EE 303 Project Answers

Kenneth Prell + Thomas Coleman

a. We do not know the impedance of the bus itself, but it should be zero ideally. We can figure it out
easily if that is the case : 1.414 – j 14.04 pu. This was calculated using impedance values of transmission
line sand the techniques taught to us in section T1.

b. Bus 1: 28.4 MW, and 4.3 MVar. Bus 2: 40 MW, and -4.5 MVar. This is after running the power flow
solution which corrects these values to adjust for the system behavior (e.g. imaginary losses.)

c. Genleft (Bus 1) was assigned to 80 MW and Genright (Bus 2) was assigned to 40 MW. Bus 2 remains at
40 MW because it was assigned this value and is not influenced by other buses. However, bus 1 is the
swing bus, and is such its power input is dependent on the behavior of the rest of the circuit.

d. No, the combined power load is 68 MW, and the combined power input is 68.4 MW. The power loss
can be explained to I2R thermal losses in the transmission lines.

e. Both are 1 Volt. The two are kept constant because the generators act as voltage regulators. Any
outside influence on the voltage of these buses will result in the voltage regulator adjusting the voltage
back to nominal voltage.

f. Yes, they are far within limits. Genleft is at 4.3 MVar and Genright at -4.5 MVar and their limits have
been set to -30 MVar < x< 50 MVar.

g. Buses 5 and 6. This makes sense as they have gone through the most thermal losses.

h. No, they are all (near) equivalent or lower than the generator bus voltages. This is because all other
buses have transmission lines before them, which will reduce the voltage due to thermal losses.

i. The line from bus 4 to bus 6. Bus 1 and 3 record an angle of 0 because 1 is the slack bus and there is no
transformer impedance, hence bus 3 also has an angle of 0. Bus 2 has an angle because it provides
different power relative to bus 1. Bus 4 shares the same angle, again because of no transformer
impedance. Since bus 6 has two transmission leading into it (bus 5 has only one transmission line leading
directly from the transformer), bus 6 will have a large angular separation as it represents the separation
between buses 3 and 4.

j. The line charging current is .093∠87.04 pu. .0008192 pu for the reactive power supplied.

k. .002 pu is the current I34. 𝐺 = .472 | 𝐵 = 4.715 |12 𝐺 − 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝐺 ∗ cos(𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑞 ) + 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝐵 ∗

sin(𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑞 ) = −.122 𝑝𝑢 Thus the power is very accurate to the simulated value of -12.2 MW. 12 𝐵 −
1 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ cos(𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑞 ) − 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝐺 ∗ sin(𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑞 ) = .0176 This is not as close to the simulated value
of -3.4 Mvar. This can be explained due to issues in approximating reactive power using the given
equations. (T1.17 + T1.18).

l. For the first two: 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ sin(𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑞 ) = −.1217 for the power, close to the expected value of -
12.2 MW. 12 𝐵 − 1 ∗ 1𝐵 ∗ cos(𝜃𝑝 − 𝜃𝑞 ) = .00157 which is concerningly different from the expected
simulated value. Using equations T1.22 and T1.23, P=-.1218, again close to the simulated value. Q=-
.0000391, which is even more off.
m.

Bus 5
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Bus 5 Voltage (pu)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Real Load Power (MW)
The maximum loading value for bus 5 is around 304 MW, with 187 MVar.

Bus 6
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Bus 5 Voltage (pu)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Real Load Power (MW)
The maximum loading value for bus 6 then is 405 MW with 251 MVar.

To test these points, for both loads, we would iteratively increase the load power by a factor 1.1x each
iteration, observing the mismatch and bus voltage. Once this mismatch grew rapidly (became greater
than 1.00) we halted the test.

n. The loading limit is caused due to a mismatch between power supplied by the generators and power
absorbed by the load. We are however confused and concerned at the high value of the loading limit for
both loads. This value should be equivalent to the sum of both generators power but the loading limit
vastly exceeds this.

Furthermore, there were concerns about the validity of simulation data regarding the iterative process.
Once divergence occurred, reducing the load value would result in further mismatch, even when
reduced past the original point of divergence. To right this, we would run the simulation several times
on a known operating point until the solution converged again. We are unsure if this is standard
operating procedure or if we have acted incorrectly here.

o. Bus 6 has a higher loading because Genleft and Genright feed directly into the load. For bus 5, only
Genleft feeds directly into the load, Genright must first pass through Loadright (bus 6).