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Wave Guides
Wave Guides
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Other Waveguides
Lecture Outline
• Velocity of Modes in a Waveguide
• Double‐Ridge Waveguides
• Cylindrical Waveguides
• Optical Waveguides and Components
Slide 2
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Velocity of Modes
in a Waveguide
Slide 3
How Fast are the Modes Propagating?
The phase constant gives the wavelength inside the waveguide.
2 2
If frequency f is known, the wavelength gives the velocity.
2 f
v f
The velocity of the first two TE modes…
Speed of light in vacuum.
Fundamental speed limit?
Slide 4
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Ray Tracing Picture of a Waveguide
The modes are essentially comprised of two plane waves propagating at some angle with
respect to each other.
The higher order the mode, the larger the angle.
Low order modes High order modes
Slide 5
Visualization of Low‐Order Modes
Slide 6
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Visualization of High‐Order Modes
Slide 7
Phase Velocity Vs. Group Velocity
Phase Velocity Group Velocity
It is the phase velocity that exceeds the vacuum speed of light in a
rectangular waveguide.
The actual speed of power and/or information is quite different. In
fact, they travel very slowly for the higher order modes.
Slide 8
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Double‐Ridge
Waveguides
Slide 9
What is a Double‐Ridge Waveguide?
Double‐ridge waveguides are used like ordinary rectangular waveguides, but they have two
ridges at opposite faces.
Double Ridge
Slide 10
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Why?
They are single mode over a broader range of frequencies.
b 0.323"
a 0.752"
w 0.188"
h 0.143"
r 0.015"
The above waveguide operates single moded from 5.0 to 16.00 GHz.
This has a 105% fractional bandwidth.
Slide 11
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Modes in a Double Ridge
Slide 12
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Cylindrical Waveguide
Slide 13
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The Cylindrical Metal Waveguide
Slide 14
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First 30 Modes
Slide 15
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Modes Calculated by a Simple Finite‐Difference
Method
Slide 16
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Waveguides for High Power
The ideal mode for high power has:
1. Zero amplitude at the surface of the metals.
2. Power distributed over as large of an area as possible.
To address #1, we seek a mode with only tangential components at the
surface of the metal.
To address #2, we want large waveguides and modes that are not
concentrated at any points.
Slide 17
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What is a Good Waveguide for High Power?
The cylindrical waveguide
Double ridge is a bad
is a good choice, but only
choice because the field is
for one special high order
too concentrated.
mode.
This is called an “over‐moded”
cylindrical waveguide.
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Optical Waveguides
and Components
Slide 19
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Conventional Optical Waveguides
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Optical Fibers
Slide 21
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Photonic Crystal Optical Fibers
Photonic crystal fibers are typically used
to control dispersion.
They can also distribute power for high
power applications.
Slide 22
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Photonic Crystal Waveguides
Slide 23
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Optical Printed Circuit Boards
Slide 24
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