POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY- use of photography in POLICE *Eye level Position- right camera position; produce good
WORK (e.g. Criminal Investigation- 5”x7” size of photograph) perspective (judge)
4) PRESERVATION- retaining actual condition of crime scene
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY- photograph presented for 5) DISCOVERING AND PROVING
COURT PRESENTATION- 8”x10” size of photograph  Use of magnification
 photomicrography- use of microscope
PHOTOGRAPHY  photomicrography/ macrophotography- use of
 Art and science of reproduction of image macro lens
 By means of light  microphotography- filmmaking, reduce into
 Through some sensitized material strips
 With the aid of the camera and its accessories  telephotography- far distant object/ infinity
 And the chemical process involve therein
ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY (5)
1839- Birth year of photography 1) LIGHT- most important
 electromagnetic wave
JOHN F.W. HERSCHEL  travels 186,000 miles/second- air or atmosphere
 coined the word “photography”; positive” and “negative”  Reflected light
 Introduced “ hypo” / Sodium thiosulfate (main fixer)
2) CAMERA- light tight box (frame that house other parts)
ETYMOLOGY: Greek Words  Block unwanted/ unnecessary light
PHOS/ PHOTOS- light 3) LENS
GRAPHO- writing  light gathering device
GRAPHIA- to draw  Image forming device
 “to write with light”  Collects reflected light
4) SENSITIZED MATERIAL
PHOTOGRAPH- mechanical and chemical result of  records the image
photography
 contains silver halides/ metallic grains (one sensitive to
light)
HENRY FOX TALBOT- father of photography
5) CHEMICAL PROCESS
 Calotype process- first use of negative (multiple copies)
 transform latent/ negative image into patent/ positive
 “Kalos” (Greek)- beautiful: “Tupos” (Greek)- image (photographic paper)
impression
 Negative- paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with METHODS OF FORMING IMAGE BY MEANS OF
salt solution LIGHT
 He invented the mouse trap camera - “first Miniature 1) Pinhole Method
camera”  oldest method of forming image
 Box camera with very small hole without lens used to
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre collect light and form an image
 Developed Daguerreotype in Collaboration with Joseph 2) Shadow Method
Nicephore Niepce  x-ray machine
 Daguerreotype- form an image directly on a silver surface 3) Lens Method
of a metal plate  modern method
 Light action passing a lens
CAMERA OBSCURA- first pinhole camera
 “Obscura” (latin)- Dark Chamber LIGHT (Reflected light)
 Forerunner of modern camera
 First camera in the world Measuring WAVELENTGH by means of;
 Alhazen/ Alhacen ( Ibn- al Haytam)  Millimicron/ Nanometer (nn)- one millionth part of
the millimetre
USES OF POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY  Ansgtrom- ten millionth part of the millimetre
1) PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION- first use (mug shot)
2) COMMUNICATION- universal language REACTION OF LIGHT UPON HITTING THE OBJECT
3) RECORD PURPOSES- utmost use
 GENERAL VIEW/ OVER ALL/ TAKE ALL(where) Reflected- mirror - bouncing of light
 Direction & location of crime scene Absorbed- dark/opaque - NO bouncing/ NO passing
 MEDIUM VIEW ( what) Transmitted- transparent/ translucent- passing of light
Refracted/ Diffracted- water- bending of light (125 m/s)
 Nature of the crime
 Divided into 4 angles (8-10 ft.) TYPES OF LIGHT
 CLOSE UP VIEW (how) 1. Visible/ White Light- excites the retina of an eye
 Details of the crime  Isaac Newton (1666)- white light mixture of all colors
 Individual photographing of the evidence (less
than 5 ft. from the cadaver) 2. Invisible- too short or too long to excite the retina
 EXTREME CLOSE UP VIEW
 show the extent of the damage
 in the crime laboratory
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 POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS (4) Synchronization
 Timing b/w the flashing of lights and the opening of
1) X- RAY- .01- 30 nn shutter
 accidentally discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen  Problem usually encountered in flash bulb
 Thinnest/ shortest wavelength b. Electronic Flash/ Flash Unit (meas. by Guide
number)
2) Ultra Violet Rays/ BLACK LAMP- 30- 400nn o Attached to the camera
 Used in erasures, indented/contact writing, invisible o Modern used
writing
*Guide Number- measure / determine the light emitted from the
3) Visible light- 400- 700 nn. flash of the camera

Different Application of VISIBLE LIGHT in EXAMINATION CONCURRENT- scattering of light

Direct Lighting- support light/during enlarging COHERENT- light is aligned
Side Lighting- erasure HOLOGRAM- image formation
Oblique Lighting- erasure or indented writing
Transmitted Lighting- watermarks CAMERA

BLUE- 400- 600 nn PARTS OF CAMERA (5)

GREEN- 500-600 nn
RED- 600-700 nn a. Light Tight Box- frames or holds other parts
WHITE- presence of all color b. Lens- collects reflected light
BLACK- absence of all color c. Shutter- controls the light reaches the film
d. Holder of Sensitized material- prevents movement of the film
PRIMARY COLORS SECONDARY COLORS e. View Finder- enables the photographer to determine the field
BLUE (B) B+G CYAN of view/ extent of coverage
GREEN (G) G+R YELLOW
RED (R) B+R MAGENTA TYPES OF CAMERA (4)

4) Infrared Rays (Beyond the Red/ Heat Rays)- 700- 1000nn 1. View Finder Types- smallest & simplest type
 Thicket/ longest wavelength 2. Single Lens Reflex (SLR)- interchangeability of lens
 Used in charred, superimposed, obliterated doc., etc. o Ideal in police photography
o Use film
 Superimposed, obliterated and charred documents
DSLR- Digital Single Lens Reflex
SOURCES OF LIGHT (Exposure/ Reflected Light)
o No film
 Generally meas. by Light / Exposure Meter o Has Digital Sensor (memory card)
* Light Meter- measure the amount of light coming from the 3. Twin Lens Reflex
object (reflected light or exposure) o Dual lens
o Focusing and capturing
1) Natural/ Providential or Divine Light o Prone to Parallax Error- view subj. in different
 Sun, moon & stars positions (Views of lens & view founder are in
Bright- No clouds, Deep or uniform shadow different positions)
Hazy- Thin clouds, Bluish or transparent shadow 4. View or Press Type
Dull- Thick Clouds, No shadow o Biggest and most expensive /sophisticated type
o Used in movie making, television, etc.
2) Artificial Light (Man- Made Light)
OTHER PARTS OF THE CAMERA
 Continuous Radiation (long lasting)
a. Photoflood/ Reflectorized/ Spot light A. Relative Aperture/ Lens Aperture/ Lens Opening
o pictorials/ filming, field o Light gathering device of the Lens
o w/ reflector at the back to focus the light to the o Express in F-Number/ F- stop
object o The higher the number of f- stops the smaller the opening
o 500 watts the lesser light will pass through
b. Fluorescent Lamp
o Fluorescent powder (mercury) 2x
o Tube
o Most economical (power consumption) f- 2 f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16 f- 22

c. Incandescent Bulb
o Wire filament Depth of Field (DOF)
o More expensive (power consumption)  Distance (nearest- farthest) that is sharp
 Short Duration Type Hyperfocal Distance
a. Flash Bulb  Has a maximum depth of field
o Flash- busting of chemical powder
 All object appear sharp (Landscape Photography)
o Synchronize with shutter opening

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 POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
*Smaller Lens Opening- Wider DOF 3) Long Focus/ Telephoto Lens
* Bigger Lens Opening- Narrower/ shallow DOF o More than 70mm
o Narrow coverage; Long distances (surveillance)
B. Focusing 4) Zoom Lens
 Controls the degree of sharpness of the image o Variable lenses
*Fish Eye Lens/ Ultra Wide Angle
Focusing Devices o 180˚
a. Range Finder- coincidence/ double; split= SINGLE o Panoramic view
b. Ground Glass- blurred= SHARP *Cable release- cord attach to the camera to prevent unnecessary
c. Scale Bed/ Focusing Scale movement
 Adjusting the actual distance by estimation, calculation or *Tripod- where the camera is attach to fix the camera and prevent
measuring (using different , measuring devices; ruler, from unnecessary movement
yardstick, meter stick, tape measure, etc.)
SENSITIZED MATERIAL (traditional photography)
C. Shutter Speed Film- negative/ latent image
 Regulates the time exposure and the amount of light Photographic/ Photo paper- positive/ patent image
reaching the film
LAYERS (3)
 Express in fraction of a second
 The higher the number, the faster the shutter, the lesser 1) Emulsion- retains or records the image
the light will pass through
 Contain silver halides or metallic grains (sensitive to light)
2x
*Animal Gelatin- to prevent the emulsion for abrasion/ scratches
B- shutter 1/1 ½ ¼ 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/6 0 1/125 1/250 1/500
2) Anti- Halation backing
STANDARD COMBINATION  Prevent halation (spreading of light/ deformation of
image)
Emulsion/ Film Speed- ISO 100/ 21˚ 3) Base- support the emulsion
Bright Sunlight- 1/ 125; F- 11
Hazy Sunlight- 1/125; F- 8 * 2 Main Parts- Emulsion & Base
Dull Sunlight- 1/125; F- 5.6
LENS TYPES OF FILM- latent/ invisible image
 Image forming device A) Use
 Glass/ transparent material  Black and White- suffix “Pan” or “ortho”
 Used to collect and focus light  Colored Negative- color (James Clark Maxwell)
Reversal- chrome
 Introduced by Daniel Barbaro
B) Spectral Sensitivity (COLOR/ wavelength)
Blue- Sensitive Film- UV- Blue
CLASSIFICATIONS
Orthochromatic/ Kodalith Film- UV- Green
A. Types of Image Formed (Result) Panchromatic Film- UV- Red (all colors)
Convex/ Convergence/ Positive Lens
Infrared Film- UV- Infrared ray
o Image is enlarge and inverse
o Thicker at the center, thinner at the side
C) Film/ Emulsion Speed (LIGHT)
Concave/ Diverging/ Negative Lens ASA (American Standard association) - arithmetic form
o Image is virtual or reduce
DIN ( Deutche Industri Normen) - logarithmic form
o Thinner at the center, thicker at the side ISO (International Standard organization) - combination of ASA
& DIN
B. Lens Defect/ Aberration – Corrective Lens ASA(arithmetic); DIN(logarithmic);ISO (combination)
12 12˚ 12/ 12˚
Meniscus lens- lens NO correction 25 15˚ 25/ 15˚
Distortion- shape Rapid Rectilinear
50 18˚ 50/ 18˚
Astigmatism- vertical/ horizon line Anastigmat Appochromatic 100 21˚ 100/ 21˚
Chromatic- color/ wavelength Achromatic
200 24˚ 200/ 24˚
Curvature of field- doom like image/ curve image
400 27˚ 400/ 27˚
Spherical Aberration- sharp- center, blurred- side
800 30˚ 800/ 30˚
Coma/ Lateral Aberration- sharp- oblique light, blurred- straight
1600 33˚ 1600/ 33˚
Flare- lens producing multiple image
* The higher the number the more sensitive the film is (lesser the
Exposure/ faster the exposure)
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
D) Granularity/ Graininess (SIZE of silver halides)
A. Focal Length- distance form lens to film focused at infinite/ far Bigger- Higher sensitivity (fast/ lesser exposure)
position
Smaller/ finer- lower sensitivity (slow/ greater exposure)
1) Wide Angle/ Short Focus lens
o less than 35mm
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER- positive/ final
o wide coverage; short distances A) Emulsion Used (Silver Halides Content)
2) Normal Angle/ Medium Focus Lens
Silver Chloride- slow development (lower sensitivity)
o 35- 70 mm Silver Bromide- fast development (high sensitivity)
o Normal Eye View
Silver Cholorobromide- multi- speed
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 POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

B) Physical Characteristics required in Police photography

1. Weight- SINGLE- ordinary photographic purposes
(Light & Double)
2. Texture- GLOSSY- fine details & brilliant image
(Semi- mate & Rough)

3. Color- WHITE- best use in photography

(Cream & Buff)

4. Contrast/ Grade
Velox 0- extremely overexposed film
Velox 1- over exposed film
VELOX 2- normally exposed film (police
photography)
Velox 3- underexposed film
Velox 4- extremely under exposed film

CHEMICAL PROCESS
 Make latent image becomes visible and permanent

Dark Room
 a photographic laboratory form which all actinic light
maybe excluded.
 Room which is dark and light sensitive materials maybe
handled without fear of accidental exposure
3 Processes;
1) Developing/ Developer
 Reduce silver halides into image
 Make image visible
*Elon, Hydroquinone (William Abney)- main developing
agent

Developer with developing time;

o Dektol- 1-1 ½ mins. (60- 90 seconds)
o Universal- 1-2 mins.
o D- 76- 5-6 mins.

2) Stop Bath
 Water and acetic acid
 Prevent contamination b/w the developer & acid fixer)

3) Fixation/ Acid Fixer

 Dissolved/ removed unexposed silver halides
 Makes image permanent
 20-30 mins. Fixing time

* Sodium Thiosulfate (Hypo)- main fixing agent

 Invented by John F. W. Herschel

OTHER CHEMICAL USED

Acetic Acid/ Boric Acid- Neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate- preservative
Potassium Bromide- hardener
Sodium Bicarbonate/ Borax powder- Accelerator

*MANIPULATION OF EXPOSURE DURING

ENLARGING

Vignetting- gradual fading of the border/ edge of the picture

- to draw interest on the center of the image
Burning-in – increasing exposure; darken the image
Dodging - decreasing exposure; lighten the image
Cropping- omitting the object during enlarging
Dye toning- changing the color tone of the photograph

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 POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
Course Outline:
3) LENS
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY Image formed
PHOTOGRAHY & PHOTOGRAPH Convex- enlarge
ETYMOLOGY Concave- reduce

USES OF POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY Lens aberration/ defects; with Corresponding corrective Lenses
Identification Distortion- Rapid Rectillinear
Communication Astigmatism- Anastigmat
Recording Chromatic- Achromatic
(General, medium, close-up & extreme close-up) Spherical aberration
Court exhibit Curvature of field
Preservation Coma/ lateral aberration
Discovering & proving
Photomicrography LENS CHARACTERISTICS
Macrophtography/ photomacrography Focal Length
Microphotography Wide angle/ short focus
Telephotography Normal/ medium
Long/ telephoto
*5 ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY Zoom Lens
Relative/ lens Aperture/ Lens Opening
1) LIGHT Depth of Field (DOF)
Measurement of wavelength Hyperfocal Distance
nanometer/ millimicron
angstrom 4) Sensitized Material
Reaction of light upon hitting the object
Reflected Layers of Sensitized Material
Absorbed Emulsion
Transmitted Anti- halation backing
Types of light ( visible/ invisible) Base
4 Photographic Rays (x-ray, UV, visible and infrared)
Types of Film
SOURCES OF LIGHT Usage
Natural/ Providential/ Divine Black & white- “pan” or “ortho”
Sunlight/ moonlight/ starlight Colored - negative “color”, reversal “chrome”
Bright, hazy & dull Spectral Sensitivity (Color)
Artificial/ Man- made Blue- sensitive film
Continuous Radiation Orthochromatic film
Photoflood/ reflectorized/ spot light Panchromatic film
Short duration Infrared film
Flash bulb (synchronization) Emulsion/ Film Speed (light)
Electronic flash ASA, DIN & ISO
* concurrent, coherent & hologram Granularity/ Graininess
Bigger & smaller
2) CAMERA
Photographic Paper
Basic parts of camera
Light tight box Holder of sensitive material Types of Photo paper- used in “Police Photography”
Lens View Finder Emulsion used
Shutter Silver Bromide
Physical Characteristics;
Types of Camera Weight- single
View finder type Texture- glossy
SLR/ DSLR Color- white
Twin Lens Reflex (problem: parallax error) Grade or contrast- velox no. 2
View/ Press Type 5.) Chemical Processess
Development (Elon hydroquinone)
OTHER PARTS; Dektol
Focusing Universal
Focusing Device D-76
Range finder Stop bath
Ground glass Fixation (sodium thiosulfate/ hypo)
Scale bed Other Chemical used
Shutter Speed Acetic/ boric acid
Lens Aperture Sodium sulfate
Potassium bromide
Sodium bicarbonate/ borax powder
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