ACTIVITY 7: BLOOD HISTOLOGY LABORATORY

092319

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TOPIC OUTLINE
Plasma
 Introduction
 Differentiation and Maturation: Overview - Aqueous (92% H2O) solutions, pH 7.4.
 Composition: Whole Blood Composition usually an indicator of the mean of
o Plasma the extracellular fluids in plasma.
o Erythrocyte - Supernatant light coloured (pale yellow to
 Blood smear preparation yellow) produced after centrifugation.
 Peripheral blood smear - 7% (by weight) proteins – Albumin, Globulin,
 Leukocytes Fibrinogen, Regulatory proteins.
o Neutrophils - 1% (by weight) dissolved components – inorganic
o Eosinophils ions (elcetrolytes, eg., Na+, K+, Cl-, etc.),
o Basophils nutrients, respiratory gases, metabolic products.
o Lymphocyte
o Monocyte
o Thrombocytes

Introduction

Blood is a specialised CT consists of formed elements

(cells) and fluid extracellular material— plasma.

General functions:
1. Distribution of nutrients
2. Regulation of body temperature
3. Maintenance of acid-based and osmotic
balance
4. Carries and transports O2, Co2, metabolites,
hormones, etc.
5. Defense – leukocytes

Differentiation and Maturation: Overview

Buffy Coat
- Thin layer of leukocytes and platelets in between
of an anti-coagulated WB-centrifuged sample
(ie., EDTA tube)

Erythrocyte

- Constitutes for 44% of whole blood (WB).

- Referred to as “hematocrit” in an anti-
Composition: Whole Blood coagulated WB-centrifuged sample (ie., EDTA-
coated capillary tube).

General characteristics:
 Lacks nucleus and organelles; with Hgb as the
main component.
 Carry out O2 and transport CO2 via its
specialized membrane; survives in the circulation
for ~120d.
 Shape: biconcave disc – facilitates O2-CO2
transport function via its surface are: volume ratio
 Deformity (flexibility) – allows passage to small
vessels in the microvasculature while maintaining
a constant surface area: volume ratio

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MIDTERM
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092319

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MEMBRANE UNTRASTRUCTURE - In an “RBC ATP-depletion state” , Ca++ and Na+

accumulate intracellularly, K+ and H2O are lost –
General composition: dehydrated rigid cell, subsequently sequestrated
 Semipermeable lipid layer supported by a by the spleen (decrease RBC survival)
meshwork of protein
 Compose of 40% lipids and 52% protein, 8% Blood Smear Preparation: Overview
carbohydrate.
 Non chemical composition, structural
arrangement, and molecular interactions- crucial
to the normal length of RBC survival in the
circulation of 120 days

RBC Membrane components

 Phospholipid- main component
o External layer rich in glycolipids and
choline phospholipids
o Cytoplasmic (internal) rich in amino
phospholipids.
 Proteins:
o Integral:
 GP-A, GP-B, GP-C, & anion-
exchange-channel protein (band
3)
o Peripheral
 Spectrin, Actin (band 5), Ankyrin
(band 2.1), Band 4.1 and 4.2, Band 6,
& Adducin

PERMEABILITY

General characteristics and morphology:

Permeability
- This property together with “active RBC cation
transport” prevent “colloid hemolysis” & “control
the volume of the RBC”.
- RBC membrane is freely permeable to H2O, Cl- &
HCO3- and can transverse in <1 second.
- Na+ and K+ are relatively impermeable – control
H2O volume & maintains homeostasis via cellular
cationic pumps & requires ATP.
- Erythrocyte intracellular: extracellular (EI:E) ration
o EI:E – Na+1:12
o EI:E – K+ 25:1
- Ca++ , is also actively pumped from RBC interior
via energy dependent Ca-ATPase pumps.
- Calmodulin – cytoplasmic Ca-binding protein,
controls the activity to prevent excessive
intracellular Ca++ buildup – rigidity.
Leukocytes
Classification:
Granulocytes
- Characterize by abundant cytoplasmic granules
such as azurophilic granules (lysosomes), specific
granules that bind neutral, basic or acidic stains.
- Polymorphic nuclei (multi-lobes)
- Neutrophils (segmenters), eosinophils, basophils)
- Golgi complexes and rough ER are poorly
developed and few mitochondria- glycolysis as
energy source.
- Most undergo apoptosis in the CT

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Agranulocytes
- Lack specific granules, but do not contains
azurophilic granules.
- Characterise by spherical or intended nucleus
but not lobulated.
- Lymphocytes and monocytes

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