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EARTH SCIENCE | Q1 • BRANCHES OF HYDROLOGIC SCIENCE

➢ Hydrology
I. Introduction to Earth Science ➢ Oceanography
• BRANCHES OF SCIENCE ➢ Hydrogeology
➢ PHYSICAL SCIENCE ➢ Limnology
- The sciences concerned with the study of ➢ Hydraulics
inanimate natural objects, including
physics, chemistry, astronomy, and • BRANCHES OF ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE
related subjects. ➢ Astronomy
➢ BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE ➢ Cosmology
- Involve the scientific study of living ➢ Astrophysics
organisms – such as microorganisms,
plants, animals, animals, and human • DEVELOPMENT IN EARTH SCIENCE
beings – as well as related ➢ THALES OF MILETUS
considerations like bioethics ▪ Founded a school which specialized in
➢ EARTH SCIENCE astronomical and geographical maps
- study of the Earth and the universe ▪ Predicting the distances of the moon,
around it. The Study of the Earth systems plants from the Earth and Sun.
and systems in space; including weather ➢ PYTHAGORAS
and climate systems, and the study of ▪ Proposed that the earth has a spherical
nonliving things such as rocks, oceans, shape
and planets. ➢ ANAXAGORAS
▪ Observed the roundness of the earth
• BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE through the shadow
➢ Geological Science ➢ DEMOCRITUS
➢ Atmospheric Science ▪ Theory that every matter is made up of
➢ Hydrological Science atoms
➢ Astronomical Science ➢ CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
▪ Geocentric Theory
• BRANCHES OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE ➢ NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
➢ Geology ▪ Heliocentric Theory
➢ Planetary Geology ➢ Johannes Kepler
➢ Mineralogy ▪ Three laws of planetary motion
➢ Petrology ➢ GALILEO GALILEI
➢ Paleontology ▪ Heavenly bodies were discovered and
➢ Pedology recorded using a telescope
➢ Seismology ➢ JOSEPH PRIESTLY
➢ Volcanology ▪ Discovered the gaseous elements
➢ Geomorphology which is the oxygen
➢ Geochemistry ➢ ANTOINE LAVOISIER
➢ Sedimentology ▪ Led the discovery of the role of the
➢ Geodesy oxygen
➢ HENRI BECQUEREL, AND THE CURIES
• BRANCHES OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE ▪ Minerals containing uranium and
➢ Meteorology thorium
➢ Climatology ➢ ALBERT EINSTEIN
➢ Atmospheric Chemistry ▪ Theory of relativity
➢ Atmospheric Physics ➢ WILLIAM SMITH
➢ Aeronomy ▪ Drew some of the geological maps and
began the process ordering rock strata

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II. The Universe and Solar System
• TYPES OF PLANETS
➢ INNER PLANETS
- Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
- Also called terrestrial planets because
their surfaces are solid. They’re made up
mostly of heavy metals such as iron and
nickel, and have either no moons or few
moons. They don't have rings.
➢ OUTER PLANETS
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
- Also called Jovian planets or gas giants
because these are huge planets
swaddled in gas. They all have rings and
all of plenty of moons each.
• PLANETS
➢ MERCURY
- Closest planet to the Sun
- Core is made up of iron-nickel
- Has the shortest period of revolution
- Has the same surface as the Earth
➢ VENUS
- Known as the hottest planet — due to
greenhouse gases
- Has a retrograde motion
- A lot of articles proclaim that Mars can be
a habitable planet because there was
water found in its polar caps a long time
ago
- Principal constituent of its atmosphere is
Carbon Dioxide
- Has the same atmospheres as Mars
because they have same density
- The surface of Venus has not been seen
with telescopes on the Earth due to thick
clouds on Venus
- Has a day which lasts longer than its year
➢ EARTH
- Only habitable planet with four
subsystems
- Found in the Goldilocks Zone
- Has four subsystems — atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere
➢ MARS
- "Red Planet" — due to the presence of
ferric oxide
- "Olympus Mons" — largest volcano
- "Valles Marineris" — largest canyon
system
- Known moons: Deimos and Phobos
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- The planet experience changes in
temperature due to its atmosphere being
too thin to insulate the surface
- The planet can experience season for it
has an axial tilt of 25 degrees
- Its atmosphere is too thin to insulate the
surface that’s why the daily temperature
variation is much larger than we
experience on Earth because.
- Water on Mars is it most likely to be found
in the polar caps.
- Planet that has evidence of erosion by
running water.
➢ JUPITER
- Biggest planet of the Solar System
- Mostly made up of hydrogen
- Known for its "The Great Red Spot" —
immense cyclonic storm e Rotates rapidly
that causes an increase in its equatorial
diameter of 6% than its polar diameter
- Four Galilean Moons — 10, Callisto,
Ganymede and Europa
- 10 has an extensive volcanic activity
which makes them seem to have no
craters
- Europa's surface is very smooth because
there is frozen water found
- Rings, atmospheric belts and zones and
has liquid metallic hydrogen in their
interior as Saturn.
➢ SATURN
- Known for having thousands of rings and
the natural satellite Titan
- Cassini / Huygens Space Probe found that
Titan has methane in its lithosphere
similar to Earth
- Also, Cassini was to study the gaps in the
rings of Saturn
➢ URANUS
- Discovered by William Herschel by
noticing that is moves along the stars
every night
- Has a retrograde motion
- Considered as one of the icy giants with
Neptune with the chemical composition of
water and n
- Poles are pointed almost directly at the
sun
- It appears blue because its atmospheres
absorb red light due to its high methane
content
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➢ NEPTUNE • EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS
- Has the longest period of revolution
- Has the two strangest moons: Nereid and
Triton (both are said to be from the
asteroid belt)
- Nereid revolves around Neptune in a
highly elliptical orbit
- Triton has a retrograde orbit
- It appears blue because its atmospheres
absorb red light due to its high methane
content
- Has odd orbital properties compared to
the other planets
- What is the reason why Uranus and
Neptune both appear blue?
• PLUTO
- Known as the dwarf planet
- Has unusual orbits which makes them
nearer to the Sun and Neptune
III. Life on Earth and the Earth’s Subsystems
• CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
➢ GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- Irreversible Process
- Increases in Size
➢ MOVEMENT
- Actions done by the organisms
➢ ADAPTATION
- Irreversible Process
- Increases in Size
➢ METABOLISM
- Transfer of food to energy ➢ GEOSPHERE
➢ REPRODUCTION
- Process by which the parents produce
an offspring
➢ ORGANIZATION
- Composed of one or more cells
➢ BIOSPHERE
• REASONS WHY EARTH CAN SUPPORT
LIFE
➢ LIQUID WATER
- Source of water and Habitable Zone
➢ HEAT SOURCE
- Internal and External Heating
➢ ATMOSPHERE
- Makes the different biogeochemical
cycles possible
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➢ HYDROSPHERE
- This part of the Earth’s System is the
planet’s water, including ocean, lakes,
rivers, ground water, ice, and water
vapor.
- Around 70% of the Earth is covered
with liquid water (hydrosphere) and
much of it is in the form of ocean water.
- 97% Marine
- 3% Freshwater
➢ ATMOSPHERE
- This part of the Earth System includes
the mixture of gases that surround the
planet.
- The atmosphere is the thin gaseous
layer that envelopes the lithosphere.
Blanket of air that surrounds the planet
Earth.
- The present atmosphere is composed
of 78% nitrogen (N) 21% Oxygen (O2)
1% Argon, and trace amount of other
gases.
LAYERS DESCRIPTION
TROPOSPHERE Chemical
Cycling
STRATOSPHERE Ozone Layer
MESOSPHERE Absorbs Heat
THERMOSPHERE Radio
Operations
EXOSPHERE Outer Space
- This part of the Earth System includes
the crust, mantle, and inner and outer
core.
- Contains different rocks and minerals
- Regolith – surface of the Earth
- This part of the Earth System includes
all living things, including plants,
animals and other organisms
- It is the set of all life forms on Earth
- It covers all ecosystems
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IV. Biogeochemical Cycles

ASPECTS EXAMPLES
• HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
➢ Pertains to the movement of water from Atmosphere, organic
SOURCES
various places where it is stored within the matter, nitrites etc.
earth. Fixation, nitrification,
PROCESSES mineralization and
ASPECTS EXAMPLES denitrification

ASSIMILATION Plant consumption

SOURCES Any water forms

Evaporation, transpiration, Animals release organic

RELEASE
PROCESSES condensation and matter
precipitation
Plants absorb water and • PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
ASSIMILATION
animals drink water ➢ Describe the movement of phosphorus
through the lithosphere and the
Plants transpire and animals
RELEASE hydrosphere
expel liquid wastes

ASPECTS EXAMPLES
• CARBON CYCLE
➢ Cycle of carbon in the Earth’s ecosystems
that involves different natural and SOURCES Plants and rocks
anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide.

ASPECTS EXAMPLES Uplifting, weathering and

PROCESSES
decomposition
Atmosphere, fossil Plants absorb phosphate
SOURCES fuels and various ASSIMILATION and animals obtain
human activities phosphorus
Emissions,
PROCESSES decomposition and Plants release and animals
RELEASE
photosynthesis excrete phosphorus
Plants use carbon
ASSIMILATION dioxide and animals
consume plants • FLOW OF ENERGY IN MATTER
Plants obtain while ➢ Autotrophs – produce their own food
RELEASE animals exhale carbon ➢ Heterotrophs – prey on autotrophs
dioxide ➢ Food chain – series where energy is transferred
from producers to consumers
➢ Food web – complex series of food chain
• NITROGEN CYCLE observed in the ecosystem
➢ A continuous series of natural processes by ➢ Energy pyramid – diagram showing the amount
which nitrogen successively from air to soil of energy being transferred from producers to
to organisms and vice versa consumers

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V. Classifications, Properties, and Importance ➢ The test is easy.

of Minerals ➢ The test can be done anywhere,
anytime, as long as there is sufficient
• DEFINITION OF MINERALS light to see scratches
➢ are inorganic, they can contain Compounds ➢ The test is convenient for field
➢ If you broke a mineral into tiny pieces, each geologists with scratch kits who want to
piece would still show the same crystal make a rough identification of minerals
structure. outside the lab.
➢ Naturally occurring (not man-made or • CONS OF THE MOHS SCALE
machine generated), inorganic (not a ➢ The test is qualitative, not quantitative.
byproduct of living things) solid with an ➢ The test cannot be used to accurately
orderly crystalline structure and a definite test the hardness of industrial materials.
chemical composition.
➢ The basic building of rocks.
VI. Rock Cycle and Classification and
• CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS Importance of Rocks
➢ SILICEOUS MINERALS
- Most abundant of the minerals
- Mainly composed of silicon-oxygen • DEFINITION OF ROCKS
tetrahedrons
- Examples: Feldspar, mica, amphibole, ➢ Naturally-occurring inorganic solids that do
quartz, serpentine, talc, olivine, albite, not possess an orderly crystalline structure.
hornblende and chlorite. ➢ Hard mass of material from a collection of
➢ NONMETTALIC MINERALS grains of one or more minerals
- contains carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, • THE ROCK CYCLE
halides
- Examples: calcite, sulfur, salt, borax,
gypsum, apatite, dolomite, halite,
fluorite, kernite, pearls and graphite
➢ METALLIC MINERALS
- contains common metal ores
- Ores
- naturally occurring mineral containing a
valuable constituent
- Examples: gold, silver, copper,
platinum, iron, titanium, mercury,
uranium, aluminum, bauxite, azurite,
pyrite, and hematite
➢ GEM MINERALS
- Include precious and non-precious
stones
- Known for their color, luster, hardness,
and crystalline
- Example: diamond, opal. topaz, jade,
garnet, sapphire, aquamarine,
tourmaline, corundum, beryl, and zircon
• PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
➢ Crystal Form
➢ Luster
➢ Color
➢ Streak
➢ Cleavage
➢ Specific Gravity
• PROS OF THE MOHS SCALE

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• CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCKS Distinct Features Uses

Sediments Constructions
➢ IGNEOUS ROCKS Deposited on Land by Fertilizers
- Rocks formed from the solidification of Water, Wind and
molten rock (magma or lava) Glaciers
- Types of Igneous Rocks Clastic, Chemical, and Source of Fuel
o Extrusive Igneous Rocks Organic Sediments
▪ Formed when molten rock Material for making
solidifies at the surface. chalk
▪ Also known as Volcanic Rocks,
named after the fire god, Vulcan
o Intrusive Igneous Rocks ➢ METAMORPHIC ROCKS
▪ Magma that loses its mobility - Rocks formed from the transformation of
before reaching out the surface pre-existing rocks through
and eventually crystalizes at metamorphism (change of rocks through
depth. heat, pressure, and hydrothermal
- Examples solutions)
o Basalt - Types of Igneous Rocks
o Granite o Foliated metamorphic rocks
o Rhyolite ▪ Formed through direct heat and
o Slate pressure
▪ Gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite
Distinct Features Uses o Non-foliated metamorphic rocks
Magma – Hot molten Enrich soil fertility ▪ Marble, Quartzite
rock
Lava – magma out of Building statues and
the volcano monuments Distinct Features Uses
Intrusive, Extrusive and Construction of Roads High Pressure and Board, Table, Roofs
Pyroclastic Temperature Etc.
Coarse or Finely Polishing and Metamorphism Building statues and
Grained beautifying products monuments
Contact and Regional Jewelries
Metamorphism
➢ SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Foliated and Unfoliated
- From the Latin “sedimentum” which
means “settling” Made by:
- Made up of smaller rocks cemented Hope Committee 11-STEM 3:
together. Sometimes they have fossils Joey Aldaba
and usually have layers. Oscar IV Morelos
- Formed through compaction and Erhman Jon A. Puno
cementation Alroy Leon P. Reyes
- Deposited on land by water, wind, and Adrian Lorenzo E. San Juan
glaciers. Joshua Miguel R. Siena
- Can be classified as clastic, chemical Leand Kanjee I. Liamzon, 11-STEM 5
and organic
- Examples
o Shale
o Sandstone
o Limestone
o Coal

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