Report No.

04:
BARUZO, Ian Titus P.
AIRPORT OPERATIONS III
Instructor: Date: 8 Mar 2019 Page 1 of 4
Engr. Jahaziel I. Vargas Issue No. 1 Rating:

A. TERMINAL RADAR PROGRAMS

TRSAs are areas where participating pilots can receive additional radar services. The
purpose of the service is to provide separation between all IFR operations and participating
VFR aircraft. The primary airport(s) within the TRSA become(s) Class D airspace. The
remaining portion of the TRSA overlies other controlled airspace, which is normally Class E
airspace beginning at 700 or 1,200 feet and established to transition to/ from the en
route/terminal environment. TRSAs are depicted on VFR sectional charts and terminal area
charts with a solid black line and altitudes for each segment. The Class D portion is charted with
a blue segmented line. Participation in TRSA services is voluntary; however, pilots operating
under VFR are encouraged to contact the radar approach control and take advantage of TRSA
service.

TRSAs will encompass a primary airport with a class "D" designation and the TRSA
will be above other controlled airspace (Typically Class E Airspace) with a typical floor of
700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL (Above Ground Level).

B. TRANSPONDER CODES

Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by an aircraft transponder in

response to a secondary surveillance radar interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers
with traffic separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is assigned
by air traffic controllers to identify an aircraft uniquely in a flight information region (FIR).
This allows easy identification of aircraft on radar. Aircraft have transponders to assist in
identifying them on air traffic control radar. Collision avoidance systems have been
developed to use transponder transmissions as a means of detecting aircraft at risk of
colliding with each other.

Pilots are normally required to apply the code, allocated by air traffic control, to that
specific flight. Occasionally countries may specify generic codes to be used in the absence
of an allocated code. Such generic codes are specified in that country's Aeronautical
Information Manual or Aeronautical Information Publication.

Transponder codes shown in this list in the color RED are for emergency use only
such as a aircraft hijacking, radio communication failure or another type of emergency.
Report No. 04:
BARUZO, Ian Titus P.
AIRPORT OPERATIONS III
Instructor: Date: 8 Mar 2019 Page 2 of 4
Engr. Jahaziel I. Vargas Issue No. 1 Rating:

C. RADIO PHARSEOLOGY

Radio communications are a critical link in the ATC system. The link can be a strong
bond between pilot and controller or it can be broken with surprising speed and disastrous
results. This pamphlet provides basic procedures for new pilots, and highlights safe
operating concepts for all pilots.

The single most important concept in pilot-controller communications is understanding.

It is essential, therefore, that pilots acknowledge each radio communication with ATC by
using the appropriate aircraft call sign. Brevity is important, and transmissions should be as
concise as possible while still ensuring that the controller understands what you want to do.
Moreover, you, the pilot, must understand exactly what ATC wants you to do.

Pilots will find the Aeronautical Information Manual's Pilot/Controller Glossary very
helpful in learning what certain words or phrases mean. Good phraseology enhances safety,
and is the mark of a professional pilot. Jargon, chatter, and "CB" slang have no place in
ATC communications. The Pilot/Controller Glossary is the same glossary used in the ATC
controller's handbook. Pilots should study and review this document from time to time to
sharpen communication skills.

D. ELT’S and VHF / DF

Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) are required for most general aviation airplanes
(14 CFR 91.52). ELTs of various types have been developed as a means of locating downed
aircraft. These electronic, battery-operated transmitters emit a distinctive downward sweep
audio tone on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz. If "armed" and subjected to crash forces, they are
designed to automatically activate and continuously emit these signals. The transmitters will
operate continuously for at least 48 hours over a wide temperature range. A properly
installed and maintained ELT can expedite search and rescue operations and save lives.

The prefix “omni-” means all, and an omnidirectional range is a VHF radio transmitting
ground station that projects straight line courses (radials) from the station in all directions.
From a top view, it can be visualized as being similar to the spokes from the hub of a wheel.
The distance VOR radials are projected depends upon the power output of the transmitter
Report No. 04:
BARUZO, Ian Titus P.
AIRPORT OPERATIONS III
Instructor: Date: 8 Mar 2019 Page 3 of 4
Engr. Jahaziel I. Vargas Issue No. 1 Rating:

VOR ground stations transmit within a VHF

frequency band of 108.0–117.95 MHz. Because the
equipment is VHF, the signals transmitted are
subject to line-of-sight restrictions. Therefore, its
range varies in direct proportion to the altitude of
receiving equipment. Generally, the reception range
of the signals at an altitude of 1,000 feet above
ground level (AGL) is about 40 to 45 miles. This
distance increases with altitude.

E. LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATION (LASHO)

LAHSO is an acronym for "Land and Hold Short Operations." Land and hold short
operations are an air traffic control procedure intended to increase airport capacity without
compromising safety. This means that, as pilot-in-command (or as an operator), several
minutes of valuable time can be saved during every LAHSO landing and taxi-in. Think of
the savings in fuel and operating expense - not to mention freeing up the runway for others
to use, thereby increasing overall system capacity. This program, however, will work more
effectively only if pilots have a clear understanding of what's expected of them. That's what
this booklet is all about.
Land and hold short of an intersecting runway, (2) Land and hold short of an intersecting
taxiway, and (3) Land and hold short of a
designated point on a runway other than
an intersecting runway or taxiway. (In
this latter case, for example, holding short
at a designated point may be required to
avoid conflicts with the runway safety
area/flight path of a nearby runway.)
Each figure shows the approximate
location of LAHSO markings, signage,
and in-pavement lighting when installed.
Report No. 04:
BARUZO, Ian Titus P.
AIRPORT OPERATIONS III
Instructor: Date: 8 Mar 2019 Page 4 of 4
Engr. Jahaziel I. Vargas Issue No. 1 Rating:

LASHO of intersecting taxiway

LAHSO of designated point on runway

REFERENCE:
 U.S. Department of Transportation: FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Flight
Standards Service (2008). Chapter 14 Airspace. Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge.
 U.S. Department of Transportation: FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Flight
Standards Service (20012). Chapter 15 Navigation. Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge.
 (2019, March 06). Retrieved from WIKIPEDIA:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)#Transponder_codes
 (2018, December 06). Retrieved from SKYBRARY:
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Engineered_Materials_Arresting_System_(EMAS)
 U.S. Department of Transportation: FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Safety
Standards Service (April 2006). Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques.
https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/alc/libview_normal.aspx?id=17272