General Characteristics of Life:

 Homeostasis
 Role in the Ecosystem
 Chemical Uniqueness
 Complexity & Hierarchical Organization
 Reproduction
 Possesion of Genes
 Metabolism
 Development & Growth
 Evolution
 Movement
 Environmental Interaction

Homeostasis – state of internal constancy

“homeo” = the same
“stasis” = standing

Role in the Ecosystem

Producers

 Photosynthesis
 Chemosynthesis

Consumers

 Herbivores – Plants
 Carnivores – Meat
 Omnivores – both meat and plants

Feeding Relationships

 Prey
 Predators
 Scavengers
 Decomposers – recycle

Competition
Symbiosis

 Mutualism – Both organism benefits

 Commensalism – one will benefit but the other is not harmed
 Parasitism – one benefits, one is harmed

Chemical Uniqueness

- living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization

What makes an organism chemically unique?

- it is made up of organic substance

Organic – Carbon

 Carbohydrates – energy source

 Proteins – building blocks
  Lipids – energy source
 Nucleic – genetics

Complexity & Hierarchical Organization ( Ranking – Ascending )

( Simplest - Complex )

 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Organ System

Reproduction – ability to reproduce

 Genes – replicate
 Cells
 Organisms
 Population
 Species

Genetic Program – Fidelity of Inheritance

Metabolism ( ABCD ) - Sum of all chemical processes in Body

Anabolism – simple to complex structures (built)

Catabolism – complex to simple ( destroy bonds / break down )

Development

 Change in shape/ form

 Qualitative
 Characteristic life cycle

Growth – change in size

Evolution – accumulation of gradual adaptions to changes in the environment

Movement ( purpose ) - living systems and their parts show precise and controlled
movements

Environmental Interaction

 Iritability – ability to respond a stimuli

Characteristic unique to humans :

 Language
 Future planning
 Culture
 Environmental shaping

Cells as units of life

Cell Concepts

Robert Hooke

 Cell Biology
  “cell”
 Improvised Microscope ( cork )

Anton Van Leewenhoek

 Father of Microbiology
 “pond water”
 Animalcules

Cell Theory

3 components:

 Mathias Schleiden – All living organisms are made up of cells

 Theodor Schwann – cell is the basic unit of life
 Rudolf Virchow – All cells come from pre-existing cells

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Basic Features :

1. Cell Membrane – outer covering

o Regulation / regulates the entry and exit of the substance
o Communication between neighboring cells
2. Ribosomes – PROTEIN synthesis Prokaryotes
3.
4. DNA / Cytoplasm – Genetic Material
5. Cytosol – Cytoplasm - celly-like substance where organelles are suspended

Pro – Before
Karyon – Nucleus

 First cells to evolve

 Nucleoid
 Domains – Bacteria & Archaea

Eukaryotes

Eu - True
Karyon – Nucleus

 Membrane – bound organelles & nucleus

 Domains – Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Structures unique to:

PLANTS (3c’s1p)

 Chloroplast – photosynthetic organelle

 Central Vacuole – water storage, lysosomes ( breakdown waste material)
 Cell Wall – protective layer, cellulose
 Plasmodesma / Plasmodesmata – communication, connect adjacent plant cells

ANIMAL CELLS

 Lysosome – digestive compartment

 Centrosome – cell division
  Flagella – locomotion

Plasma membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

o Phospholipid Bilayer – Hydrophobic (interior), Hydrophilic (exterior), Amphiphilic

o Proteins – Peripheral (Surface), Integral (intro/through plasma membrane)

Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton

o Cell shape – intermediate filament

o Movement – microfilament
o Cell division – Microtubule – Centrosome

Endomembrane System

1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough (ribosomes) - Protein Synthesis
 Smooth
 Lipid Synthesis
 Carbohydrates Metabolism
 Calcium Storage
 Detoxification of harmful substance
3. Transport Vesicle
4. Golgi Body ( Apparatus (secretory vesicle) / Complex (lysosome/waste)
5. Plasma Membrane

Golgi Complex – stores modifies & packages

Nucleus - gives instructions to photosynthesis

Microscope

 Head & Neck

 Eye Piece (two)
 Base
 Revolving nose piece
 Stage
 Stage clip
 Stage adjustment knobs - x-axis (top – forward + backward) & y-axis (bottom – left +
right )
 Coarse Adjustment Knob (big)
 Fine Adjustment Knob (small)
 Coarse Objective
 Scanning Objective – 4x (Red)
 Low power Objective – 10x (Yellow)
 High power Objective – 40x ( Blue )
 Oil Immersion Objective – 100x (Black)
 Pointing Needle (right eye piece)
 Specimen Parenchyma Shape of cells Arrangement No. Of Nuclei Location of
of cells Nuclei
Liver Hepatocycte Polygonal Columns Mononucleate Central
d/Binucleated
Trachea Chondrocyte Stellate Singly/ Mononucleate Central
Isogenous d
Compact Osteocyte Stellate Concentric Mononucleate Central
Bone d
Thick Skin Epidermal cell Flat Layer Mononucleate Central
d
Spinal Cord Neuron Stellate Random Mononucleate Central
d
Skeletal Skeletal Elongated/ Bundle Multinucleate Peripheral
muscle Muscle Cell cylindrical d

Cell Surfaces & Specializations

o Cilia – does not move the entire cell, but move the fluid on the surfaces
o Flagella – moves the cell from one point to another
o Pseudopodia - “cytoplasmic streaming”
o Primary Cillium – cellular communication (helps the cell detect changes)
o Specialized Junctions (3 Cell junction types)
 Tight Junctions – encircle cells and act as seals to prevent passage of
molecules between cells
 Adhesion Junctions – encircle cells and link adjacent cells together

- lie below tight junctions

- Desmosome (unit) & Hemidesmosome (½ unit)

 Communication Junctions – form tiny cells

Membrane Transport

Passive Transport

 High to Low concentration

 Does not require energy

Diffusion

Simple Diffusion

 Facilitated Diffusion – transport / carrier proteins

 Osmosis (water molecules)
 Hypertonic solution – movement of water towards the inside of the cell
 Isotonic solution – no change of concentration of substances in the cell
 Hypotonic solution – movement of water towards the outside cell

Active Transport

 Low to High concentration

 Requires energy (in the form of ATP)
1. Endocytosis
 Phagocytosis (solid particles/ large)
  Pinocytosis – liquid (bulk-phase endocytosis)
 Receptor – mediated endocytosis (require specific molecules)
2. Exocytosis

Food Vacuole – structure form in the plasma membrane during Phagocytosis

Cell Division – Asexual mode of Reproduction

Reproductive – Gametes
Somatic Cells – Body Cells

Stages of Cell Division: (PMAT)

 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

Ploidy – Chromosome

MITOSIS

 Gap 1 – Functional Proteins / Preparation for DNA

 Gap 2 – Preparation for structural Proteins
 Synthesis Phase – DNA replication/ Building up

PROPHASE

 Create/ produce chromosomes

 Chromatic condenses
 Nuclear membrane disappear
 Centrosomes replicate and move to opposite poles
 Produce Spindle Fibers

How Chromosomes are formed: (Prophase)

 CHROMATIN – thin strands of DNA

 CHROMATID – condense
 SISTER CHROMATIDS - (homologs = look a like) Fused Together
 CHROMOSOME

TELOPHASE

 Opposite of prophase
 Decondense
 Cleavage Furrow

METAPHASE

 Chromosomes align

ANAPHASE

 Chromosomes will split into 2 sister chromatids

 Chromatids move to opposite poles again to create new chromosomes

MEIOSIS
PROPHASE 1

 Some events in prophase of Mitosis

 2 unique events:
 Synapsis – formation of Tetrads (two homologus chromosome fused)
 Crossing Over – randomization of traits to ensure variation

METAPHASE 1

 Tetrads move to the metaphase plate/ equitorial plate

ANAPHASE 1

 Tetrads split & chromosomes move to the opposite poles

Centrosomes – produce spindle fibers

Cytokinesis- splitting of the cytoplasm into two individual cells

MITOSIS CHARACTERISTICS MEIOSIS

( DISCOPUG)
1 DIVISIONS 2
NO INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT YES ( METAPHASE)
NONE SYNAPSIS YES
NO CROSSING OVER YES
2 CELLS OUTCOME 4 CELLS
46 CHROMOSOMES PLOID 23 CHROMOSOME
SOMATIC CELLS USE GAMETES
IDENTICAL CELL GENETICS VARIATION

At the end of of Meiosis 1 what is the ploidy?

Inorganic Compounds

 Usually lack carbon

 Structurally simple
 Ionic or covalent
 Water, many salts acids and bases

Organic Compounds

 Contain Carbon
 Contain Hydrogen
 Always have covalent bonds

Water – most important and most abundant inorganic compound in all living system ( 55 to
60%)

Properties of H2O:

 High Specific Heat Capacity – amount of energy beeded to raise the temp of 1g of H20
by 1 C
 High heat of vaporization – amount of energy needed to convert H2O to vapor
 Unique Density Behavior – 4 most dense; 0 C least dense
 High Surface Tension – cohesive property of water; maintain protoplasm and
movement
  Low Viscosity – increased ability to flow
 Excellent Solvent – binds well with most substances; dipolar
 Participates in Chemical Reactions
 Hydrolysis: + water = breakdown
 Dehydration: synthesis – water= build up

Inorganic Compounds

Acids – substance that break apart or dissolve in water

Bases – usually dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH -) when it dissolves in water

Salts – when dissolved in water dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

Buffers -

Organic Compunds

Carbohydrates (Fuel Source/ Structural Function – Plants )

 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

 Include sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose

Three major groups:

 Monosaccharides – simple sugars (glucose)

 Tetroses
 Pentoses – DNA & RNA
 Hexose –Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
 Disaccharides – simple sugars (two monosaccharides linked together)
 Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
 Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose
 Galactose + Glucose = Lactose
 Polysaccharides – large, complex, carbohydrates that contain tens or hundreds of
monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis reactions
 Starch (Plant) / Storage form of Glucose
 Glycogen (Animals) / Storage form of Glucose
 Cellulose (Plant) / Structural Component
 Chitin (Insects) / Structural Component

Lipids (fuel source, structural, storage)

monomer: fatty acids

 Hydrophobic
 Insoluble in water
 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

a. Trigycerides = 1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids

Neutral fats : Saturated (solid at room temp.) & Unsaturated (liquid at room temp.)

b. Phospholipids = 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + structure of phosphoric acid or organic base

cell membrane & tissues
c. Steroids – complex alcohols structurally unlike fats but have fat-like properties
 Cholesterol

 HOL – High Density Lipoprotein

 LDL – Low Density Lipoprotein

Proteins (structure, enzymes, storage, transport, etc.)

monomer: Amino Acids

 are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
 Contain sulfur
 Much more complex in structure than carbohydrates or lipids
a. Simple: Protein Only
b. Complex: Protein + Other Substance
 Chromoproteins – proteins + pigment
 Lipoproteins – proteins + lipids
 Glycoproteins – proteins + carbohydrates
 Phosproteins - Proteins + phosphoric acid

CHON

1. Primary structure: linear chain of amino acids

2. Secondary structure: spiraling / pleating
3. Tertiaty structure: bending / fold
4. Quaternary structure: Multiple polypeptides

NUCLEIC ACIDS

 Phosphate Group
 Nitrogenous Group
 Pentose Sugar

Infromation Storage / Building Blocks

Monomer: Nucleotides

 DNA – provides the blueprint of life

o Nucleotide bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
 RNA
o Nucleotide bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

ATP – chemical energy used by all cells

- energy released when phosphate bone is broken