Lifetime Engineering for

Civil Infrastructure

4. Detailed design
19 October 2017

Prof. H. Yokota
Division of EPSE

Exercise

What should we consider during the basic design

stage for a bridge to be constructed in a mountainous
area as shown below.

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 Points to be considered

 Basic capacity
 Structural restrictions (law/regulation)
 Budget restrictions (cost)
 Loads likely to act (performance req.)
 Landscape disturbance?
 Ecological damage
 Ground conditions
 Catastrophic situations
 Execution method
(Materials transportation)
 Maintainability
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Detailed design

Rules are essential for (detail) design

Design code
Design standard
Structural Eurocodes (BS, DIN, etc.)
ACI code, JSCE Standard Specifications, etc.
Highway Bridge Specifications, etc.

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 Design codes/standards in Japan

Owner Ministries
MLIT
Code/standard METI
etc.

Code/standard
JIS, JAS etc.
Standard Specifications
Design Guidelines, etc.

JSCE, JCI, JSSC, etc.

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International standard (ISO)

• In 1946, 25 countries gathered and discussed in London

about the harmonization of industrial products.
• ISO was established on 23 Feb 1947 as a non-governmental
international organization in Geneva
• Now 163 countries/regions participate.
• 311 Technical Committees (TC) currently exist.

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 International standard (ISO)
TC17 Steel
TC24 Particle characterization including sieving
TC59 Buildings and civil engineering works
TC71 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete
TC74 Cement and lime
TC98 Bases for design of structures
TC113 Hydrometry
TC127 Earth-moving machinery
TC135 Non-destructive testing
TC156 Corrosion of metals and alloys
TC160 Glass in building
TC162 Doors and windows
TC165 Timber structures

International standard (ISO)

TC167 Steel and aluminium structures
TC176 Quality management and quality assurance
TC179 Masonry
TC182 Geotechnics
TC190 Soil quality
TC195 Building construction machinery and equipment
TC205 Building environmental design
TC207 Environmental management
TC211 Geographical information/Geomatics
TC221 Geosysthetics
TC251 Asset management
TC262 Risk management
TC292 Security and resilience
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4
 International standard (ISO)
1995 WTO (World Trade Organization)
Agreement of Technical Barriers to Trade

Obligation for national codes to conform to ISO standards

ISO 9000 series : Quality management and quality

assurance
ISO 14000 series : Environmental management
ISO 55000 series : Asset management

ISO 9001 certifies

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5
 Hierarchy of design codes

International ISO
code IEC Vienna
WTO/TBT
Agreement
ISO & CEN
Regional code EN (Europe) （1991）

National laws
National code
JIS, etc.
Code
harmonization
Organizational
JSCE Standards
code

Internal code

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World trend of structural design

WTO (World Trade Organization)
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade – Jan. 1995

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
ISO 2394 (General principles on reliability for structures) – 2015 Rev
ISO 19338 (Performance and assessment requirements for design 
standards on structural concrete) ‐ 2014
Europe
USA & Canada
CEN (European Committee for Standardization)
Regional standard; ACI318
28 EU countries (as of July 2013)
Active participation in ISO
Eurocodes 0‐9

Asian countries
Asian Concrete 
Model Code

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 Structural Eurocodes

Eurocodes European European

(EN1990 – EN1999) Product Execution
+ Standards Standards
National Annexes

European standards for construction

Non-contradictory
complementary
information

Client implementation and requirements

Support to the profession

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Development of Eurocodes

1975︓Start development
2010︓Full implementation within the EU area
2011︓Promotion targeted to non-EU countries (EC)
2014︓Start updating work
2020︓Completion of updates (tentative)

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 16
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EN 1990 General

EN 1991 Action

EN 1992 Concrete

EN 1993 Steel

EN 1994 Composite

EN 1995 Timber

Assessment
EN 1996 Masonry

Ease of use
Robustness
EN 1997 Foundation

Climate change
Structural Eurocodes

EN 1998 Seismic

EN 1999 Aluminium

Glass

Eurocodes; 2nd Generation

FRP

Membrane

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 Trends in ISO standards

Prescriptive specified design format

 Performance-based design format

ISO2394 General principles on reliability of structures

Prescriptive specified design

 Performance-based design
Details specified Performance specified
Ensuring the reliability

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ISO2394 Structural reliability

Requirement Reliability
Serviceability limit
Ultimate limit  Reliability index
Integrity
Robustness
Rank of reliability Hazard to human lives
Influence on economy, society, 
environments etc.

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9
 Design of structures

g (x, t) = 0
g : Function
x : Fundamental parameters
t : Time

• Probabilistic format
• Partial safety factor format

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Probabilistic format
Pf  Pfs
Pf : Probability of failure
Pfs : Target probability of failure

Pf = P [ g(x)<0 ]
 = --1 (Pf)
 : Reliability index
-1 : Inverse function of normal distribution

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 Partial safety design
g ( Fd, fd, ad, d, C, n )  0

Fd : Design value of action
fd : Design value of material strength
ad : Design value of geometric dimensions
d : Model uncertainty
C : Restriction to serviceability
n : Degree of reliability

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Performance-based design

• Working stress design
Performance‐ (Allowable stress design)
based design • Ultimate strength design
• Limit state design
• Others

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 Performance-based design

• Distinguish design from verification

(Basic) Design : sense  Initial design
Verification : calculation  Detailed design
• Specify the required performance
Safety, serviceability, restorability, etc.
• Verify the performance possessed is over the
performance required (Verification) by any means
• Ensure the above at any time during design lifetime

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Performance-based design

• Past achievement or experiment with full-scale model

• Experiment with scaled model
• Numerical simulation by methods with already
confirmed their applicability and accuracy

Unless above
• Verify the structural state does not reach the relevant
limit state
• Prescriptive specification

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 Verification by limit state design

• Limit state
Safety  Ultimate limit state
Fatigue limit state

Serviceability  Serviceability limit state

Restorability  Restorability limit state

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Examples of limit states

Failure in structural
Cross-sectional failure
member
Sliding or overturning of
Stability of rigid body overall structure or its
part
Large displacement to
Displacement
cause loss in capacity
Plastic deformation,
Deformation creep, crack, etc. to
cause loss in capacity

Mechanism Unstable condition

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13
 Verification for safety
External load and action
f and a
Structural response
Resulting force

Verification of safety i

Structural capacity
Structural capacity
b and m

Material strength

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Uncertainty during design

• Load, external actions, etc.

• Material strength, accuracy of execution
• Failure mechanism
• Structural analysis

Safety margins and integrity must be included

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 Calculation of structural response

Load and external action

Depending on performance requirement
eg. ULS  Max level
SLS  Often applied level
Return period vs design life

Modeling of structure
Member condition
Boundary condition
Method of analysis and calculation

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Structural response analysis

Linear analysis is basically acceptable in case of

static load applications

Analysis for an entire structure or for a structural

member

Frame model (beam-column model)

Member model
Finite element model

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 Structural response of RC beam
A: Elastic (pre‐cracking)
B: Cracking
C: Crack propagation
D: Maximum load Ultimate limit
E: Ultimate state
Yield

Shear failure after 
Load 2P

flexural failure
Shear failure  
Serviceability 
Cracking     limit

Non‐reinforcement

Deflection 
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Serviceability

Limit state subject to normal load application

Comfortable walk, ride, drive, etc.

Water and air permeability
Aesthetics, beautifulness, impact on the third party
Noise and vibration
Local breakage
Loss of durability, and so on

Choose indices required among those

Choose the most appropriate performance index

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 Durability verification

Prescriptive specification
• Maximum water-to-cement ratio
• Minimum cement content
• Minimum concrete cover

Performance-based specification
• Direct verification on durability

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Today’s mini report

There is an opinion that the methods of

detailed design should be unified all over
the world.

Do you agree?

Yes or No? and why do you think Yes/No?

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