MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY

r-------- Snout

- - - - - External naris
Brows pot
Upper eyelid
Nictitating membrane
~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid
• Digits of Fingers
..J.---"'1~-:S:r-- Tympanic membrane
........ ,~........... Carpus or wrist
~'l.ldOr--- Forearm

Upper arm
r - - - - - - Median dorsal line
. . . - - - - - - Hump

(~\ fl Cf\ TID~~

t>h~·\L\W\ ·• (M()n:\Wq .
~N.ir-------- Anus ~l-~b~l,~lu,\\'1: 'v~Arftb~t.n4
WJirfi1il m i T - - - - Thigh C\ q ~ ·, -A IV\"\ \ID ,- G\
Olrcl-tv- ·. A\\ l-\y-r;\
Fctf,,,b·· Ru\'\idc\t-
r - - - - Shank G(Jil'S. ·. 1\91 t1 C\
~pt. d \:~ '. v lll,.g~.rt\

...~.~~
,W\).tJf!.
- · Tarsus or ankle _ . ,.. :" M·)v
oF.~::--- Prehallux - !"V,A(lu:\il:l ~ f\
~.!:,;:::>-- Digits of toes
c\Ji:h\-
J
Web

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG

 ~--------Darkly pigmented
are~ of the skin

SwoJ._J.. en thumb

A MALE FROG
Ventral view

Diffused skin
pigmentation

•-~~--Thumb not
swollen

A FEMALE FROG
Ventral view
 Met atarsals

Astragalus]Tarsals
Ischium Calcaneum

SKELETAL SYSTEM
Dorsal View
 Transverse
process
Neural spine
Postzygapophysis 2nd to 8th vertebrae
(Typical vertebrae)

Sacral vertebra
(9th vertebra)

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Dorsal view
 ISOLATED VERTEBRAE

Neural spine
Neural arch
Postzygapophysis

Neural canal
Concavity for articulation
with occipital condyle
Centrun
ATLAS
Antero-dorsal view

.--------Neural spine
~-----Postzygapophysis
Transverse process
~~~~-------Prezygapophysis
.....__ _ _ Neural canal
~~-------Centrum

TYPICAL VETEBRA
Antero-dorsal view

centrum
SACRAL VERTEBRA
Postern-dorsal view

Neural canal
of the lOth

Concavities
for articulation
lvi th sacral vertebra
UROSTYLE
Antero-latera! view
 Exoccipital
Occipital condyle

SKULL
Dorsal view

~------------Premaxillae

orbit

SKULL
Ventral view
 LOWER JAW
Dorsal view

Anterior cornu

Alary process
Body
Posterior cor-nu
Thyroid process

HYOID APPARATUS
Ventral view
 ---------------------- Episternum
Omosternum
Clavicle
Scapula

Suprascapula

Glenoid fossa.
Fenestra
coracoid
Epicoracoid
r-------.::..::: Mesosternum
Xiphistermn
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Dorsal view

PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2

(INNOMINATE BONE)
Lateral view
 Head
Deltoid ridge/'~·

Condyle
Radio-ulna
Longitudinal groove
Centrale
Ordinary carpals
Metacarpals
Radiale -"""'o'!;I'J
!l:i(tl.==- Phalanges
Ulnare

FOREUMB, R1ght
Lataral Vtt1111

Tibio-fibula

~-
Calcaneum or fib111are
Astragalus or tibiale

~--~-- Ordinary tarsals

Calcar
AA~..,.,'Hf-- Metatarsals
'~~~~~~Phalanges

HINDLIMB, RIGHT
Ventral view
 ~~~------~-rr-----Temporalis
~~:.------nm-;.;y--- Depressor mandibula
~~~~~~~~~~~~==Dorsal1s
~
scapula
~rj;;,r--Cucullaris
~\~~?// Latissimus dorsi
IH/IJ/II~r-...;::~=------- External
oblique
m.mmr------------Longiss imus dorsi
llfi~~-----------Ilio-lumbaris

~~~~~----------Coccygeo-sacralis

~~~~i---==========Coccygeo-iliacus
~ femoris anticus
m~~~~wBwm~~-----------Gluteus
:f'(U~~~ ~::m.::rn.------------ Vastus externus
\~---------Triceps femoris
Semimembranosus
n~~~~---
Gracilis minor

fi--------Tibialis anticus
Tendon of Achilles
J:..!!.-.!.----

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Dorsal view
 Suanentalis

is 0tC r.:.(·s
Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid
s epicoracofaaa-- -
(Anterior pectoralis)
cutaneous~~~~tfl\1 --'"----Pectoralis sternalis
pectoralis AU~--------PeCtoralis ~is
(Posterior pectoralis)
Linea alba----~~~~\1:~~~------~Rectus abdominis
Inscriptiones
tendinae

vn:;b£~ .·~~i" n;(~~

~.(.i d<i" ;~ {(I~
tt,_,ie;r
Sartori

~~~~-Semitendinosus
magnus Gracilis major (~t)
Gracil (Rect"US int,ernus major")
major L-ww~~-- ·Gracilis minor )
(Rectus internus minor
Gracili Extensor cruris
minor anticus t~~'(J\t~·.
Tibia-. ---;;.;
Flexor tarsi anterior
fibula
lib;ttli~ lU~\1 t.tl..'.. l.JC ~;~
-- 1.:~\lCkr T-11 \l' ''~Ji·~.

MUSCULAR qysTEM,
·Ventral view

(The left side has been dissected to show the deeper muscles)
 ~-------------------- Median subrostral fossa
pulvinar rostrale

Lateral subrostral
fossa
Internal naris or
c"hoana1
'---------~per lip fold
~~~~~---------- Vomerine teeth
~~~--------- Sulcus marginalis
~~~--------- Maxillary teeth

-~;,;:;iii;;---- Orbital prominence.

Opening into the
Esophagus
Eustachian tube "fl{·.(.tf·~-
Laryngeal ·prominence

~---------------------Tuberculum prelinguale

BUCCAL CAVnY OF A MALE FROG

 Nasal cavity
Mouth cavity
· Brain
Esophagus
Spinal cord
Pelvic .girdle
Kidney
Adrenal gland
Mesonephric quct
Renal .portal vein
Cloaca

Anus

Jugular .vein
Carotid artery Urinary bladder
Pulmonary artery Large intestine
Pulmonary vein

"-"---- · Testis
Spleen
Abdominal vein Fat body
Small intestine Postcava
Hepatic portal vein

INTERNAL. ORGANS,
Lateral view
 ...-----419.~- $kin
---~~;--Dorsal subcutaneous
lymph space
Epaxial muscles
orizontal skeletogenous
septum
·~~~~--Trunk vertebra
Kidney
isterna magna
or subvertebral
lymph sinus
Gonadl=Jt~~::::::::==~~
Dorsal-
mesentery
Stomach -~~:r.--rrt
Omentum ____~~~~~-J
Duodenum _ _:~~;.::?o:;:c--
Linea alba------~~;:~~~~~;;~ Ventro-lateral subcutaneous
connective tissue
Ventral subcutaneous lymph space
Ventral abdominal ve:i.n

BODY CAVITY
 Heart
Lung Liver
Gall bladder
Corpora Pancreas
adiposa
Stanach
Spleen Duodenum }Small intestine
Testis Ileum

Kidney
Large intestine

Cloaca

Anus

COELOM AND VISCERA

Ventral view of a Male Frog
Duodenum~--~~~~~

Ileum __~------~·~

Mesentery
proper or
Mesenterium

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Ventral View
 Dr~~------------- Cricoid cartilage
;,_~~~~~----- Laryruc

· RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Fat body or Corpora
adiposa

Postcava
Testis

Vas efferens
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Renal vein
Mesonephric duct or
Wolffian duct
Vestigial oviduct

Entrance of oviduct
Entrance of -~--~----~~ Urinary bladder
Wolffian duct
Cloaca
Anus

MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Ventral view
 .~~~r----- Fat body or corpora
adiposa
+--1-~~U...---\--- Postcava
~~--~----Kidney

~-~---OViduct

ovary_.,____,
with
eggs

fri~;.---....__ _ Mesonephric duct or

Wolffian duct

of oviduct
~-,~----~---urinary bladder
4--T~----- Cloaca
..__....,&.j~

~--------------Anus

FEMALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Ventral view
 Ventricle
v.
Lung

Liver
v.
Gall bladder Pulmonary V.
Sinus venosus
Hepatic v.
Bepatic portal V.
Postcava
v.
v.
Kidney

v.
v.
Ventra1--~~~~~~r-lr~
abdominal V. intestine

~~~----~-Urinary bladder
Femoral v.--------------
Sciatic V.-----------------, ~~~~~---------Pelvic V.

VENOUS SYSTEM
Ventral view of a Female Frog
Truncus arteriosus-------- carotid A.
Common carotid A---------------~
Systemic arch ___ A.
A.
Pulmo-cutaneous A.
A.
A.
Pulmonary A. _____ A.
---=..:...._
Right -lung
----~
Conus arteriosus-----~----~~~~
Syst~~ic A.-------~-~~~·
Left gastric A.
Coeliaco-mesenteric A.
Hepatic A.
Adi{:X)sal A.
Anterior mesenteric A.-+~~ ~~~~~~Right gastric A.
Pancreatic A.
ovari an A. ------------~~~
(spermatic ·A. in Jr;'~~:!r=~L Duodenal A.
the
. male) Intestinal As.
K1dney
Renal As.-------------t~~~~~~;!.~~2=~JJ~-- Splenic A.
Oviducal A. Spleen
Posterior mesenteric A.~~~~--~~• A.
Right common iliac A---~~~~~
,...._r:til
Epigastric A.~-----~--~~~~~
A.
Epigastrico-vesical
- - - ~o-=-------- Sciatic A.
~ecto-vesical A. --------------~

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
Ventral view of a Female Frog
 Truncus arteriosus

Right Precava
Pulloonary veins
Right auricle
Sinus venosus
Coronary sulcus
Postcava

Ventricle

HEART
Dorsal view

Truncus arteriosus

Right Left precava

Left auricle
arteriosus
Coronary sulcus

Postcava

HEART
Ventral view
 Olfactory nerve
r---- Olfactory lobe

Brain

or Optic lobe

or cerebellum

-.~ . or Medulla
.;.';
., "· '
.:·: ·;·
....
..•: Brachial enlargement

,
,.
~~.

·' .
0
'.:..
..
0

·.· ·.::
Spinal ·.
cord ::
•.
:-:
Dor sal fissure

Lumbar enlargement

~--~ Roots of posterior

spi nal nerves
Cauda
Equina

Fi lum tenninale

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Dorsal view
 Olfactory nerve

Telencephalon or Cerebral hemisphere

Optic nerve
Optic --::ir7'"'"'t.~­ Optic tract
chiasma Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve
,Hypophysis or pituitary body
Mesencephalon or Optk lobe
.·... . ,.~ Abducens nerve
.;
.. '
I
t
\
•
•\'
\\ '.
·~
;-

BraChial enlargement

I
}
Ventral fissure
.·. i
.• r-i- ; . . . . . - - - -

..;· .i

L\.Dbar enlargement

Roots of posterior
spinal nerves
cauda
equina

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Ventral view
 Olfactory nerve ( 1)
Olfactory lobe

Telencephalon

Pineal body or Epiph_ysis

Diencephalon
Metenceph_alon
Mesencephalon
Trochlear nerve (4)
Trigeminal nerve (5)
Facial nerve {7)
Auditory nerve (8)
Glossopharyngeal nerve ( 9)
Vagus nerve (1 0)

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

Dorsal view

Olfactory nerve (1)

Telencephalon

Optic nerve (2)

Optic tract
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve ( 3)

Trigeminal nerve (5)

Facial nerve ( 7)
Auditory nerve (8)
Glossopharyngeal nerve {9)
Vagus nerve (10)
Spinal

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES

Ventral view
 '~---------- Olfactory nerve
J---------- Olfactory lobe

lst and 2nd ventricles

or Lateral ventricles
~------~ Telencephalon

Foramen of Monro

3rd ventricle

or

Iter

CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD