Engr.

Danish Saeed 8/20/2019

Fluid Mechanics-I
Lecture 1

Course Introduction

Credit Hours: 3
Contact Hours: 3
Assessment Tools:
1. Assignments (5%)
2. Quizzes (10%)
3. Mid Semester Examination (30%)
4. End Semester Examination (50%)
5. Attendance (5%)

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Attendance Policy

 As per university rules, students with less

than 75% attendance will not be allowed
to appear in end semester examination.

Recommended Books

1. Daugherty, R. L., J. B. Franzini and Fenimore, Fluid

Mechanics with Engineering Application, McGraw-
Hill New York
2. Munson B.R., Young D.F., Okiishi T.H., Huebsch
W.W., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, J. Wiley &
Sons.
3. Douglus, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Jack P. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-
Hill Inc.
5. Merle Potter, Mechanics of Fluid, CL- Engineering
(2011)

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Fluid Mechanics

 Fluid Mechanics may be divided into THREE

branches
1. Fluid statics is the study of mechanics of fluids at
rest
2. Kinematics deals with the velocities and stream
lines without considering forces or energy
3. Hydrodynamics is concerned with the relationship
between velocities and accelerations and forces
exerted by or upon fluids in motion

Solids and fluids

 The molecules of a solid are closer together than
those of fluids.
 The attractive forces between molecules of a
solid are so strong that a solid tends to retain its
shape.
 Attractive forces between molecules of a fluid are
weaker than those of a solid.
 Fluids cannot retain there shape unless filled in a
container

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Liquids and gases

 A fluid may be either a liquid or gas.
 The molecules of a gas are much farther apart than
those of a liquid.
 Hence gas is highly compressible and when all
pressure is removed, it tends to expand indefinitely.
 A liquid is relatively incompressible.
 If all pressure, expect that of its own vapor pressure,
is removed, the cohesion between molecules holds
them together so that a liquid does not expand
indefinitely

Liquids and gases (Cont…)

 Therefore a liquid may have a free surface, i.e., a

surface from which all pressure is removed, expect its
vapor pressure.
 A vapor is a gas whose temperature and pressure are
such that it is very near to liquid phase.
 Steam is considered as a vapor, because its state is
not far from that of water.
 Air is considered as a gas because its state is very far
from liquid air.

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Physical properties of fluids

 Density
 Specific weight
 Specific volume
 Specific gravity
 Viscosity
 Compressibility
 Surface tension
 Vapor pressure

Density (ρ)
 Density (ρ) of a fluid is its mass per unit volume.
=

 Units of (ρ) will be in slugs/ft3 (kg/m3)

 Variations in pressure and temperature generally have
a small effect on the value of ρ.
 The small change in the density of water with large
variations in temperature is illustrated in Figure on
next slide

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Physical properties of fluids (Cont…)

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Specific weight (γ)

 Specific weight (γ) of a fluid is its weight per unit
volume
=

 Specific weight represents the force exerted by

gravity on unit volume of fluid.
 Units of γ must be lb/ft3 (N/m3)
 we know that w = mg
 And
= = = =

= ⇒ =

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Specific volume (ν)

 Specific volume (ν) is the volume occupied by a unit
mass of fluid.
 It is usually applied to gases and expressed as ft3/slug
(m3/kg)
 Specific volume (ν) is the reciprocal of density
1
ν=

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Specific gravity (s)

 Specific gravity (s) of a liquid is the ratio of its
density to that of water at a standard temperature.

= =

 Physicists use 39.2°F (4°C) as standard temperature

but engineers often use 60°F.

 The density of water at 4°C is 1 g/cm3 (1000 kg/m3)

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Physical properties of fluids

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 Example: The Specific weight of water at ordinary

temperature and pressure is 62.4 lb/ft3 (9.81 kN/m3).
The specific gravity of mercury is 13.55. compute the
density of water and specific weight and density of
mercury.
 Solution:
62.4 ( )
= = = 1.94 /
32.2 ( )

9.81 × 1000 ( )
= = = 1000 /
9.81 ( )
= 1.0 g/cm3

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= × = 13.55 × 1.94

= 26.3 slugs/

= × = 13.55 × 1000

= 13550 kg/

= × = 13.55 × 62.4

= 846 lb/

= × = 13.55 × 9.81

= 133 kN/

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 Problems for practice

1. A tank contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is 2.
Determine the volume of the liquid in the tank.

2. The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg/m3.

Determine its specific gravity and specific weight.

3. For a certain liquid, a hydrometer reading indicates a

specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and
specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.

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