POWER ELECTRONICS ASSIGNMENT

TOPICS:-
 Principle of step-down chopper
 Different modes of step-down chopper

 Analysis some problem

Name- Biswajeet sahoo

Regd.No.- 1721109010

Branch- Electrical (A), 5th Semester

College- PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PRINCIPLE OF STEP-DOWN CHOPPER:-

It consists of power semiconductor devices (SCR, BJT,Power, MOSFET ,IGBT, GTO, MCT etc which works
as a switch), input dc power supply elements (R,L,C etc) and output load ,freewheeling diode and
inductor are used to filters out the ripples in the load current.

Output voltage is less than input voltage fig(a).

A commutation circuiting is required for SCR based chopper circuit.

DIFFERENT MODES OF STEP-DOWN CHOPPER:-

There are two mode of operation.

MODE-1(Switch ON):

When switch or chopper is ON or during Ton period ; the supply terminals are connected to the load
terminals.

The +ve & -ve terminals of the supply voltage is connected to the cathode & anode terminals of the
freewheeling diode. So -ve supply voltage is appears across the diode, so it behaves reverse biased.

Output voltage or load voltage is equal to the source voltage. i.e. Vo=Vs

During this period, inductor starts charging & which store the charge. So i0 starts increasing linearly.

MODE-2(Switch OFF):

When switch or chopper is OFF during this period Toff, load current (i0) floes through the freewheeling
diode(FD). As a result load terminals are short circuiting by FD.

Load or output voltage is equal to zero because supply is disconnected. i.e. Vo=0
Current through the load i.e. ‘i0’ starts decreasing linearly due to inductor starts discharging through
load.

Average load voltage(Vo):-

𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑛
Vo= 𝑉𝑠= 𝑉𝑠=𝛼𝑉𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑛+𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑇

[Vo=𝛼𝑉𝑠] ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑇𝑜𝑛
Where 𝛼= 𝑇
=Duty cycle

T= Ton+Toff =Chopping period

Ton=ON-Time, Toff=OFF-Time
𝑇𝑜𝑛
Vo= Vs= Ton.f.Vs
𝑇

1
[Vo=Ton.f.Vs] where f=𝑇=Chopping frequency.

Equation gives; load or output voltage can be controlled by varying duty cycle 𝛼. Load voltage is
independent of load current. Output voltage varies linearly with the duty cycle.

Average value of the load current(i0):-

𝑉𝑜 𝛼𝑉𝑠
io = 𝑅 =𝑅

Effective value of the load current(io):-

𝑉𝑠2 .𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑛

Vo ,rms =√ =Vs√
𝑇 𝑇
Vo ,rms=Vs√𝛼

ANALYSIS SOME PROBLEM:-

Problem-1

A step-down chopper, dc source voltage =230v, load resistance =10Ω. Take avoltage drop of 2v across
chopper when it is ON. For a duty cycle of 0.4, calculate.

(a)average and rms voltage of output voltage

(b)chopper efficiency

SOLUTION:-

Given data : Vs=230v, Vsw=2v, R=10Ω, 𝛼=0.4

When chopper is ON;

Vo=Vs-2 . during OFF-Time, Vo=0

(a)Average output voltage;

Vo ,avg=𝛼(Vs-2)=0.4(230-2)=91.2v

Rms value of output voltage;

Vor =√𝛼(Vs-2)= √0.4(230-2)=144.2v

𝑃𝑜
(b)Chopper efficiency (𝜂)= 𝑃𝑖

Power output or power to load;

𝑉𝑜𝑟 2 (144.2)2
Po= 𝑅
= 10 =2079.364w

Power input to chopper;

91.2
Pi=Vs.Io=230× =2097.6w
10

𝑃𝑜 2079.364
Efficiency(𝜂)= = × 100=99.13%
𝑃𝑖 2097.6