities
*Government was based more on
intangibles
– Kinship
– Customs/Traditions
– Favors
– Unwritten laws
Colonial Government
*In colonizing the Philippines, Spain
effectively formalized and modernized
government rule
*To be able to administer the colony
effectively, the colonial government
created pockets of local authority across
the country
American Colonial Rule
*American colonial rule set the
foundation for elections in the
Philippines
*Government institutions and the
electoral system were patterned after the
American system
*Filipinos could run for public office in a
limited capacity
Commonwealth
*Introduced a more accommodating
electoral system
*Over time, Philippine elections were
dominated by a single-party
*Creation of the COMELEC to oversee
the conduct of elections
MARTIAL LAW was imposed in
response to a growing communist
insurgency and a rising Muslim
militancy in Mindanao.
The 1973 Constitution
*Consolidation of power under Martial
Rule
*Less electoral safeguards – Weakening
of the powers of the COMELEC – Lack of
checks and balances within the electoral
system
The Filipino Party System
I. American Colonial Rule
a. Initial dominance of Federal Party
- Party that advocates Philippine
statehood within the US.
B. Rise and subsequent
preponderance of the Nacionalista Party
-alliance between diff.
Groups to promote Philippine
independence
2. Postwar Period
a. Split of liberal party from nacionalista
party
-encouraged by americans to avoid single
party leadership
3. Martial Law
-prevention on political institutions
-rise of Kilusang Bagong Lipunan as
dominant political party
-birth of regional political parties
PHILIPPINE POLITICAL PARTIES
a. multiparty system
-it contains representatives from more
one social, cultural or economic group/
ethnic or religious minority group
-independence in 1898 they stick to
western style of democracy
-Philippines has most democratic and
liberal society in asia.
The 1988 People Power Revolution
In 1986, the Philippines launched the so-
called people-power movement, inspiring
some other countries in a nonviolent
revolution.
President Marcos was forced to call an
election that resulted in his eventual
overthrow during 1986.
President Corazon Aquino was victorious
but was never confirmed electorally.
Instead, massive public support and the
loss of military leadership placed her into
the Presidency.
A new constitution was enacted, and the
country returned to its normal political
condition.
Election
What is election?
What are the different types of
electoralexercise?
Regular election Special Election
National Plebiscite
Local Referendum
Barangay Initiative
ARMM Recall
Sangguniang Kabtaan
(SK)
Suffrage- the right to cast a vote in
public elections, and it also includes the
right to be voted in public office.
Types of Suffrage
1. Plebiscite- refers to the process by
which a certain question is put to a
popular vote for approval or rejection
2. Elections- refers to the expression of
choice
3. Initiatives- Involve a process by
which the electorate directly proposes or
passes needed lays or programs without
going through the hassles of the
legislative department.
4. Referendum- refers to when a
question or law or part of it is submitted
to the electoral body for its approval or
rejection.
5. Recall- is the process of removing an
incumbent officer from his/her position
before the expiration of his/her term of
office by a vote of the people.
The three instruments that Embody
the Human Rights to Vote
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights-article 21
1. Everyone has the right to take part in
the government of his country, directly or
through freely chosen representatives
2. Everyone has the right to equal access
to public service in his country.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution-
Article V Section 1 and 2 of then 1987
Philippine Constitution
Every citizen shall have the right and the
opportunity without unreasonable
restrictions:
Different Kinds of Elections
1. General Election – held
simultaneously on the same day for all
national and local offices
2. National Elections – elections for
national officials, like the President, Vice
President, and members of Congress.
3. Local Elections – for the offices in
the provinces, cities, and municipalities.
4. Special Elections – determined by
the Congress in the date different from
that of a regular elections, like the
baranggay elections and the SK elections,
and when there exists a vacancy in an
elective office
Prescribed Qualifications To
exercise Suffrage
1. A citizen of the Republic of the
Philippines; citizen refers to both natural
and naturalized Filipino;
2. At least 18 years of age on the day of
election;
3. A resident of the Republic of the
Philippines for at least a year, and in the
place they are prescribed to vote for at
least six (6) months immediately
preceding the election; and
4. A registered voter as prescribed by
law.
Election Process
1. Registration
a. Registration Day
b. Revision Day (Revision of List of
Voters)
c. List of Voters
2. Election Day
a. Casting of Votes
b. Counting of Votes
c. Preparation of Election Returns and
any Other Reports
d. Distribution of Election Returns
3. Canvassing and Proclamation
a. Board of Canvassers
b. Proclamation of Winning Candidates
c. Board of Canvassers
d. Proclamation of Winning Candidates
e. Board of Canvassers
f. Proclamation of Winning Candidates
Voters Registration
Registration- refers to the act of
accomplishing and filling of a sworn
application for registration by a qualified
voter.
*We should register to have the
opportunity to choose our leaders.
*Just like in text voting, we get heard and
counted.
Requirements for registration
1. A Filipino citizen
2. At least 18 years old
3. A resident of the Philippines for one
year and of the city or municipality
wherein he proposes to vote for at least
six months immediately preceding the
election
Validation of registration- a process
wherein fingerprints of the voter are
captured electronically at no expense to
the voter.
We should register in COMELEC office
We should validate our registration in
Barangay office.
The Comelec
1. Chairman – 7 years term without
reappointment
2. Commissioners – 3 members shall
hold the office for 7 years, 2 members for
5 years and the last for 3 years without
reappointment
The COMELEC chairman and
commissioners shall be appointed by the
President with the consent if the
Commission on Appointment.
Ministerial
1. To enforce and administer all laws and
regulations
Reportorial
To submit to the President and the
Congress a comprehensive report on the
conduct of each election, plebiscite,
initiative, referendum or recall.
Recommendatory
1. To recommend to Congress the
enactment of effective measures to
minimize election spending to prevent
and penalize all forms of election fraud,
offenses and malpractices
2. To recommend to the President the
removal of any officer or employee
Election in the Philippines
‘The Philippines is a republican and
democratic state. Sovereignty resides in
the people and all government authority
emanates from them.” “
1. We elect our officials directly
2. Officials serve for fixed terms
3. Officials are directly accountable to the
people
The Government
Executive (Action Oriented)
1. Implements programs and projects
2. Monitors programs and projects
3. Provides basic services
4. Performs ceremonial functions
4. at least 40 yrs old on the date of
election; resident of Philippines for at
least 10 years immediately preceding the
election : President
5. at least 35 years of age on date of
election, resident of Philippines at least 2
years preceding the election: Vice-
President
6. At least 23 years old on the date of
election: Member of House
Representative
7. A registered voter in which he shall be
elected, except party list representatives;
and a resident of the district for a period
no less than 1 year preceding the
election: Member of House
Representative
8. a resident of the Philippines for a
period no less than 1 year immediately
preceding the election: Party List
Nominee
9. At Least 25 years old on the day of
election: Party List Nominee
10. A bonafide member of the party he
seeks to represent for at least 90 days
preceding the Election Day and A
nominee shall come from the
disadvantaged group of citizens which
are organized and duly registered to
COMELEC: Party List Nominee
Responsibilities
President:
a. To faithfully and conscientiously fulfill
his/her duties as president
b. to preserve and defend the
constitution
c. to execute its laws
d. to do justice to every man
Congressman:
a. To make laws and pass resolutions
Our voting practices;
1. Voting by popularity
2. Vote buying
The Politics of Patronage
1. When candidate of political party wins
an election , the newly elected official has
the right to appoint certain numbers of
person to jobs in government
2. This essence of patronage system a.k.a.
Spoils system
Political Dynasty:
Dynasty- line of hereditary rulers of a
country;
succession of people from the same
family who plays in prominent role
What are political dynasties?
1. We have about 250 political dynasties
(families) have dominated Philippines
both local and international (who have
monopolized political power as political
families the past 30 years and more)
Good Examples of Challenges to
Political Dynasty.
1. Grace Padaca
-twice defeated the Dy Family Dynasty in
Isabela for Governor position
2. Fr Ed Panlilio
-defeated the machineries and money
politics of two most powerful allies
President Gloria Arroyo who came from
Pampanga; Lilia Pineda (former Lubao
 mayor whose husband is known as for law abiding Filipinos, deciding for the
jueteng king of the country) good of many, and someone who do
3. Grace Padaca not accept bribe and serves as an
-radio announcer who became an example to eradicate corruption in
alternative candidate by people’s their area.
organizations, civic & NGO in the
province, trounced the Dy dynasty for the
position of governor. Dy Dynasty
patriarch is former Isabela Governor I-NTEGRITY
Faustino Dy Sr. whose five sons used to -someone’s who’s not perfect but
monopolize all provincial positions. accountable to those he leads, walk
should match his talk & public image &
PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE: must not be a result of media makeover
HOUSES OF PRIVILEGE and have solid character of
1. Landlord-dominated legislature righteousness. Person who looks for
(historically) positive solutions to problems
2. Real-estate developers, bankers, without promoting themselves.
stockbrokers, businessmen and Take responsibility and don’t
professionals blame predecessors when it comes to
3. In Senate and House of wrong decision making.
representatives, there have been movie
and media celebrities.

POLITICAL FAMILY IN CONGRESS G-IFTEDNESS

1. Political families dominated Congress for Should have the capabilities and
more than a century strengths to carry their duties
2. intermarriages, business partnerships successfully in order to serve on desire
position.
etc.
H-EART
THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL -Most important characteristic of both
DYNASTY RULE ON PHILIPPINE leaders and citizens of a country. Have
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT the heart for God, for people specially the
1. Distort governance. Make a sham of nation. Genuine change should start
democratic governance from inside to outside

WHAT QUALITIES WE SHOULD LOOK T-RACK RECORD

FOR? -track record on how they enter politics
R-ighteous Governance and how they have proven themselves
I-ntegrity along the way.
G-iftedness If they have all the “RIGHT” qualities
H-eart then you should vote and support them.
T-rack Record
Value of your vote? (priceless)
R-IGHTEOUS GOVERNANCE 1.equal chance to vote ;rich or poor
-how they decide on issues, how he leads 2.guaranteed opportunity to participate
his family constituents, decisions that
promote justice and righteousness, peace
THE CORE VALUES OF NSTP
 -Values are caught not taught, you catch
them by seeing them lived.
-come from the latin word “valere”
-Defined as any object, activity, or
frame of a mind of a person that
considers to be important to someone’s
life.
-Unlike attitude, values comes in as a list
of priorities
-Values taken together is called “value
system”
-Corporate culture means system of
values shared in any place or
organization
-Values education is founded on a sound
of philosophy of the human person with
all its philosophical ramifications and
implications
-The system and overarching value that
characterizes education is HUMAN
DIGNITY.
THE MEANING OF A MAN AS A
PERSON
- The term person can be exclusively
attached to a human being since not all
people are considered human beings and
vice versa.
- Personalism is a study of man as a
person-unique, a who, a self never alone
in his existence.
- Personhood (pagkatao)- People need
people (no man is an island),individual
unique personhood.
- LOVE OF GOD, OF ONESELF, OF
NEIGHBOR, AND OF COUNTRY.
Individual differences, responsibilities,
relationships and involvements are to be
lived and work to be performed.
1. MAKA DIYOS (PAGIGING MAKA-
VALUES COME FROM EARLY
CHILDHOOD (parents, government,
school,church, environment)
CORE AND RELATED VALUES
VALUES THAT EVERYONE SHOULD
HAVE AND NURTURE
1. Physical- health physical fitness,
cleanliness, harmony with material, art,
universe.
2. Intellectual-truth, knowledge, creative
and critical thinking.
3. Moral- love, integrity, honesty, self-
worth, self-esteem, personal discipline)
4. Spiritual- spirituality or faith in God
5. Social, Family, Society (social
responsibility)
6. Economic -economic efficiency such as
thriftiness
7. Political (nationalism, commitment,
bayanihan loyalty to country
“THE REINVIGORATION OF THE
NATIONAL SPIRIT MUST TAKE PLACE
IN THE GRASS ROOTS IN EVERY CITY,
TOWN AND BARRIO IN THE
PHILIPPINES AND MUST START ON
OUR OWN PEOPLE”
LIFE TAKES NEW MEANING WHEN
WE GIVE OURSELVES TO OTHERS.
GOOD CITIZEN VALUES
WHAT IS A GOOD FILIPINO
CITIZEN?
Someone who plays active and intelligent
role in the community.
Fulfills duties and obligations in society
& government
Has respect, courtesy,consideration for
elders and others
Observes punctuality, promptness and
good moral conduct
The Filipino values presented in the
preamble have been simplified and
categorized into following
DIYOS)- It doesnt matter whatever
religion you belong what’s important is
your faith and the fulfillment of your
duty and commandments.
 2. MAKA-TAO (Pagkamakatao)- Bob
Ong says that love means so much to us
and love is the answer to our questions
to our trying times.
3.MAKA-BAYAN(Pagkamaka-
bansa)
Unity- “Equality- Respect for law
and government rule of law- Patriotism,
conserve and develop our patrimony-
Common good-
2. MAKA-KALIKASAN (Pagkamaka-
kalikasan)
Concern for the environment is to
prepare our future generation to have
clean air to breathe, clean water to drink,
clean river to swim, clean ocean to
experience adventure, and a healthy life
that is worth living.
CHAPTER 3 DRUG ADDICTION
Introduction
Drug addiction has been a
perennial problem in our country. It has
increased immensely despite the efforts
undertaken by the national government.
Drug addiction alters an individuals’
future as it restrains ones goals or
aspiration in life.
Drug Addiction is considered an
intricate disease---and no good
intentions or strong will could prevent
somebody from stopping. One should
understand that drugs alter the way
people think, so it makes quitting hard
for them.
The Concept of Drug Addiction--- Its
Sign and Symptoms
Many people misguidedly view drug
abuse as a social problem that
characterizes those who take drugs as
MORALLY WEAK , but the TRUTH is
drugs alter people’s brains to intesify the
abuse of these substances.
Drug Addiction is a condition
characterized by an overwhelming desire
to continue taking a drug to which one
has become habituated through repeated
consumption because it produces a
particular effect, usually an alteration of
mental status.
- bring back their productive lives
through scientific approaches.
Signs and Symptoms of Drug Use
1. Sudden change in behaviour
2. Mood Swings: Irritable and grumpy
and then suddenly happy and bright
3. Withdrawal from family members
4. Careless about personal grooming
5. Loss of interest in hobbies, sports and
any other favourite activities
6. Changed sleeping pattern: up at night
and sleeping during day
7. Red or glassy eye
8. Sniffy or runny nose
Effects, signs and symptoms of specific
drug use:
Methamphetamine
-is a powerfully addictive stimulant that
dramatically affects the central nervous
system.
- Methamphetamine comes in many
forms and can be smoked, snorted, orally
ingested or injected. The user
experiences an intense rush or “flash”
and describe as extremely pleasueable.
-Snorting or oral ingestion produces
EUPHORIA - a high but not an intense
rush.
- effects of this is characterized by
“Wired”-sleeplessness for days and weeks
at a time
- Abusers have symptoms includes
violent behavior, anxiety , confusion and
insomnia
Short-Term Effects: D. Acting abnormally friendly
A. Increased attention E. Dancing for long periods
B. Decreased fatigue
C. Increased activity Changes in Reaction:
D. Decreased appetite A. Overly sensitive to music or lights
E. Euphoria and rush B. Exaggerated Pleasure from touch
F. Increased respiration C. Dulled Pain
G .Hyperthermia
D. Physical Changes
Long-Term Effects: E. Nausea
A. Dependence F. Chills
B. Addiction and psychosis
C. Paranoia G. Sweating
D. Hallucinations H. Blurred Vision
E. Mood disturbances I. Dilated Pupils
F. Repetitive motor activity J. Muscle Cramps
G. Stroke K. Tight, Clenched Jaw
H. Weight loss L. Overheating and Collapse

Medical Complications: 3. COCAINE

Methamphetamine can cause a variety of
cardiovascular problems. These include
rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeat,
increased blood pressure, and
irreversible, stroke-producing
damage to small blood vessels in the
brain.
2. ECSTACY
- which also known as MDMA, is
modification of methamphetamine and
has some similar effects to that drug. It is
immediately a stimulant, but its
stimulating effects can increase to
dangerous levels.
Effects:
Changes in mental and
physical stimulation, such as altered
perception of sound, light and touch;
stimulation of physical energy with
related decrease in appetite and increase
in body temperature.
Signs and Symptoms:
Changes in activities:
A. High levels of stimulation
B. Unusual levels of energy
C. Long hours awake
- also known as coke. A strong
stimulant mostly used as a recreational
drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled as
smoke, or as a solution injected into a
vein.
- If a person is abusing powdered
cocaine and he does not want anyone to
know he may disappear to use the drug
and then return in a very different mood.
- Traces of white powder around a
person’s nose is also a sign of cocaine use
- When a person has been using cocaine
for a long period of time, he is likely to
suffer physical and mental deterioration
Effects: Impaired thinking, confusion,
anxiety, depression, short-temperedness.
Signs and Symptoms:
A. Appearance- dilated pupils, Runny
nose, nosebleeds, track marks, burned
lips.
B. Heart- fast heart rate, constricted
blood vessels, enlarged heart, heart
attacks.
C. Mental State- euphoria,
overconfidence, unusual excitement,
aggressiveness.
D. After Long Use or a Binge-
Depression, Agitation, Intense craving,
need for higher doses, apathy,
exhaustion, long periods of sleep.
4. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
-also known as acid, is a psychedelic
drug known for its psychological effects.
Effectsof LSD abuse : Dilated pupils, skin
discoloration, loss of coordination, false
sense of power.
- LSD Abuse are so distinctive,
making it easier for parents or loved ones
to detect this type of drug abuse.
- Going through the experience of
using LSD is called a “trip”
- “Badtrips” - the person becomes
frightened and panicky
- LSD trip may last long as 12 hrs.
Physical Signs:
A. Dilated Pupils
B. Salivation or Dry Mouth
C. Tingling Fingers or toes
D. Weakness
E. Negative effect including emotional
stress
F. Dizziness, nausea, rapid heart rate,
convulsion
G. Sweating or chills
H. Blurred vision, inability to perform
tasks
5. Phencyclidine (PCP)
- also known as angel dust among
any other names.
- Is a DISSOCIATIVE DRUG
- It is brought to market in the 1950s
as an aesthetic pharmaceutical drug but
taken off in the market in 1965
- Pressurized gases are concentrated
and breathed in via Nose or Mouth to
produce INTOXICATION called getting
high
Effects: Sometimes violent or bizarre
behaviour, paranoia, fearfulness, anxiety,
aggression, acting, withdrawn, skin
flushing, sweating, dizziness, total
numbness, and impaired perceptions.
6. HEROIN
- also known as diamorphine among
other names
-is an opioid most commonly used as
recreational drug for its euphoric effects.
- is an illegal and highly addictive
drug.
- Typically sold as a white or
brownish powder or as the black sticky
substance known on the streets as “black
tar heroin”.
- Immediate effect is chemically
enforced EUPHORIA - a dreamlike state
similar to sleep.
- It is usually
injected!sniffed/snorted or smoked.
- INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
provides the greatest intensity and rapid
euphoria
- INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
provides a relatively slow onset of
euphoria.
- Heroin abuse during pregnancy can
have a effect of miscarriage and
premature delivery. Child have greater
risk of SIDS ( Sudden infant death
syndrome)
- Special risk of contracting HIV/
AIDS and Hepatitis B and C
Short term effects:
▪ Rush
▪ Depressed respiration
▪ Clouded mental functioning
▪ Nausea and vomiting
▪ Suppression of pain
▪ Spontaneous abortion
Long term effects:
▪ Addiction
▪ Infectious Disease (AIDS)
▪ Collapsed veins
▪ Bacterial Infections
▪ Infection of heart lining and valves
▪ Arthritis and rheumatologic
problems
7.MARIJUANA
- a psychoactive drug from the
cannabis plant intended for medical or
recreational use from the cannabis plant.
- One of the psycho active part of
cannabis
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC)
- Cannabis can be used by smoking,
vaporizing, within food or as an extract.
- Effect to mind
irritability,stomach pain, affression and
anxiety
Special Signs: Loud and rapid laughter at
early stages of intoxications, Sleepy or
stuporous in the late stages, Lack of
concentration and coordination,
Forgetfulness in conversation,
Inflammation of white eyes, Craving for
sweets, Increased appetite.
Effects:
Faster heartbeat and pulse rate,
Bloodshot eyes, Dry mouth and throat.
8. Depressants (Tranquilizers and
Barbiturates)
- Drugs that lower
neurotransmission levels to depress or
reduce arousal or stimulation in various
areas of the brain.
- Depressants are also reffered to as
“downers”
Signs:
• Memory may be poor
• Speech may be slurred
• Coordination may be off
• Pupils are dilated
• The person may be depressed,
tired, aggressive, agitated, paranoid, or
suicidal.
• There may be headaches
Current Philippine Situation on Drug
Addiction
The Philippine current drug
situation has turned into an outbreak
with an astounding 1.7 million drug users
as of 2008 but now down to 1.3 million
users as of 2012.
is - The rampant drug choice in the
Philippines considering its cheap price
and effortless procurement is shabu or
methamphetamine.
is - Accdng to UN report as of 2012, PH
had the highest rate of
methamphetamine abuse in East Asia.
Ages 16-64 are using it. And also
marijuana.
Treatment of Drug Addiction in the
Philippines
- The Drug User himself or his family,
should obtain a referral form for a Drug
Dependancy Examination (DDE) to
determine the level of drug use of the
drug user.
-After the DDE, the family or drug
dependent can decide where to have
Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation.
-If 1-3rd levels - can avail themselves of
out-patient services such as counseling
- if 4th-5th levels a certification
together with some requirements should
be submitted to the legal affairs division
of DDB
- If minor or has pending case in
court - he or she together with the
guardian must secure a Certification of
Suspended Sentence from RTC where the
case is filed.
DDB - Dangerous Drugs board
DDE - Drug Dependency Examination
CSRU - Central screening and Referral
Unit
RTC - Regional Trial Court
PAO - Public Attorney’s office
Republic act of No. 9165
The comprehensive dangerous drugs act
of 2002
- RA 6425 or the Dangerous Drugs
Act of 1972 had been the heart and soul
of enforcement in the PH.
- During the term of President
Arroyo, a New law was enacted repealing
RA 6425. Signed into law on June 7 2002
and took effect on July 4, 2002
- Defines supplementary actions for
the national anti-drug campaign and at
the same time imposes heavier penalties
to wrongdoers.
- Salient features of RA 9165 Is the
reorganization of the system of drug law
enforcement.
- Philippine Drug Enforcement
Agency (PDEA) will serve as the
implementing arm of the Dangerous
Drug Board.
Role of the Youth on Drug Detection and
Prevention
- it is important to impart awareness
among them on the ill effects of drug use.
- The youth’s main role is for them to
act as role models, become well informed
on the appalling effects of drugs on their
lives and contribute to the dispersion of
awareness for other’s education.
National Council on Alcoholism and
Drug Dependence (NCADD) ten tips for
the prevention of drug use among the
youth :
1.) Don’t be afraid to say no
2.) Connect with your friends and
avoid negative peer pressure
3.) Make connection with your parents
or other adults
4.) Enjoy life and do what you love
5.) Follow the family rules about
alcohol and drugs
6.) Get educated about alcohol and
drugs.
7.) Be a role model and set a positive
example
8.) Plan ahead
9.) Speak out take control
10.) Get help!
The value of youth participation to
eradicate drugs problems:
• Moral and characters are developed
• Youth listen to youth
• Sharing with others becomes a
foundation for a good adult life
• A direct reflection of what young people
and needs helps.
Campaigns and advocacies against drug
addiction:
1.) Barkada kontra droga
- To enlist the participation of more-
in and out-of-school youth, and
eventually organize them into a
movement of young people who are a
catalyst within their peer groups in
advocating s healthy, drug free lifestyle.
2.) National youth congress on drug
abuse prevention and control
- this annual 3 day live in congress is
designed to provide an open and
comfortable atmosphere for fun, real
work and innovative strategic planning to
address the drug problem in the
respective localities of the youth
participants.
3.) Drug abuse resistance education
(DARE) Program
- is being enhanced to complement the
implementation of NDEP. This offers a
variety of activity oriented techniques
which are designed to encourage student-
generated responses to problem-solving
situations specifically on drug abuse.
Collab with the PNP.
4.) Kids against drugs program
- Participates in the annual
celebration of the Children’s Month
every october.
- Conducts the kids against drugs
program, a primary prevention activity
that aims to inculcate the skills of “Saying landslide-prone slopes, and seismic
No” to children. zones.
- 3. Capital development- destruction of
5.) National Drug Education Program marshes by real estate developers.
(NDEP) 4. Man-made destruction, for example
- entails five components curriculum deforestation, that lessens ecosystem
and instruction, cocurricular and resilience to disaster; and
ancillary services, teacher and staff 5. Growing poverty, which means
development, parent education and more lives in increasingly substandard
community outreach, and research, housing (i.e., not-typhoon-resistant).
evaluation & monitoring. DISASTERS
- To enable all sectors work 1. Natural Disasters
collaboratively a. Earthquakes/tsunamis
b. Landslides
6.) Drug Abuse Prevention Program for c. Typhoons
the transport Groups. d. Floods
-This is a primary prevention activity e. Drought
involving the public transport groups f. Volcanic eruptions
designed to ensure the safety.
2. Human-Made Disasters
7.) Nationwide Caravan of youth against a. Air and water pollution (“red tide”)
drugs b. Industrial accidents (“oil spills”)
- Aims to intensify youth empowerment c. Fire
efforts to zero-in on drug abuse. d. Civil disturbances
e. War
CHAPTER 4 DISASTER f. Poverty
MANAGEMENT g. Bomb threats
h. Accidents, like transport, nuclear,
Natural disasters are inevitable, however,
or biological
with modern technology; we could
prepare and minimize the damage that it
3. Categories of Severity
will cause to our lives and properties.
a. Accident (individual)
Human-made disasters can be prevented
b. Emergency (Limited)
if the community is more careful and
c. Disaster (widespread)
oriented properly on what they can do in
d. Catastrophe (collapse)
time of crises
According, to the United Nations
KEY CONCEPTS THAT CAN BE
Disasters Relief Office (UNDRO), there is
HELPFUL
an increasing number of people who are
1. Risk. The probability that the disaster
affected by disasters all over the world.
will occur.
In the Philippines, poor communities are
2. Hazard. The specific nature of a threat
the ones that suffer most damages
3. Vulnerability. The inability to
brought about by disasters and
withstand, protects oneself, or recovers
calamities.
rapidly from a potentially damaging
There are five reasons for this:
event.
1. Rapid population growth.
4. Prevention. Measures designed to
2. Concentration of populations in
avert a potential hazard
high risk areas, like floodplains,
5. Preparedness. Measures that ensure
an effective disaster response
6. Mitigation. Measures that reduce the 3. Established lines of communication
harmful effects of a disaster (physical, organizational)
7. Response. Action taken in aftermath of 4. Established data collection points
a disaster to assist victims and to 5. Established format of reporting
rehabilitate society (forms, exercise)
6. Established
SITUATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES confirmation/verification procedures
1. Poverty and Marginalization 7. Established authority for releasing
a. Malnutrition reports.
b. Poor health
c. Inadequate basic services: water, RELIEF
sanitation, drainage, light, education OPERATIONS(PREPAREDNESS/ORGA
d. Unemployment, low wages NIZATION)

2. Resource Depletion 1. Disaster times are emergency

a. Forest denudation situations, so during these times, certain
b. Soil erosion operational qualities of the key players
c. Genetic erosion are needed:
d. Marine pollution a. Cool and unbiased assessment:
e. Agrochemicals analysis of reporting (Who is reliable? Is
f. Air and water pollution this information convincing? Has it been
These factors can lead to the following: verified?)
1. Human-Made Disasters b. Swift and decisive action:
a. Flood knowledge of resources, procedures,
b. Civil war coordination.
2. Natural Forces c. Balanced response
a. Typhoons (more than 20 year) d. Leadership (faster, better, leading,
b. Drought (rainfall dependent or not restrictive)
monsoon winds) e. Discipline for operational reliability
c. Torrential rains with flooding f. Resource management
d. Earthquakes (The Philippines being g. Rehabilitation already
one of the most active fault lines in the envisaged/planned
world h. Planning already accomplished
e. Volcanic terrain (23 active volcanoes)
ASSESSMENT/REPORTING ON 2. Food relief: is it necessary? Relief is
PREPAREDNESS the enemy of rehabilitation. It can
destroy self-sufficiency, neighbourhood
The need for preparedness in damage relations, self-help initiative, eating
assessment and reporting involves: habits, agriculture, and marketing
channels.
1. Knowledge of pre-disaster Four ways in which food relief can be
situations distributed:
2. Capability to assess: a. General food distribution
a. Medical/ nutritional situation b. Mass feeding
b. Agricultural situation c. Supplementary feeding (schools,
c. Infrastructure situation hospitals, evacuation centers)
d. Structural stability d. Intensive or therapeutic feeding
e. Relief operation capabilities (hospitals, etc., only)
3. Food for work: experience show -likely damage and disruption must be
that people do not want to be parasites. assessed.
Food-for-work programs offer a dignified -human needs must be anticipated.
way by which disaster victims can help c. Mitigation measures must be in place.
themselves. -structural mitigation measures must be
built.
REHABILITATION VICTIMS/ -nonstructural mitigation measures
CONSTRUCTTION AND EMERGENCYT required must be instituted.
PREPARATIONS d. Preparedness system must be in
*TO RESTORE ESSENTIAL PUBLIC readiness.
ACTIVITIESAnd SERVICES, -all parties should be in a state of
communities NEED TO TAP ALL readiness.
RESOURCES. -a focal point for preparedness must
*PLANS SHOULD INCLUDE exist.
REHABILITATION -a management system for emergency
*WITH OR WITHOUT DISASTERS, response must be in place.
COMMUNITIES STILL NEED TO PLAN -plans must exist, and planning occurs
AND ACTIVITIES FOR LONG TERM regularly.
-training and practice must be routine.
DISASTER PREVENTION AND -effective warning systems must be on
MITIGATION alert.
*MEASURES NEED TO BE DRAWN -authorities and public must be fully
THESE INCLUDE FORMULATION AND informed.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LONG TERM
POLICIES AND PROGRAMS. 2. EFFECTIVE WARNING MESSAGE
- Drills and shelters for times of disaster A. Clear, simple language
are also needed. B. Consistent content
C. Convincing
ACTIVITIES THAT MAY MINIMIZE D. Community- (or site) specific –
THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS includes clearly stated precautions and
1. Identification of areas most prone action.
to typhoons and some other calamities; E. Information on technical
2. Display and teaching of structural consequences
improvements F. Repetitiveness
3. Preparation of educational
materials;
4. Community systems; and 3. Land-Use Planning (Risk Zoning).
5. Media liaison. Communities need:
a. Surveys of mountainsides,
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS riverbanks, coastal areas for their
1. Principles suitability as housing sites, farming,
a. The risk must be known. mining, and any other productive
-Potential hazards must be identified. activities
-Incidence of hazard occurrence must be b. Rational plans for urban centers,
calculated. showing industrial sites.
-Secondary risks must be identified. c. Identification of areas for
b. vulnerability must be known reforestation, forest preservation, and
- who and what are at risk must be some other nature conservation
determined. measures
d. Building codes regulating height,
type of materials, and any other
specification for structures, particularly
in risk areas
4. Public Awareness
A. Mitigation Awareness. When risk is
high but perception/ preparedness is
low, people need technical applications
about causes, possible effects, and
mitigating strategies.
B. Preparedness awareness.When a
risk is imminent, the community needs
detailed explanation of what is going to
happen and how, and what not to do.
C. Emergency Response
Awareness.After the disaster has struck,
people need to know what to do next.
CHAPTER 5
ENVIRONMENTAL
AWARENESS AND
PROTECTION
Life
perceived to be immediate or close to
humanity
significance is easily recognized and
understood
“lived in no other place but the world”
“lived only in the world”
World – implies a space between man
and life
Life and Nature – one and same
Humans
hold the key to viable solutions
confronting the problems of survival
part of ecosystem
Awareness – preliminary step in fighting
for the world’s survival
Climate Change
-most pressing environmental issue
- EL NIÑO - hotter days and nights.
fatal and damaging typhoons with
occasional And phenomenal windstorms
- LA NIÑA - event causes havoc
because of intense and heavy downpours
resulting in floods and landslides.
solutions: energy supply; energy
generation; energy-efficiency adaptation;
energy schemes and technologies; using
solar, wind and any nature-based
technologies
Deforestation
destruction of vast areas of forest
through forestry practices, clearing and
wood overexploitation without planting
for new growth
- though illegal logging tagged as the
eventual culprit in this issue. seen as a
trickle down effect of the increase in
consumption.
- Mining- another cause of deforestation
- endangered species have lost natural
habitats
Philippines has highest deforestation
rates.
demands for mineral, oil and other
resources
exposure to toxic wastes caused by
improper disposals and biodiversity
destruction
Forest – provide life for humanity;
sustain them is to endow a safe haven for
generations
Green cover – reduced globally causing
damages to ecosystems and climate
Waste Management
- problems of consumption and rapidly
growing population
- major source of concern; shift reuse or
recycle method
- change in perspective and in lifestyle is
needed
- solutions: educating the vast majority of
population regarding proper waste
disposal
Garbage Segregation – is one of the most
practical solutions proposed.
- biodegradable and nonbiodegradable
Landfill Sites – not enough to combat
waste management; create more serious
health and environmental issues
Water – primary and most consumed
commodity; 2% is pure and fit; life; flows
find no boundary and limit; gives life to
man but repays it with death

Water Scarcity
Water - is the primary and most
consumed commodity in the world.
Water Scarcity - unavailability of water
resources
- access to potable water
Rainfalls – alternative water source
Rain – harmful levels of sulfur and
nitrogen oxide causing acid rain
Acidity – measured using pH Scale
- 7 = neutral, greater than 7 = alkaline,
below than 5.6 = acid precipitation
Waterborne diseases – prevalent
nowadays, bacteria that can transmitted
through untreated water
Industry – produce concentrated and
toxic wastes contribute to pollution
Ecological System/Ecosystem
– result from interaction of abiotic, biotic
and cultural components
- made up of many smaller ecosystems
- interlocked through cycles of energy
and chemical elements
- causes of collapse: natural calamities
and man-made activities
- taken for aesthetic values
Abiotic – air, water, rocks and energy
Biotic – plants, animals and
microorganisms
Endangered Species – extinction in the
population of organisms by changing
environmental or predation parameters
Energy and matter – flow through
ecosystems is regulated by complex
interactions of various elements in
nature
Extinction of endangered species and
ecosystems destruction affects no less
human existence.
Here are some alarming statistics
regarding the state of Philippine tropical
iodiversity:
Tropical Diversity
A. 5% coral reefs retain; 75 – 100% live
coral cover
B. Forest rate decline by 1.9%
C. Half of 1, 100 terrestrial vertebrates
are endemic
D. 45 – 60% vascular plants are endemic
E. 1988 = 43 birds were threatened; 1994
= 86 species were threatened; 2006 = 69
species were threatened
F. 2006 – almost half of 156 marine-
protected areas were good to excellent
G. Publications on biodiversity were
doubled in 2 decades
H. 1998 = 13 crocodiles killed in San
Mariano; 2003 = 3 crocodiles killed
I. 1998 – 1999 = 20 cockatoos observed;
2005 = hundreds were observed
J. 1994 = 10, 000 tamaraws (wild
buffalo); to date = 250 tamaraws remain
K. 1930 = 10, 000 eagles; Due to
deforestation = 63 – left, 16 – captivity,
47 – spotted in the wild
Plant Diversity
A. There are 8, 000 flowering plants
species; 1/8 = orchid; 9/10 = can be
found anywhere
B. Philippines, rank 2 among 10
botanical hotspot areas
C. 23rd most plant species in the world;
7th in Asia region; Hotspots – with high
species endemism; experiencing rapid
rates of habitat loss
D. Forest Conversion uses is 3, 000 sq.
km.
E. In Palawan – 1, 500 flowering plants;
225 or 15% are endemic
Government – enacted salient laws citing
different government agencies to act in
accordance with environmental planning
Executive Order 579
Green Philippines Programs; signed on
Nov. 30 by GMA
- aims to encourage the formulation and
implementation of Green Philippines
Program.
Go Green Philippines – environmental
program that aims to revitalize
Philippine ecosystem; preservation of
Philippine natural resources through 3R
(Recycle, Replenish, Revitalize)
NSTP students must:
• Taking back forest and replenish
fallen trees
• Beautifying barangays and cities
• Build parks and recreation areas
• Purifying water
• Cleaning industrial sites
Recycle – continuing natural resources
Replenish – what is used to use what has
been replenished
Revitalize – nature and breathe new life
to communities
Republic Act 9512
National Environmental Awareness and
Education (NEAE) Act of 2008; integrate
environmental education in school
curricula
Environmental Education – strengthen the capacity of the national
environmental laws, state of
international and local environment,
local environment best practices, threats
of environmental degradation and
impact, citizenry’s responsibility to
environment, value of natural resources
and environment
Section 3- covers theoretical and
practicum modules
Section 4- inclusion of environmental
education and awareness programs in
NSTP as part of CWTS for 2 years
Section 5- Environmental Awareness
Month – November
1. DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DENR, DOST
– implement environmental protection
in education and awareness programs
2. DENR – informing all agencies on
environmental updates
3. DOST – create programs regarding
science – based quality information
Republic Act 10121
Signed on May 29, 2010 by GMA;
strengthen the Philippine DRRM system
Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk
Analysis – joint study by Columbia
University and world bank hazard unit.
Philippines – high risk area; experience
more than 2 dozen typhoons a year; part
of Pacific Ring of Fire with several active
volcanoes
NDRRMP – National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Planning
CSO – Civil Society Organizations
CDRC – Citizens Disaster Response
Centers
DRRM – Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management; established training
institutes for preparedness
The DRMM law aims to attain the
following objectives:
1. Develop universal standards of
humanitarian assistance, such as
standard operating procedures on
deployment of rapid assessment.
2. Adhere to internationally accepted
principles of disaster risk management
3. Develop a NDRRMP that aims to
government and LGUs.
4. Integrate disaster risk reduction and
climate change in development process.
5. Ensure that disaster risk reduction and
climate change measure are gender
responsive, sensitive to indigenous
knowledge systems and respectful.
6. The law suggest among others, the
cooperation of inter-agencies and multi-
sectors in the community exemplifying
good governance, transparency, and
social accountability.
7. Engage the participation of CSOs, the
private sectors, and volunteers in the
government’s disaster risk reduction
programs.
8. Develop and strengthen capacities of
vulnerable and marginalized groups to
mitigate.
9. Enhance and implement a program
where humanitarian-aid workers,
communities, health professional,
donors, and the media are educated and
trained in how they can support before
and after disaster.
10. Provide maximum care, assistance,
and services to individuals and families
affected by the disaster.
Sangguniang Kabataan
accreditation, mobilization and
production of disaster volunteers
Phivolcs – Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology Renato
Solidum, Jr. – personal preparedness is
the key factor toward reducing risk
Preparedness – readiness of community
on calamities
CHAPTER 6: NATIONAL SECURITY
CONCERNS AND PEACE EDUCATION
Defining National Security
National Government has no more
fundamental responsibility than to
safeguard the nation’s security.
National Security
- maintain the survival of the state
through economic, power projection, and
political power, and diplomacy.
Macmillan Dictionary described national
security
- as “protection or the safety of a
country’s secrets and its citizens” and
“overall security of a nation and a nation
state.”
Walter Lippmann
- described the term as “A nation has
security when it does not have to sacrifice
its legitimate interests to avoid war, and
is able, if challenged, to maintain them
by war.”
- Harold Lasswell says that “National
Security means freedom from foreign
dictation.” And, Arnold Wolfers
described it as “An ambiguous symbol
different things to different people” and
“National Security objectively means the
absence of threats to acquired values and
subjectively, the absence of fear that such
values will be attacked.”
For the Expert’s View:
National Defense College of India.
“National Security is an appropriate and
aggressive blend of political resilience
and maturity, human resources,
economic structure and capacity,
technological competence, industrial
base and availability of natural resources
and finally the military might.”
Harold Brown – US Secretary of
Defense and “National Security then is
the ability to preserve the nation’s
physical integrity and territory, to
maintain its economic relations with the
rest of the world on reasonable terms, to
preserve its nature institution, and
governance from disruption from
outside, and to control its borders.”
Charles Maier says that “National
Security… is best described as a capacity
to control those domestic and foreign
conditions that the public opinion of a
given community believes necessary to
enjoy its own self – determination or
autonomy, prosperity and well – being.”
Diplomacy – Latin diploma (official
document) is the art and practice of
conducting negotiations among
representatives of groups or states.
History of the national Security Concept
Peace of Westphalia is considered
as the origin of the modern concept of
“national security”. Peace of Westphalia
defined as sovereign state, ruled by
sovereign, became the basis of order of
nation states
According to Thomas Hobbes in his
work Leviathan that citizens yield to a
powerful sovereign who in turn promises
an end to civil and religious war, and to
bring forth a lasting peace.
Clausewitzian view of diplomacy
and war, being the instruments of
furthering national cause, added to the
view of national security being sought by
nations by exercising self-interest at all
times.
Immanuel Kant a German
Philosopher in his essay “Perpetual
Peace” A Philosophical Sketch proposed
a system where nation-states and
dominating national interests were
replaced by an enlightened world order
and National Security was achieved by
this voluntary accession by the
leadership to a higher order than the
nation-state.
National Security in US can be seen
as a post 2nd World War. National
Security Act of 1947 signed on July 26,
1947 by Harry S. Truman.
CIA – Central Intelligence Agency
According to General Maxwell
Taylor (The Legitimate Claims of
National Security) the national valuables
in this broad sense includes current
assets and national interests.
1987 CONSTITUTION
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ARTICLE II
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND
STATE POLICIES
Section 1 – Philippines is a democratic
and republican state. Sovereignty resides
in the people
Section 2 – Philippines renounces war as
an instrument of national policy and
adheres to the policy of peace, equality,
justice, freedom, cooperation and amity
will all nations
Section 3 – Civilian authority is supreme
over the military. AFP is the protector of
the people and the state and they secure
the sovereignty of the state
Section 4 – Government’s prime duty is
to serve and protect people. They may
call upon the people to defend the state,
thereof, all citizens render personal,
military or civil service
Section 5 – Maintenance of peace and
order are essential for the enjoyment by
all the people.
Section 6 – Separation of Church and
State shall be inviolable
STATE POLICIES
Section 7 – State shall pursue an
independent foreign policy. It shall be
national sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national interest, and the right to self –
determination
Section 8 – Philippines adopts and
pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear
weapons
Section 9 – State shall promote a just and
dynamic social order that will ensure
prosperity and independence.
Section 10 – State shall promote social
justice
Section 11 – State values dignity of every
human person and guarantees full
respect
Section 12 – State recognizes the sanctity
of family life
Section 13 – State recognizes the vital
role of the youth
Section 14 – State recognizes the role of
women
Section 15 – State shall protect and
promote the right to health
Section 16 – State shall protect and
advance the right of people
Section 17 – State shall give priority to
education, science and technology, arts,
culture and sports.
Section 18 – State affirms labor as a
primary social economic force
Section 19 – State shall develop a self –
reliant and independent national
economy
Section 20 – State recognizes the
indispensable role of private sector
Section 21 – State shall promote
comprehensive rural development and
agrarian reform
Section 22 – State shall promote the
rights of indigenous cultural
communities
Section 23 – State shall encourage non –
governmental (sic)
Section 24 – State recognizes the vital
role of communication and information
Section 25 – State shall ensure the
autonomy of local governments
Section 26 – State shall guarantee equal
access to opportunities for public service
and prohibit political dynasty.
Section 27 – State shall maintain honesty
and integrity in the public service and
take measures against graft and
corruption
Section 28 – State adopts and
implements a policy of public disclosure
of all its transactions involving public
interest.
Defining Peace
Peace is a state without war.
However, the absence of the war does not
necessarily mean there is a peace, just as
typhoons cannot be prevented by means
of legislation, war cannot be stopped by a
mere anti-war argument or sentimental
desire. The work must begin with erasing
foreign feelings and, at the same time,
advocating peace-loving ideas.
Defining Peace Education
“Teaching about justice, about
violence in all forms, about survival and
our future” – McConaghy, 1986, p.249
“Teaching how to develop a
behavior that encourages harmony in the
way people talk, listen and interact with
each other”
Role of Higher Education
Main thrust of tertiary education is
to achieve equity, efficiency, and higher
quality in institutions of higher learning,
both public and private, so that they will
provide a complete set of program
offerings that meet both national and
regional needs.
Peaceable School
A commitment to make school a
place of peace is one of the ultimate
challenges in education. The present and
coming generations have been branded
as “lost generation”; our children are not
lost but terribly misguided by distorted
values.
Violence involving youth is not
random, uncontrollable, or inevitable.
Schools are supposed to represent a
democratic society with a mission to
educate, not to police children.
Words of Wisdom
DIFFERENT FORMS OF VIOLENCE
Revolutionary Violence – Massacre,
Riot, War
Destructive Violence – Fighting,
Mugging, Murdering, Poisoning, Raping,
Shooting, Stabbing, Stealing, Vandalizing
Physical Violence – Bullying,
Grabbing, Hitting, Kicking, Pinching,
Punching, Pushing, Scratching, Slapping
Verbal Violence – Arguing, Cursing,
Insulting, Labelling, Lying, Name
Calling, Taunting, Teasing, Threatening
Emotional Violence – Agitating,
Angering, Blaming, Condemning,
Embarrassing, Ridiculing, Scolding,
Scorning, Tormenting
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES FOR A
PEACEABLE SCHOOL
School Commitment – infusion of
peace throughout all aspects of the
educational process.
Classroom Environment – safe,
orderly, and peaceful setting that
contributes to positive thinking and
learning.
Inclusive Communication –
peaceful exchange of information and
sharing of feelings, decisions and ideas.
Social Curriculum – students’ need
to learn social responsibility
Innovative Instruction – consider
the consequences of negative behavior
and solve conflicts
Parent Participation – support
children’s learning of pro-social activities
Family-School Community
Partnerships – implement programs to
increase peace