Problem Statement: 2. Scope

1|P a g e Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design
1. Problem Statement
A One storey steel framed building for commercial use has plan dimensions as shown in Figure 1. The building is located in
seismic zone V on a site with medium soil. It is required to design the steel structure building for wind load which is more
effective than seismic loads as per Indian Standard Code (IS875:1987) and regulations. Steel structural elements and their
connections are to be designed so that the whole building is within the strength and serviceability limits as per IS 800:2007.
CGI sheets are to be used for roofing and walls.
Figure: 1- Building Plan Dimension and Grid
2. Scope
Almost materials and their sizes are so chosen that these are easily available in the market. To make economical design and
safe design computer software and design templates are used for the analysis and design of this structure in addition to manual
calculations. Load calculation is done using IS-875:1987(2003) IS 1893:1984 (although this standard is improved in India for
IS-1893:2002) and NBC105: 1994 (based on IS-1893:1984) as code of standards. For analysis, different software is available
during these days. Concerning to the project “CSI-ETABS V-16” integrated building software is used for analysis and design
of steel structural elements choosing IS-CODE options so available within the software. Foundation analysis/design and Steel
connections designs are completed manually with Excel spread sheet confirming IS-800:2007 and IS-456:2000. Manual
analysis and design using IS-800:2007 and IS-456:2000 carried out with the help of me created excel-templates made
accordingly.
Limit state method is used for design. It uses the concept of probability and based on the application of method of statistics to
the variation that occurs in practice in the loads acting on the structures or in the strength of material. The structures may reach
a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc. and each
of this condition is referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable probability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it has been intended i.e. it will not reach a limit
state. It means structures should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it would
satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.
M/S National Concrete Pvt. Ltd., Rapti-9 Engineer:- Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola NEC 7059 CIVIL A
3. General
Location and Features
This report summarizes the structural analysis and designs of building of “M/s National Concrete Pvt. Ltd.” at Rapti
Municipality ward no:-9. It has planned to utilize the building as an industrial aspect. Some of the general building
configurations and features are listed below.
# Structural system : Steel Space frame

# Plinth area covered : 2000 sq.ft. = 185.8 m2
# Type of foundation : Isolated footing
# No. of Storey : One storey and double-lean roof (CGI Sheet)
# Total Height : 5.94 m (19.5 ft.) with CGI Sheet Roof. (Excluding minor heights of accessories)
# Walls : All walls are made from light weight sheets (framed)
# Probable Partition : considered
# Type of Sub-Soil : II (Medium type as per NBC 105). Out of scope of this report but approximate
Safe bearing capacity of soil in Chitwan territory adopted = 130 KN/m2
# M20 grade concrete is used in foundations .Quality control provision is necessary while casting the elements.
M25 Concrete is considered in Column base concrete casting.
# Almost all steel column sizes are kept same to ascertain simplicity in construction. However some columns in ground
floor are different.
# Structural Steel should comply with all the requirements of IS 226-1975.
# Preliminary sizes of structural components are assumed by experience although confirmation on deflection control is
carried out.
# Wind loads are considered exposed from null shell object with 43 km/hr. wind speed.
This report consists of the design procedures adopted, the assumptions made, the inputs made in the design and the design
output.
Loading Systems
Dead Load: A constant load in a building structure that is due to the weight of the members, the supported structure, and
permanent attachments or accessories. This analysis deals with dead loads to be assumed in the design of buildings and same is
given in the-form of unit weight of materials. The unit weight of other materials that are likely to be stored in a building should
be also included for the purpose of load calculations due to stored materials. These loads are calculated as specified in IS-
875:1987(part I)
Live Load : The load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building, including the weight of
movable partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, load due to impact and vibration, and dust load but excluding wind,
seismic, snow and other loads due to temperature changes, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, etc. This analysis covers
imposed loads*(live loads) to be assumed in the design of buildings. The imposed loads, used in this building analysis, are
minimum loads which should be taken into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of buildings. These loads are
calculated as specified in IS-875:1987 (part II)
Fig: 2- Dead Load and Live Load transfer from Area to support
Seismic Load: The force on a structure caused by acceleration induced on its mass by an earthquake. This load is included in
design to determine the extent of seismic reinforcing. The seismic loads on the structure during an earthquake result from
inertia forces which were created by ground accelerations. The magnitude of these loads is a function of the following factors:
mass of the building, the dynamic properties of the building, the intensity, duration, and frequency content of the ground
motion, and soil-structure interaction. The analysis method and earthquake loads are calculated as specified in IS1893:1984 in
conjunction with NBC-105:1994.
Wind Load: Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earth’s rotation
and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are primarily responsible for convection either upwards or
downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric
motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind, vertical winds are always
identified as such. Wind load on the building would be usually uplift force perpendicular to the roof due to suction effect of the
wind blowing over the roof. The positive or negative force of the wind acting on the structure; wind applies a positive pressure
on the windward side of the building and a negative suction to the leeward side. This analysis ignored the wind loads as the
building is located in seismic zone V and hence the earthquake loads predominant it and the height of the building is less.
Fig: 3- Nature of Wind Pressure
The wind loads are calculated using IS: 875(part3) as

Wind Pressure = 0.6*(Vz) ²
Where
Vz = Design wind speed
Vz= k1*k2*k3*Vb
k1= probability factor
k2= terrain and height factor
k3= topography factor
The wind loads are calculated using IS: 875(part3) as
Wind Pressure = 0.6*(Vz) ²
Where
Vz = Design wind speed
Vz= k1*k2*k3*Vb
k1= probability factor
k2= terrain and height factor
k3= topography factor
#Load paths: - Loads are applied to surfaces, along members and to points along members. Surfaces that is roof and floor slabs and
walls, transfer loads to members in skeletal structures. Transfer of load from surface to member and member to member, such as slab
to beam, wall to column, beam to beam and beam to column to foundation, are the load paths through ugh the structure. Each
Individual slab, member or frame must be strong enough to carry its loads. Members and frames must be spaced and arranged to carry
their loads in the most efficient manner. Standard framing arrangements have been developed for all types of buildings.
4. Preliminary Data Assignments for Structural Elements

The preliminary size of structural elements used in buildings such as beams, columns, slabs is presented below confirming to
Indian standard.
Material Properties - Steel
Unit Unit
E α G Fy Fu
Name ν Weight Mass
MPa 1/C MPa kN/m³ kg/m³ MPa MPa
200000 0.3 1.17E-05 76923.09 78.5 8004.772 345 450
SteelFe345
Material Properties - Concrete
Unit Unit
E α G Fc Lightwei
Name ν Weight Mass
ght?
MPa 1/C MPa kN/m³ kg/m³ MPa
M20CONCRETE 22360 0.2 9.90E-06 9316.67 24.5166 2500 20 No
Welding/Bolting
Arc welding uses an electrical arc to melt the work materials as well as filler material (sometimes called the welding rod) for
welding joints. Arc welding involves attaching a grounding wire to the welding material or other metal surface. Another wire
known as an electrode lead is placed on the material to be welded. Once that lead is pulled away from the material, an electric
arc is generated. It's a little like the sparks. The arc then melts the work pieces along with the filler material that helps to join
the pieces. The electrode rod is made of a material that is compatible with the base material being welded and is covered with a
flux that gives off vapours that serve as a shielding gas and provide a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from
atmospheric contamination. Welding shall be in accordance with the standards IS 816-1989: Code of practice for use of metal
arc welding for general construction in mild steel and shall be conducted by appropriately qualified welders.
Fig: 4- Arc Welding
Nuts/Bolts/Washers should be of Grade C, property Class 4.6 and confirm to IS 1363 - 1984 (Part 1): Hexagonal Head bolts
& Nuts and IS 1367 - 1983: Threaded Fasteners.
5. Loading Data Assignments

Consideration
The following considerations are made for the assignment of loads on the structural model:
 The loads distributed over the area are imposed on area element and that distributed over length are imposed on line
element whenever possible.
 Where such loading is not applicable, equivalent conversion to different loading distribution is carried to load the model
near the real case as far as possible.
 The imposed loading of infill walls are considered(as per architectural drwg.) as equivalent UDL with 25% to 30%
deductions for openings, but the actual modelling of infill walls as equivalent Struts are not performed. Hence the stiffness of
infill walls is not considered.
Loading Data and Calculations

The weight of the structural elements is calculated by program itself as it is chosen self-weight multiplier as 1. Loads due to
external elements such as walls/floors, imposed loads, wind loads and earthquake loads are calculated as shown in tables below
and applied to the corresponding structural elements.
Table: 2- Loading Data
1. DEAD LOAD
2. LIVE LOAD
3. WIND LOADS
Auto Wind - IS 875-1987

Vb k3
Load Loading Top Bottom Include Terrain Structur
meter/se k1
Pattern Method Story Story Parapet Category e Class kg/m³
c
Shell RIDGE
WINDX G LVL No 43 2 B 1 1
Objects (19'-6")
Shell RIDGE
WINDY G LVL No 43 2 B 1 1
Objects (19'-6")
Indian IS875:1987 Auto Wind Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral wind loads for load pattern WIND X according to Indian IS875:1987, as
calculated by ETABS.
Exposure Parameters
Exposure From = Shell Objects
Structure Class = Class B
Terrain Category = Category 2
Top Story = RIDGE (19'-6")
Bottom Story = G LVL
Include Parapet = No
Factors and Coefficients
Risk Coefficient, k1 [IS 5.3.1] k1 = 1

Topography Factor, k3 [IS 5.3.3] k3 = 1
Lateral Loading
Design Wind Speed, Vz [IS 5.3] Vz = Vb k1 k 2 k 3 Vz = 42.14

2
Design Wind Pressure, pz [IS 5.4] pz = 0.6Vz
Applied Story Forces
10 | P a g e Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design
Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

m kN kN
RIDGE (19'-
5.9436 0.9107 0
6")
EAVE (13'-
4.1148 6.7656 0
6")
PL (1'-6") 0.4572 0 0
G LVL 0 0 0
Indian IS875:1987 Auto Wind Load Calculation
This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral wind loads for load pattern WIND Y according to Indian IS875:1987, as
calculated by ETABS.
Exposure Parameters
Exposure From = Shell Objects
Structure Class = Class B
Terrain Category = Category 2
Top Story = RIDGE (19'-6")
Bottom Story = G LVL
Include Parapet = No
Factors and Coefficients
Risk Coefficient, k1 [IS 5.3.1] k1 = 1

Topography Factor, k3 [IS 5.3.3] k3 = 1
Lateral Loading
Design Wind Speed, Vz [IS 5.3] Vz = Vb k1 k 2 k 3 Vz = 42.14

2
Design Wind Pressure, pz [IS 5.4] pz = 0.6Vz
Applied Story Forces
Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

m kN kN
RIDGE
5.9436 0 41.0021
(19'-6")
EAVE
4.1148 0 20.8797
(13'-6")
PL (1'-6") 0.4572 0 0
G LVL 0 0 0
Load Patterns and Load Cases

Load Patterns and Load Cases
Table: 6- Load Patterns
Load Patterns
Self Weight
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier
DL Dead 1
LL Live 0
WINDX Wind 0 Indian IS875:1987
WINDY Wind 0 Indian IS875:1987
Table: 7- Load Cases

Load Cases - Static - Linear
Stiffness Load Scale Design
Name Mass Source Load Type
From Name Factor Load Type
Preset P- Program
DL DL+0.25LL Load Pattern DL 1
delta Determined
Preset P- Program
LL DL+0.25LL Load Pattern LL 1
delta Determined
Preset P- Program
WINDX DL+0.25LL Load Pattern WINDX 1
delta Determined
Preset P- Program
WINDY DL+0.25LL Load Pattern WINDY 1
delta Determined
Load Combinations
Load Combinations
Load combinations for design purposes shall be those that produce maximum forces and effects and consequently maximum
stresses and deformations. The following combination of loads with appropriate partial safety factors may be considered . Wind
load and earthquake loads shall not be assumed to act simultaneously. The effect of each shall be considered separately. The
load combinations are based on NBC105:1994, clause 4.4 for Limit State Design method. The following load combinations
are used during analysis.
Table: 8- Load Combinations

Load Combinations
Load Load
Scale Scale
Name Case/Com Type Auto Name Case/Com Type Auto
Factor Factor
bo bo
11.5DL DL 1.5 Linear Add No 100.9DL-1.5WLX DL 0.9 Linear Add No
21.5(DL+LL) DL 1.5 Linear Add No 100.9DL-1.5WLX W INDX -1.5 No
21.5(DL+LL) LL 1.5 No 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY DL 1.2 Linear Add No
31.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX DL 1.2 Linear Add No 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY LL 1.2 No
31.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX LL 1.2 No 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY W INDY 0.6 No
31.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX W INDX 0.6 No 121.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY DL 1.2 Linear Add No
41.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX DL 1.2 Linear Add No 121.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY LL 1.2 No
41.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX LL 1.2 No 121.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY W INDY -0.6 No
41.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX W INDX -0.6 No 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) DL 1.2 Linear Add No
51.2(DL+LL+WLX) DL 1.2 Linear Add No 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) LL 1.2 No
51.2(DL+LL+WLX) LL 1.2 No 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) W INDY 1.2 No
51.2(DL+LL+WLX) W INDX 1.2 No 141.2(DL+LL-WLY) DL 1.2 Linear Add No
61.2(DL+LL-WLX) DL 1.2 Linear Add No 141.2(DL+LL-WLY) LL 1.2 No
61.2(DL+LL-WLX) LL 1.2 No 141.2(DL+LL-WLY) W INDY -1.2 No
61.2(DL+LL-WLX) W INDX -1.2 No 151.5(DL+WLY) DL 1.5 Linear Add No
71.5(DL+WLX) DL 1.5 Linear Add No 151.5(DL+WLY) W INDY 1.5 No
71.5(DL+WLX) W INDX 1.5 No 161.5(DL-WLY) DL 1.5 Linear Add No
81.5(DL-WLX) DL 1.5 Linear Add No 161.5(DL-WLY) W INDY -1.5 No
81.5(DL-WLX) W INDX -1.5 No 170.9DL+1.5WLY DL 0.9 Linear Add No
90.9DL+1.5WLX DL 0.9 Linear Add No 170.9DL+1.5WLY W INDY 1.5 No
90.9DL+1.5WLX W INDX 1.5 No 180.9DL-1.5WLY DL 0.9 Linear Add No
180.9DL-1.5WLY W INDY -1.5 No
6. Frames Analysis and Design

General Building Systems
A building is subjected to gravity loads such as dead loads & live loads and lateral loads such as wind and earthquake
loads. These loads are transferred to ground through a system of interconnected structural members. Connections between
beam and column may be moment resistant.
A structural system may be of the following system
1. Load bearing wall system: Walls provide support for all gravity and lateral loads. Indian standard of code practice restrict
the use of such building to 3 storeys in seismic zone V.
2. Shear wall system: It is wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane. It also referred as vertical diaphragm
or structural wall. Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically placed along exterior perimeter of the building to reduce ill-
effects of twist in buildings.
3. Moment resisting Frame System: It is a system in which members and joints are capable of resisting vertical and lateral
loads primarily by flexure. Frames may be designed using concept of strong column-weak girder proportions. There are two
types of MRF
4. Dual Frame System: MRF with shear wall also termed as Dual System. The interaction between the frame and the shear
wall reduces the lateral deflection of the structural wall at the top, while the wall helps support the frame near the base. The
MRFs are designed to independently resist at least 25% of design base shear, even if shear walls share more than 75% of the
total lateral force. This is to take care of effect of displacement during
earthquake.
5. Tube System: A structural system consisting of closely spaced exterior columns tied at each floor level with relatively deep
spandrel beams. Such a building has very high moment of inertia about the two orthogonal axes in plan and very high torsional
stiffness about vertical axis and used for tall buildings to limit the storey lateral displacement.
Among these a structural system SMRF is adopted here while designing the building.
The strength and stiffness of the infill walls are ignored but their equivalent loads/masses are considered while designing bare
frames for earthquake load.
It is desirable to provide a 10-20 mm clear gap between the masonry panel and the adjoining beams and columns.
The data and other building features are thoroughly adopted while analysing the SMRF building by software CSI-ETABS.
Analysis of Building Systems

Finite-element modelling: - A three-dimensional finite-element model of the purposed building was generated in ETABS.V.16,
which included the Prefab Calcium silicate walls & flooring and CGI sheet roofing. It was assumed loads would be transferred
to the ground through the isolated footings. Finite element analysis will give more accurate results. Structures support loads and
enclose space and are of three-dimensional construction.
ETABS is a stand-alone finite-element-based structural analysis program with special purpose features for structural design and
analysis of building systems. The numerical methods used to analyse the building allow modelling of steel deck floors systems
that can automatically transfer their loads to main girders. The automated finite element meshing of complex floor systems with
automated displacement interpolation at mismatched mesh transitions, coupled with Eigen analysis for dynamics, makes
inclusion of diaphragm flexibility effects in the analysis very practical.
6.3. Analysis Output Envelope
a) Storey Drifts
Storey Drift ratio for all storied are checked as defined in clause 7.11.2, IS 1893-2002.It is found that storey drift ratio for all
stories are within permissible limit 0.004. OK. All the reaction forces, drifts and deflections are shown in ANNEX-I
Table: 9- Storey Drifts

Story Drifts
Load Load Load
Story Direction Drift Story Direction Drift Story Direction Drift
Case/Combo Case/Combo Case/Combo
RIDGE (19'-6") DL X 2.50E -05 E AVE (13'-6") DL X 4.10E -05 P L (1'-6") DL X 3.54E -07
RIDGE (19'-6") LL X 0.00011 E AVE (13'-6") LL X 0.000161 P L (1'-6") LL X 1.00E -06
RIDGE (19'-6") W INDX X 0.007043 E AVE (13'-6") W INDX X 0.012288 P L (1'-6") W INDX X 5.10E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") W INDY X 0.000193 E AVE (13'-6") W INDY Y 0.518709 P L (1'-6") W INDY Y 8.70E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") W INDY Y 0.00017 E AVE (13'-6") 11.5DL X 6.10E -05 P L (1'-6") 11.5DL X 1.00E -06
RIDGE (19'-6") 11.5DL X 3.80E -05 E AVE (13'-6") 2 1.5(DL+LL) X 0.000302 P L (1'-6") 2 1.5(DL+LL) X 2.00E -06
RIDGE (19'-6") 2 1.5(DL+LL) X 0.000202 E AVE (13'-6") 3 1.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX X 0.007443 P L (1'-6") 3 1.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX X 2.90E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 3 1.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX X 0.004064 E AVE (13'-6") 4 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX X 0.007302 P L (1'-6") 4 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX X 3.10E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 4 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX X 0.004388 E AVE (13'-6") 5 1.2(DL+LL+WLX) X 0.014816 P L (1'-6") 5 1.2(DL+LL+WLX) X 6.00E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 5 1.2(DL+LL+WLX) X 0.00829 E AVE (13'-6") 6 1.2(DL+LL-WLX) X 0.014675 P L (1'-6") 6 1.2(DL+LL-WLX) X 6.20E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 6 1.2(DL+LL-WLX) X 0.008614 E AVE (13'-6") 7 1.5(DL+WLX) X 0.018475 P L (1'-6") 7 1.5(DL+WLX) X 7.50E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 7 1.5(DL+WLX) X 0.010527 E AVE (13'-6") 8 1.5(DL-WLX) X 0.018388 P L (1'-6") 8 1.5(DL-WLX) X 7.60E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 8 1.5(DL-WLX) X 0.010603 E AVE (13'-6") 9 0.9DL+1.5WLX X 0.018458 P L (1'-6") 9 0.9DL+1.5WLX X 7.60E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 9 0.9DL+1.5WLX X 0.010543 E AVE (13'-6") 10 0.9DL-1.5WLX X 0.018406 P L (1'-6") 10 0.9DL-1.5WLX X 7.60E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 10 0.9DL-1.5WLX X 0.010588 E AVE (13'-6") 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY Y 0.311295 P L (1'-6") 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY Y 5.20E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY X 0.000176 E AVE (13'-6") 12 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY Y 0.311314 P L (1'-6") 12 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY Y 5.20E -05
RIDGE (19'-6") 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY Y 0.000102 E AVE (13'-6") 13 1.2(DL+LL+WLY) Y 0.622508 P L (1'-6") 13 1.2(DL+LL+WLY) Y 0.000105
RIDGE (19'-6") 12 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY X 0.000235 E AVE (13'-6") 14 1.2(DL+LL-WLY) Y 0.622539 P L (1'-6") 14 1.2(DL+LL-WLY) Y 0.000105
RIDGE (19'-6") 12 1.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY Y 0.000102 E AVE (13'-6") 15 1.5(DL+WLY) Y 0.778061 P L (1'-6") 15 1.5(DL+WLY) Y 0.000131
RIDGE (19'-6") 13 1.2(DL+LL+WLY) X 0.00019 E AVE (13'-6") 16 1.5(DL-WLY) Y 0.778094 P L (1'-6") 16 1.5(DL-WLY) Y 0.000131
RIDGE (19'-6") 13 1.2(DL+LL+WLY) Y 0.000204 E AVE (13'-6") 17 0.9DL+1.5WLY Y 0.778049 P L (1'-6") 17 0.9DL+1.5WLY Y 0.000131
RIDGE (19'-6") 14 1.2(DL+LL-WLY) X 0.000351 E AVE (13'-6") 18 0.9DL-1.5WLY Y 0.778082 P L (1'-6") 18 0.9DL-1.5WLY Y 0.000131
RIDGE (19'-6") 14 1.2(DL+LL-WLY) Y 0.000204
RIDGE (19'-6") 15 1.5(DL+WLY) X 0.000264
RIDGE (19'-6") 15 1.5(DL+WLY) Y 0.000255
RIDGE (19'-6") 16 1.5(DL-WLY) X 0.000316
RIDGE (19'-6") 16 1.5(DL-WLY) Y 0.000255
RIDGE (19'-6") 17 0.9DL+1.5WLY X 0.000275
RIDGE (19'-6") 17 0.9DL+1.5WLY Y 0.000255
RIDGE (19'-6") 18 0.9DL-1.5WLY X 0.000306
RIDGE (19'-6") 18 0.9DL-1.5WLY Y 0.000255
b) Base Reactions (envelope)

The foundation reactions e.g. Moments and forces are taken from factored dead loads and imposed load which is shown in fig
below. Since the reaction is no more and seems similar all footings are grouped as one. The design of is group of foundation is
included in foundation design heads in this report.
Table: 10- Base Reactions and Allocation of Foundation Groups
Here maximum reaction is 96 KN in z-direction moments on the base in any direction is less than 1. Hence isolated footings for
100KN ultimate reaction is designed and applied to all footings. An isolated footing of 3’X3’ (9 sq. ft.=0.836m2) is considered
sufficient as safe bearing capacity of soil considered is 160KN/m2.
c) Section Forces
Typical analysis forces of beam and column are presented below. All the beam/column forces may be reviewed by the .e2k file
which is to be provided to authority.
Sample member forces
Fig: 5- Axial force Diagram
Design
The specific aim of structural design is, for a given framing arrangement, to determine the member sizes to support the
structure’s loads.
Limit state theory of Design

It includes principles from the elastic and plastic theories and incorporates other relevant factors to give as realistic a basis for
design as possible. The following concepts are central to limit state theory.
1. Account is taken in design of all separate conditions that could cause failure or make the structure unfit for its intended
use. These are the various limit states and are listed in the next section.
2. The design is based on the actual behaviour of materials in structures and performance of real structures established by
tests and long-term observations. Good practice embodied in clauses in codes and specifications must be followed in
order that some limit states cannot be reached.
3. The overall intention is that design is to be based on statistical methods and probability theory. It is recognized that no
design can be made completely safe; only a low probability that the structure will not reach a limit state can be achieved.
However, full probabilistic design is not possible at present and the basis is mainly deterministic.
Design of Frames
These include the choice of materials, type of foundations used, methods of jointing, the fabrication process and erection
methods, Other design considerations such as fatigue, brittle fracture, fire resistance and corrosion protection are also noted.
Hot rolled steel sections joined using bolting and welding is used for framing elements. Frame members are classified as their
responses to loadings. A member in upright (vertical) position which supports a roof or floor system and predominantly
subjected to compression is said to column. A member subjected predominantly to bending is called beam. All the structural
steel used in this report shall before fabrication conform to IS 2062. Physical properties of structural steel irrespective of its
grade may be taken as:
Unit mass of steel, ρ = 7850 kg/m3
Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 x 10s N/mm2 (MPa)
Poisson ratio, μ = 0.3
Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769 x 10ˆ 5N/mm2 (MPa)
Co-efficient of thermal expansion α. = 12 x10ˆ-6 /◦c
Bolts, nuts and washers conforming to IS 1363 (Parts 1 to 3), IS 1364 (Parts 1 to 5), IS 1367 (Parts 1 to 20), IS 3640, IS 3757,
IS 4000, IS 5369, IS 5370, IS 5372, IS 5374, IS 5624, IS 6610, IS 6623, IS 6639, and IS 6649. The recommendations in IS
4000 shall be followed.
Structure and its elements are designed by the limit state method. Where the limit states method cannot be conveniently
adopted; the working stress design may be used. In the limit state design method, the structure shall be designed to withstand
safely all loads likely to act on it throughout its life. It shall not suffer total collapse under accidental loads such as from
explosions or impact or due to consequences of human error to an extent beyond the local damages. The objective of the design
is to achieve a structure that will remain fit for use during its life with acceptable target reliability.
Preliminary designed sections are provided and the structure is checked for different load combinations by powerful steel
structure analysis software CSI-ETABS_V.16.
The detail check and pass for all frame elements is shown in ANNEX-I
Structural drawings are explained in ANNEX-II
Typical Design of a Frame Section

ETABS 2016 Steel Frame Design
IS 800:2007 Steel Section Check (Strength Envelope)
(4” Medium Column Column)
Element Details (Part 1 of 2)

Level Element Unique Name Location (mm) Combo Design Type Element Type
EAVE (13'-6") C78 52 3657.6 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) Column Ordinary Moment Frame
Section Classification Rolled
ISNB90M (4") Class 1 No
Design Code Parameters

ɣM0 ɣM1 An /Ag LLRF PLLF Stress ratio Limit
1.1 1.25 1 1 0.75 1.2
Section Properties
A (cm²) Izz (cm⁴) rzz (mm) Ze,zz (cm³) Av,z (cm²) Zp,zz (cm³) Iyz (cm⁴) It (cm⁴)
12.3 146.3 34.5 28.8 7.8 38.1 0 292.6
J (cm⁴) Iyy (cm⁴) ryy (mm) Ze,yy (cm³) Av,y (cm²) Zp,yy (cm³) Iw (cm⁶) h (mm)
292.6 146.3 34.5 28.8 7.8 38.1 101.6
Material Properties
J (cm⁴) Iyy (cm⁴) ryy (mm)
292.6 146.3 34.5
E (MPa) fy (MPa) fu (MPa)

200000.03 345 450
Stress Check Forces and Moments

Location (mm) N (kN) Mzz (kN-m) Myy (kN-m) Vy (kN) Vz (kN) To (kN-m)
3657.6 -27.6703 0 0 0.0022 1.149E-06 0.021
PMM Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio 9.3.2.2(a)

D/C Ratio = P / Pdy + Ky * Cmy * (My,span / Mdy; ) + KLT * (Mz,span /
Mdz; )
0.257 = 0.257 + 0 + 3.958E-04
Basic Factors
Buckling Mode K Factor L Factor L Length (mm) KL/r
Major (z-z) 1 1.125 4114.8 119.146
Major Braced 1 1.125 4114.8 119.146
Minor (y-y) 1 1.209 4421.8 128.036
Minor Braced 1 1.209 4421.8 128.036
LTB 1 1.209 4421.8 128.036
Axial Force Design

N Force Td Capacity Nd Capacity Pdy Capacity Pz Capacity Pd Capacity
kN kN kN kN kN kN
Axial -27.6703 384.668 384.668 107.7457 121.5508 107.7457
Tdg Tdn Ncr,T Ncr,TF An /Ag N /Nd

kN kN kN kN Unitless Unitless
384.668 397.3788 94344.4601 147.6822 1 0.072
Design Parameters for Axial Design

Curve α fcc (MPa) λ Φ χ fcd (MPa)
Major (z-z) b 0.34 139.05 1.575 1.974 0.316 99.11
MajorB (z-z) b 0.34 139.05 1.575 1.974 0.316 99.11
Minor (y-y) b 0.34 120.41 1.693 2.186 0.28 87.85
MinorB (y-y) b 0.34 120.41 1.693 2.186 0.28 87.85
Torsional TF b 0.34 120.41 1.693 2.186 0.28 87.85
Moment Designs
M Moment Mspan Moment Md(yield) Capacity Mdv Capacity Mnd Capacity Md(LTB) Capacity
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major (z-z) 0 0.0047 10.8378 10.8378 10.8378 11.6606
Minor (y-y) 0 1.769E-05 10.8378 10.8378 10.8378
Curve αLT λLT ΦLT χLT C1 Mcr (kN-m)

LTB c 0.49 0.249 0.543 0.975 1.057 192.6361
Cmy Cmz CmLT kz ky KLT My / Mdy Mz / Mdz α1 α2

Factors 1 1 1 1.182 1.205 0.991 0 0 2 2
Shear Design
V Force (kN) Vd Capacity (kN) To Capacity (kN-m) Stress Ratio Status Check
Major (y) 0.0022 141.3857 0.021 1.551E-05 OK
Minor (z) 1.149E-06 141.3857 0.021 0 OK
Shear Design
Vp (kN) kv (Unitless) ΛW (Unitless) Τb (MPa)
Reduction 141.3857 0 0 1
(3” Truss Rafter)

RIDGE (19'-6") D86 272 2495.7 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) Brace Ordinary Moment Frame

3"-MEDIUM Class 1 No

1.1 1.25 1 1 0.75 1.2
Section Properties
8.2 54 25.7 14.2 5.2 18.9 0 108
108 54 25.7 14.2 5.2 18.9 76.1
Material Properties
108 54 25.7

200000.03 345 450

2495.7 -26.9611 0.1188 0.0727 -0.0956 -0.3358 0.0022

D/C Ratio = P / Pdy + Ky * Cmy * (My,span / Mdy; ) + KLT * (Mz,span /
Mdz; )
0.146 = 0.12 + 0.017 + 0.02
Basic Factors
Major (z-z) 1 0.201 1009.2 39.323
Major Braced 1 0.201 1009.2 39.323

Minor (y-y) 1 0.201 1009.2 39.323
Minor Braced 1 0.201 1009.2 39.323
LTB 1 0.201 1009.2 39.323
Axial Force Design

kN kN kN kN kN kN
Axial -26.9611 257.1679 257.1679 225.1017 225.1017 225.1017

257.1679 265.6656 63073.5248 1046.7204 1 0.105

Major (z-z) b 0.34 1276.56 0.52 0.69 0.875 274.53
MajorB (z-z) b 0.34 1276.56 0.52 0.69 0.875 274.53
Minor (y-y) b 0.34 1276.56 0.52 0.69 0.875 274.53
MinorB (y-y) b 0.34 1276.56 0.52 0.69 0.875 274.53
Torsional TF b 0.34 1276.56 0.52 0.69 0.875 274.53
Moment Designs
Major (z-z) 0.1188 0.1188 5.3419 5.3419 5.3419 5.9397
Minor (y-y) 0.0727 0.0945 5.3419 5.3419 5.3419

LTB c 0.49 0.128 0.491 1 1.219 359.3863

Factors 0.912 1 1 1.038 1.038 0.998 0.014 0.022 2 2
Shear Design
Major (y) 0.0956 94.5227 0.0022 0.001 OK
Minor (z) 0.3358 94.5227 0.0022 0.004 OK
Shear Design
Reduction 94.5227 0 0 1
End Reaction Axial Forces
Left End Reaction (kN) Load Combo Right End Reaction (kN) Load Combo
6.473 180.9DL-1.5WLY -20.1814 180.9DL-1.5WLY
(3” Medium Pipe Truss Bottom Chord)

EAVE (13'-6") B63 30 1384.3 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) Beam Ordinary Moment Frame


1.1 1.25 1 1 0.75 1.2
Section Properties
8.2 54 25.7 14.2 5.2 18.9 0 108
108 54 25.7 14.2 5.2 18.9 76.1
Material Properties
108 54 25.7

200000.03 345 450

1384.3 -10.2574 -0.0553 -0.0309 -0.4632 -0.0077 0.0942

D/C Ratio = P / Pdy + Ky * Cmy * (My,span / Mdy; ) + KLT *
(Mz,span / Mdz; )
0.314 = 0.266 + 0.007 + 0.047
Basic Factors
Major (z-z) 1 0.804 3759.2 146.476
Major Braced 1 0.804 3759.2 146.476
Minor (y-y) 1 1 4673.6 182.106
Minor Braced 1 1 4673.6 182.106
LTB 1 1 4673.6 182.106
Axial Force Design

kN kN kN kN kN kN
Axial -10.2574 257.1679 257.1679 38.5049 57.0392 38.5049

257.1679 265.6656 63073.5248 48.8059 1 0.04

Major (z-z) b 0.34 92 1.936 2.67 0.222 69.56
MajorB (z-z) b 0.34 92 1.936 2.67 0.222 69.56
Minor (y-y) b 0.34 59.52 2.408 3.773 0.15 46.96
MinorB (y-y) b 0.34 59.52 2.408 3.773 0.15 46.96
Torsional TF b 0.34 59.52 2.408 3.773 0.15 46.96
Moment Designs
Major (z-z) -0.0553 -0.273 5.3419 5.3419 5.3419 5.7764
Minor (y-y) -0.0309 -0.0345 5.3419 5.3419 5.3419

LTB c 0.49 0.254 0.546 0.973 1.429 91.0254

Factors 0.9 0.853 0.9 1.144 1.213 0.99 -0.006 -0.01 2 2
Shear Design
Major (y) 0.4632 94.5227 0.0942 0.005 OK
Minor (z) 0.0077 94.5227 0.0942 8.196E-05 OK
Shear Design
Reduction 94.5227 0 0 1
(2” Medium Pipe Truss Purlins)

RIDGE (19'-6") B244 559 1752.6 21.5(DL+LL) Beam Ordinary Moment Frame


1.1 1.25 1 1 0.75 1.2
Section Properties
5.3 15 16.7 5.9 3.4 8 0 29.9
29.9 15 16.7 5.9 3.4 8 50.8
Material Properties
29.9 15 16.7

200000.03 345 450

1752.6 0.0191 1.9593 -0.2056 -0.5866 0.0622 0
PMM Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio 9.3.1.1(az)

D/C Ratio = Mz / Mndz
D/C Ratio = Mz / Mndz

0.884 = 0.884
Basic Factors
Major (z-z) 1 0.986 3454.4 206.403
Major Braced 1 0.986 3454.4 206.403
Minor (y-y) 1 0.986 3454.4 206.403
Minor Braced 1 0.986 3454.4 206.403
LTB 1 0.986 3454.4 206.403
Axial Force Design

kN kN kN kN kN kN
Axial 0.0191 167.4252 167.4252 19.8805 19.8805 19.8805

167.4252 172.9575 41063.0396 24.7339 1 1.142E-04

Major (z-z) b 0.34 46.33 2.729 4.653 0.119 37.24
MajorB (z-z) b 0.34 46.33 2.729 4.653 0.119 37.24
Minor (y-y) b 0.34 46.33 2.729 4.653 0.119 37.24
MinorB (y-y) b 0.34 46.33 2.729 4.653 0.119 37.24
Torsional TF b 0.34 46.33 2.729 4.653 0.119 37.24
Moment Designs
Major (z-z) 1.9593 1.9593 2.2155 2.2155 2.2155 2.3932
Minor (y-y) -0.2056 -0.2056 2.2155 2.2155 2.2155

LTB c 0.49 0.299 0.569 0.95 1.142 27.2326

Factors 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.093 0.884 2 2
Shear Design
Major (y) 0.5866 61.5375 0 0.01 OK
Minor (z) 0.0622 61.5375 0 0.001 OK
Shear Design
Reduction 61.5375 0 0 1
End Reaction Major Shear Forces

Left End Reaction (kN) Load Combo Right End Reaction (kN) Load Combo
1.6998 180.9DL-1.5WLY 1.6998 180.9DL-1.5WLY
Truss Design:-Steel trusses, supported on columns, are one of the structural systems commonly used in industrial buildings.
The steel trusses have been designed as simply supported on columns and subjected to loads (dead, live, crane, wind and
earthquake loads) applied through the purlins, girts and gantry girders. The columns have been designed as cantilevers tied
together resisting wind load and other loads acting perpendicular to the ridge, in addition to axial load. The analysis and design
results are given for purlins, steel roof trusses made of angles or tubes, columns and base plates.
The typified designs have been done considering economy associated with minimum weight and mass production of repetitive
fabrication. The analysis and designs have been done on the basis of relevant Indian Standards.
The hot-rolled steel members and fasteners conforming to IS: 226-1975, IS: 2062-1984 and steel tubes conforming to grade Yst 25 of
IS: 1161-1979 have been used in the elements of the structure.
Truss Configuration - Before the choice of a final configuration of truss for the typified design, several commonly used truss
configurations have been studied. From among these, Howe type configuration is selected.
Is: 806 • 1968 (reaffirmed 2008) code of practice for use of steel tubes in general building construction. If not galvanized, all
tubes shall, unless otherwise specified, be painted or oiled or otherwise protectively coated before exposure to the weather. If they are to
be painted in accordance with any special requirements, this shall be arranged between the purchaser and the manufacturer. In tubular
construction, the ends of tubes may be flattened or otherwise for me d to provide for welded, riveted or bolted connections provided
that the methods adopted for such flattening do not injure the material. The change of section shall be gradual.
6.4.2 Design of Connections

Connections are so designed capable of transmitting the calculated design actions. Connection elements consist of components
such as cleats, gusset plates, brackets, connecting plates and connectors such as rivets, bolts, pins, and welds. The partial safety
factor in the evaluation of design strength of connections is taken as 1.25 for bolts and shop welds. The distance between
centres of fasteners shall not be less than 2.5 times the nominal diameter of the fastener. The distance between the centres of
any two adjacent fasteners is maintained not exceeding 32t or 300 mm whichever is less, where t is the thickness of the thinner
plate. Requirements of welds and welding shall conform to IS 816.
Fig: 8- Typical Steel Member Joints
(a) Direct contact overlaps connection without eccentricity;

(b) Direct contact overlaps connection with eccentricity;
(c) Direct contact gap connection with/without eccentricity (with chord face reinforcing plate shown—without reinforcing plate is very common);
(d) T-joint with chord face reinforcing plate (for very heavy loads—otherwise no reinforcing plate is also popular);
(e) Connection detail at support (note vertical stub portion with flange splice for lifting onto support);
(f) Concentric reducer where chord section is stepped down (alternatively, if the overall section is not stepped down then the wall thickness is reduced—the
latter applies for RHS/SHS);
(g) slotted-gusset connections;
(h) Flattened end connections, and;
(i) Slit tube connections
Fabrication Details
Fabrication covers the process of making the individual elements of the steel-framed building from rolled steel sections and
plates. The general process is set out briefly as follows:
1. The fabricator prepares the materials lists and drawings showing the shop details.
2. Rolled members are cut to length and drilled by numerically controlled plant.
3. Shapes of gussets, cleats, endplates, stiffeners etc. are marked out and flame or plasma-arc cut and edges are ground.
Hole locations are marked and holes drilled.
4. For built-up members, plates are flame or plasma-arc cut, followed by machining for edges and weld preparation.
5. Main components and fittings are assembled and positioned and final welding is carried out by automatic submerged-arc
or gas-shielded process. Appropriate measures are taken to control distortion and cracking.
6. Members are cleaned by grit blasting, primed and given their mark number.
Careful design can reduce fabrication costs. Some points to be considered are as follows.
1. Rationalize the design so that as many similar members as possible are used. This will result in extra material being
required but will reduce costs.
2. The simplest detail should be used so that welding is reduced to a minimum, sound welds can be assured and inspection
and testing carried out easily.
3. Standard bolted connections should be used throughout.
Purlin Rafter Connection Details – The sheeting and the fasteners connecting sheeting to supporting members should be
capable of resisting local high pressure recommended by IS: 875-1964. The connection detail between truss rafter and
channel/tube purlin is shown in above. The purlins are to be located at or as close as possible to the nodes of the roof trusses.
Angle Truss Connection Details –The members at a joint should be connected such that their C.G. lines intersect at a point
without any eccentricity. All the shop connections are welded and field connections may be bolted or welded. The 9 to 12 m
span trusses are to be completely fabricated as one unit in the shop. The 18 to 24 m span trusses are to be fabricated in two
units and assembled in field to form the desired truss whereas the 30 m span trusses are to be fabricated in shop and transported
in three units and are to be assembled in field to form the 30 m span.
Tube Truss Connection Details Typical details of connections between tubular members of the truss are shown in fig above.
All shop and field connections are welded. The 9 to 12 m trusses are to be fabricated in shop as whole unit and transported to
site. The 18 to 24 m trusses are fabricated in shop as two units and 30 m trusses as 3 units for ease of transportation and finally
joined together at site by welding.
The Length of the curve of intersection is taken as
L=a+b+3 √ (a²+b²)
Where
a=d/2 * Cosec ϴ
b=d/3*((3-(d/D)²)/(2-(d/D)²)) Tube to tube Intersection.
b=d/2 Tube to Plate Intersection.
Where,
d = Outside diameter Of Branch.
D = Outside diameter of Main.
ϴ = Angle between Branch and Main.
Fig: 9- Welding Length in Pipe Connection.
Sample Connection Design

Pipe welding in Truss
Weld Length Calculation for Pipe Connection
L'=a+b+3 √ (a²+b²) 197 mm

a=d/2 * Cosec ϴ 35.37
b=(d/3)*(3-(d/D)²)/(2-(d/D)²) 27.38
Tube to tube Intersection.
b=d/2 Tube to Plate Intersection. 25
d = Outside diameter Of Branch. 50 mm
D = Outside diameter of Main.
75 mm
(If Plate Put D=100000)
ϴ = Angle between Branch and 45 degree
Main. 0.79 radian
Cosec ϴ 1.41
d/D 0.67
Design/Check of Column Base 1

Slab Base Design for Axial and Moment Loads
1 Yield Strength of the Base Plate Steel (fy) = 350 N/mm2
2 Minimum Thickness of the rectangular Slab Base ( ts) = 16 mm Check OK ! Checked
3 Depth of Column (D)= 100 mm Required = 14.17
4 Width of Column (bf) = 100 mm
5 ts=√((2.5*w*(a²-0.3b²)*ϒmo)/fy) 14.17 mm Thickness of slab base required
6 a= 100 mm Pipe-section and Plate connection
7 b= 100 mm
8 Flange thickness of the column OR Thickness of Pipe(tf) = 3.6 mm
9 Maximum Pressure at extreme point on the slab base (w) = 3.65 N/mm2
10 Characteristic Strength of the Concrete (fck) = 25 N/mm2
11 Design Bearing Strength of the Concrete =0.45*fck = 11.25 N/mm2
12 Length of Slab Base (L) = 200 mm
13 Width of Slab Base (B) = 200 mm
14 Area of the Slab Base (A) = 40000 mm2
15 M.O.I (Ixx) = 133333333.3 mm4
16 M.O.I (Iyy) = 133333333.3 mm4
17 Factored Axial Load Capacity (P) = 50 KN Check OK ! Checked
18 Factored Moment in X-direction (Mx) = 4 KN-m
19 Factored Moment in Y-direction (My) = 4 KN-m
20 ϒmo (Partial safety factor @ Yielding) = 1.1
21 End condition Of the Column Not Machined
22 Nominal Connectin Between Slab Base and Column Welding of size 6-mm around the Column is Used
Anchor Bolts Design 2

23 1/4 part of Column Load is to be maintained by group of anchor bolts for accidental Load Reversal.
24 Bolt Type Black Bolt
25 Grade Classification of Bolt 4.6 4 0.6
26 Number of Anchor Bolts used (N) 4
27 Total Tension On the Anchor Bolts 36.50 KN
28 Tension on Each Bolt 9.13 KN
Check OK Checked
29 Size Of the Anchor Bolt Choosen (d) 16 mm
30 Area of the Anchor Bolt (Ab) = 200.96 mm2
31 Design Tensile Strength Of a Bolt (Tdb) = 54.81 KN
32 Tdb=Tnb/ϒmb 54807.27 N
33 Tnb = Less of
34 Tnb = 0.9fub*Anb 57876.48 N
35 Tnb = fyb*Ash*ϒmb/ϒmo 54807.27 N
36 fub (Ultimate Tensile Strength of the Bolt) = 400 N/mm2
37 fyb (Yield Stress of the Bolt) = 240 N/mm2
38 Anb (Thread root Area )= 0.8*Ash 160.768 mm2
39 Ash (Shank Area of the Bolt) = 200.96 mm2
40 ϒmb (Partial safety factor @ Ultimate stress) = 1.25
41 ϒmo (Partial safety factor @ Yielding) = 1.1
42 Length of the Bolt Required (l) 6 Inch
43 l=(Tension on each Bolt /(π*d*τbd)) 150 mm
44 Concrete Used in Bolt Anchoring 25 Mpa
45 (Design Bond Stress corresponding to concrete) τbd = 1.4 N/mm2
46 Minimum Spacing between two Opposite Bolts 146 mm
47 Provide Spacing between two Opposite Bolts (Along Web) X= 148 mm
48 Provide Spacing between two Opposite Bolts (Along Flange) Y= 148 mm
Concluded Slab Base Design 3

1 Size Of The Plate Ultimate Capacity of Column Base
(Length) L= 196 mm Designed
(Width) B= 196 mm Axial M-1 M-2
(Thickness) t= 16 mm 50 4 4
2 Anchor Bolts KN KN-m KN-m
(Numbers ) N= 4 Numbers
(Size) d = 16 mm
Type = Black Bolt
Length (Lb) 150 mm Client: National Concrete Pvt. Ltd.
Minimum Spacing Between Two opposite Bolts (Along Web) 148 mm Rapti Municipality-9
Minimum Spacing Between Two opposite Bolts (Along Flange) 148 mm
Edge Distance 48 mm
Concrete Strength (fck) = 25 Mpa
Typical Connections are detailed in Structural Drawings. Which are drawn according to Indian standard guide SP-38.Welding
of 4 mm size all around the section is sufficient for joint strength.
7. Foundation Analysis and Design

General
Foundation are the structural element that transfer the loads from the building or individual columns to the earth. The
scope of foundation design is to consider the excessive settlement, rotation, differential settlement and safety against
sliding /overturning of foundation.
Types of Footings
a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or circular shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is low and sum of individual footing area is
more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the structures. Well foundations are used in bridge
foundations.
Selection of footings is made from experience but for economical foundations following factors governs the major.
- Bearing capacity of soil and N-values of SPT
- Permissible differential settlement
- Soil strata
- Type of structures and loadings on them
Here the type of footing adopted is an isolated footing of size shown in Table: 10
7.3 Bearing Capacity of soil
The total load per unit area under the footing must be less than permissible bearing capacity of the soil.
Foundations must be designed to resist vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments.
Typical net bearing capacity of different soil types are described below.
Rock: 3300KN/m2 to 450 KN/m2
Non-cohesive soil: 450 KN/m2 to 100 KN/m2
Cohesive soil: 450 KN/m2 to 50 KN/m2.

Here the safe bearing capacity adopted is a minimum 130 KN/m2 for the proposed site.
Depth of Foundation
Factors
-Seasonal weather change e.g. erosion and movement of upper soil
-Lateral earth pressure required to resist horizontal loads.
-safe bearing capacity
Minimum depth of foundation = p/γ [(1-sinΦ)/ (1+sinΦ)] ²
Φ=angle of repose of soil, p= gross bearing capacity, γ = density of soil
However minimum depth of 500mm is mandatory.
Here the depth of foundation adopted is a minimum of 1 m from the existing ground level.
7.5 Analysis and Design of Foundation
The reaction forces are obtained from ETABS analysis and the corresponding designs are made manually with the help
of EXCEL template following the criterion of IS: 456-2000. Here the safe bearing capacity is taken on the basis of
categorization of site soil and peripheral geographical/hydrological features. Experiences with similar soil type and
location as the determination of proper value is out of the scope of this report. The design parameters are shown in
below and corresponding drawing are also attached in structural drawing section of the architectural report.
Table: 11- Foundation Design

Isolated Footing Design IS 456:2000
Cocrete Strength MPA 20 20 Client:- M/S National Concrete Pvt. Ltd.
Rebar Strength MPA 500 130 Location:- …………………………………………………….
Allowable Bearing Capacity of

130 Designer/Engineer:- Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola, NEC CIVIL"A"
Soil (KN/m2)
25 % Increased Allowable Bearing Capacity While EQ Load

162.5 Date:- …
is Considered. (KN/m2)
Signature/Stamp………………………………………………...
Joint Unfactored Bar Φ Spacing
S.N. F-Group # MX MY Size of Footings Depth from Dowels
Labels FZ (Two-Way) c/c
ground
Depth level(mm) Length above and Column Size
BC kN kN-m kN-m Lx (mm) Ly (mm) (mm) (mm) Bar Φ No..
(mm) below col/foot joint (mm x mm)
Shown in
1 F1- 130 50 4 4 1219.2 1219.2 457.2 1066.8 10 127 1 0 56 mm 304.8 304.8
Fig
sheet 1 F1- 130

Design Of Spread Footing IS:456-2000
Er. Buddhi Sagar Bastola NEC "CIVIL" 7059 , Contact +9779856023545
1. Preliminary Geometry Of Foundation F1- 130
Concrete strength fck = 20.00 KN/m2
Rebar Strength fy = 500.00 KN/m2
Unfactored Axial Load = 50.00 KN
Moment Mx = 4.00 KN-m

Moment My = 4.00 KN-m
Equivalent Total Axial load = 114.58 KN
Depth Of Footing From GL 1066.80 mm
Column Size (shorter Side) 304.80 mm
1= OK checked and
Column Size in (longer side) 304.80 mm passed
The Bearing Capacity of Soil = 162.50 KN/m2

Check For tension in concrete 1
0 = Failure ReviseSize
of Footing along max
moment dir.
Weight of soil above footing 31.71 KN

Total weight on soil = 146.30 KN
Actual Area Of Footing Required 0.90 m2
1= OK checked and
Suggestion LX 949 passed
Adopt Size (Lx) 1219.20 mm Check For Dimension of footing 1 0 = Failure Revise
adopt Size (Ly) 1219.20 mm Size of Footing
Area of Footing (A) 1486448.64 mm2 1.49 m2
Ixx 184127463279.82 mm4 0.18 m4
Iyy 184127463279.82 mm4 0.18 m4
Soil Pressure (σ) 77.09
Total Area Of Footing 1.49 m2
Partial Safety Factor Factor 1.50
2. Bending Moment Calculation

Net Earth Pressure 115.63 KN/m2
BM about
BM about Face(column) axis dir- Face(column) axis dir-
1 1 11.83 KN-m
The effective Depth reqd 59.28 mm
Adopt effective Depth of
Increases for Shear Criterion
Foundation 457.20
Overal Depth 507.20
BM=0.87*fy*At(d-
Calculation of Tension steel (fy*At)/(fck*b))
Solution of quadratic equation
a 0.02
b -457.20
c 27185.60
At 59.62 mm2
percentage At = 0.01 %
1= OK checked and
Adopted Bar Size 10.00 mm passed
Area of bar adopted 78.50 mm2 Spacing of footing bars Check 1
0 = Failure Revise
Numers of bars 0.76 spacing i.e. increase
spacing of bars 1605.27
Adopted spacing of bars mm,c/c 127.00 mm c/c
3. One-way Shear action check

mm(effective depth
critacal Section from face of away from column
column 457.20 face)
Shear force Vu -13.76 KN
Nominal shear stress (ζv) -0.02 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress ( shear
strength) of concrete ( for no See IS 456 Table 23 page 81
earthquake considaration 0.19 N/mm2 Annex_B
Permissible shear stress ( shear
strength) of concrete ( earthquake
considaration (ζc) 0.25 N/mm2 increases from code to 33%
For % of steel and 0.01
For Concrete strength 20.00
Check For SHEAR in No
earthquake consideration if ζv>ζc 1= OK checked and passed
CHECK 1
0 =Shear Failure Revise Depth of
Foundation
Check For SHEAR in With
earthquake consideration if ζv>ζc
CHECK 1 1= OK checked and passed

Foundation
sheet 2 F1- 130

4. Two-way Shear action Check
mm( half of
critacal Section from face of effective depth away
column 228.60 from column face)
Shear force Vu -9.22 KN

N0minal Shear stress (ζv) -0.01 N/mm2
Shear strength Of Concrete(τc') =
ks * τc 1.12 N/mm2
But not greater than
ks = (0.5+β) 1.50 1.0 hence take ks = 1
β =( Length of shorter side of
column/length of longer side of
column) 1.00
Check For SHEAR in No
CHECK 1
Foundation
Check For SHEAR in With
CHECK 1
Foundation
5. Development Length of Reinforcement (Ld)

Development Length Ld =
ζ
(0.87*fy*Φ)/(4* bd) 566.41 mm
ζbd 1.92 N/mm2
Actual devlopmentLength provided
in footing is 559.45 mm
1= OK checked and
passed
Development length check 0
0 = Failure ReviseSize
of Footing
6. Punching Check (Load transfer from column to Footing)(Dowels)

Pu is obtained from possible
Nominal Bearing stress in column envelop reactions hence need not
concrete σbr= (Pu/Ac) 1.23 N/mm2 be factored here.
Allowable Bearing stress σa =

0.45*fck 9.00 N/mm2 1= OK checked and passed
Check Either σa>σbr 1
0 =Punching Failure Go STEP 6.1
below
1=Thus column Load transferred to footing safely …no punching failure
0=Thus column Load can't be transferred to footing safely … punching failure
6.1 Provision For Punching

Excess Load -721.54 KN
Required area of steel
As= -3059.53 mm2
Generally take 16 , if insufficient

take 20 (smallar size has less Dowel Bar Φ ( including
development length) column itself) 1.00 mm
Area of dowel Bar 0.79 mm2
Number of dowel bars
reqd -3897.49 numbers
Adopted Numbers of
dowel bar 0.00 of size = 1.00 mm Φ
not less than -3897.49 numbers
1= OK checked and passed
Check 1.00
0 =Punching Failure Revise
numbers/size of Dowel bars
Length of dowels above and below

COL/FOOting Joint. 56.00 mm
Clear cover bottom bars

40.00 mm
## (Bonding Strength) MPA 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40 and more
Plain Bars ζbd 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.70 1.90
Deformed Bars(*1.6) ζbd 1.92 2.24 2.40 2.72 3.04

Punching Design
Required area of steel for punching -3059.53 mm2

Development length provided in
footing 559.45 mm
Total area of footing 1.49 m2
Partial safety Factor 1.50
8. Conclusion
The purpose of this building is commercial. Hence due to high cost of soil investigation actual borehole site exploration
and the determination of bearing capacity of soil is omitted and adopted with the experience and visual inspection of site
and local possibilities. The frame system analysis is made with an well powered software CSI-ETABS V16.Attempts are
made to economise and simplified the construction ensuring earthquake safety and adopting common materials, common
sections, and schedules. Design process is interactive process of selecting frames and checking for loads considered. Final
safe checked and passed model with possible minimum sizes of frame members and minimum reinforcement is adopted.
This design is safe against earthquake no doubly, however more iteration are avoided in selection of members which make
a little costly but not more than 10%. Foundations and Joint Designs are designed manually with the help of excel- design
templates made on the basis of IS 800:2007 and IS 456:2000.Client is suggested to employ supervisor in the construction
periods to ensure the quality control of works/materials within a limit. All necessary calculations; analysis results; design
outputs and structural drawings are presented in annexes. Steel Joints are so designed that the prescribed Nut/Bolt
connection or welding is capable for extreme loadings. All joint forces are under the ultimate strength of purposed
connection strength. More cost in over strength design of connections is supplementary to imperfection in welding due to
lack of good fabricators in local markets. It was assumed to skilled engineer will finishes the structural drawings and
connections.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals

1) Virendra Gehlot -Limit State Design of Steel structure LSD: SS
2) S.Ramamrutham – Design of steel structures, Dhnpat Rai Publishing Company.
3) L.S. Negi –Design of Steel Structures, TATA McGraw-Hill Education Private Ltd.
4) S.S. Bhavikati-Structural Analysis- II, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
5) V.N. Vazirani- Analysis of Structures-II, Khanna Publishers
6) S. Ramamrutham-Theory of Structures, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company
7) www.csiamerica.com
8) Bothara, Jitendra Kumar- Protection of educational buildings against earthquake,NSET-Nepal publication
9) Shrestha, Hima -Retrofitting of common Frame structural houses, NSET-Nepal publication
10) Jain, A.K- R.C.C Limit State Design, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1990
11) Shah & Kale- R.C.C Design, Macmillan India Limited
12) Ashok k. Jain- Advanced Structural Analysis, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 1990
Codes
1) IS.800-2007- Code of Practice for Limit State Design of General Steel Structures.
2) IS.SP.38-1987 –Handbook of Typified Designs for Structures with Steel Roof Trusses (Based on IS Codes)
3) I.S. 456-2000 -Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
4) I S. 456-1978 -Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete (S.P.-16)
5) S.P.34-1987 - Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
6) I S 1893-2003 -Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Structure
7) I S 13920-1993 -Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic forces.
8) I S 875-1987 -Code of practice for Design Loads for Buildings and Structures
Part 1- Dead Load and Part 2- Imposed Load
9) NBC 108:1994- Site Consideration for Seismic Hazards
10) NBC 201:1994 - Mandatory Rules of Thumb Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Masonry Infill
11) NBC 105:1994- Seismic Design of Building in Nepal
Tools
CSI-ETABS V.16 The frame analysis and design of this building is made with CSI-ETABS software choosing the integrated IS codes of standards. The
innovative and revolutionary ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. Incorporating 40 years of
continuous research and development, this latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object based modelling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and
nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and
schematic drawings that allow users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results. The entire building structure was analysed for
gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings utilizing ETABS version 8.4, from Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI). Major success story
of software are shortly explained below.
- ETABS is used in the structural design of the Burj Dubai in the United Arab. The Burj Dubai Tower is the world’s tallest structure, passing all previous
height records. The entire building structure was analysed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings utilizing ETABS version 8.4,
from Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI).
- ETABS is used in the design of the new Museum for African Art on Fifth Avenue in New York City
Microsoft Office Excel Templates: The Design of Foundations Steel member Joints are made with Excel-Template prepared by myself. So prepared
design templates are based on IS 800:2007 and IS 456:2000 - Code of Practice for Limit State Design of General Steel Structures and Plain and Reinforced
Concrete.
ANNEXES
1. ANNEX-I (Analysis/design)
2. ANNEX-II (Structural drawings)
1. Three dimension model views
d) Purlins (MS Pipe)
2. Roof Truss Members

Problem Statement: 2. Scope

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1|P a g e Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design

Figure: 1- Building Plan Dimension and Grid

# Structural system : Steel Space frame

Fig: 3- Nature of Wind Pressure

The wind loads are calculated using IS: 875(part3) as

4. Preliminary Data Assignments for Structural Elements

M20CONCRETE 22360 0.2 9.90E-06 9316.67 24.5166 2500 20 No

Fig: 4- Arc Welding

5. Loading Data Assignments

Loading Data and Calculations

Auto Wind - IS 875-1987

Indian IS875:1987 Auto Wind Load Calculation

Exposure From = Shell Objects

Structure Class = Class B

Terrain Category = Category 2

Top Story = RIDGE (19'-6")

Bottom Story = G LVL

Factors and Coefficients

Risk Coefficient, k1 [IS 5.3.1] k1 = 1

Design Wind Speed, Vz [IS 5.3] Vz = Vb k1 k 2 k 3 Vz = 42.14

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

Exposure From = Shell Objects

Structure Class = Class B

Terrain Category = Category 2

Top Story = RIDGE (19'-6")

Bottom Story = G LVL

Factors and Coefficients

Risk Coefficient, k1 [IS 5.3.1] k1 = 1

Design Wind Speed, Vz [IS 5.3] Vz = Vb k1 k 2 k 3 Vz = 42.14

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir

Load Patterns and Load Cases

Table: 7- Load Cases

Table: 8- Load Combinations

21.5(DL+LL) DL 1.5 Linear Add No 100.9DL-1.5WLX W INDX -1.5 No

21.5(DL+LL) LL 1.5 No 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY DL 1.2 Linear Add No

31.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX DL 1.2 Linear Add No 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY LL 1.2 No

31.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX LL 1.2 No 111.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLY W INDY 0.6 No

31.2(DL+LL)+0.6WLX W INDX 0.6 No 121.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY DL 1.2 Linear Add No

41.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX DL 1.2 Linear Add No 121.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY LL 1.2 No

41.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX LL 1.2 No 121.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLY W INDY -0.6 No

41.2(DL+LL)-0.6WLX W INDX -0.6 No 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) DL 1.2 Linear Add No

51.2(DL+LL+WLX) DL 1.2 Linear Add No 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) LL 1.2 No

51.2(DL+LL+WLX) LL 1.2 No 131.2(DL+LL+WLY) W INDY 1.2 No

51.2(DL+LL+WLX) W INDX 1.2 No 141.2(DL+LL-WLY) DL 1.2 Linear Add No

61.2(DL+LL-WLX) DL 1.2 Linear Add No 141.2(DL+LL-WLY) LL 1.2 No

61.2(DL+LL-WLX) LL 1.2 No 141.2(DL+LL-WLY) W INDY -1.2 No

61.2(DL+LL-WLX) W INDX -1.2 No 151.5(DL+WLY) DL 1.5 Linear Add No

71.5(DL+WLX) DL 1.5 Linear Add No 151.5(DL+WLY) W INDY 1.5 No

71.5(DL+WLX) W INDX 1.5 No 161.5(DL-WLY) DL 1.5 Linear Add No

81.5(DL-WLX) DL 1.5 Linear Add No 161.5(DL-WLY) W INDY -1.5 No

81.5(DL-WLX) W INDX -1.5 No 170.9DL+1.5WLY DL 0.9 Linear Add No

90.9DL+1.5WLX DL 0.9 Linear Add No 170.9DL+1.5WLY W INDY 1.5 No

90.9DL+1.5WLX W INDX 1.5 No 180.9DL-1.5WLY DL 0.9 Linear Add No

180.9DL-1.5WLY W INDY -1.5 No

6. Frames Analysis and Design

Analysis of Building Systems

Table: 9- Storey Drifts

RIDGE (19'-6") LL X 0.00011 E AVE (13'-6") LL X 0.000161 P L (1'-6") LL X 1.00E -06

RIDGE (19'-6") 14 1.2(DL+LL-WLY) Y 0.000204

RIDGE (19'-6") 15 1.5(DL+WLY) X 0.000264

RIDGE (19'-6") 15 1.5(DL+WLY) Y 0.000255