Outlines

• Introduction
• Base-band and Carrier Communication
• Amplitude Modulation (AM):DSB-Large Carrier
• Amplitude Modulation: Double sideband- Suppressed
Carrier (DSBSC)
• Quadrature amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
• Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
• Frequency mixing
• Superhetrodyne AM radio.
• Frequency division multilplexing (FDM).
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 1
 Introduction
• Modulation is a process that causes a shift in
the range of frequencies of a message signal.
• A communication that does not use modulation
is called baseband communication
• A communication that uses modulation is
called Carrier communication

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 2

• Communication is the process of transformation of
information from transmitter to receiver.
• The basic elements of communication system
model can be shown below.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 3

 Need of Modulation

• Reducing height of transmitting antenna.

• Multiplexing
•

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 4

 Modulation
• It is the process in which one of the parameter
(amplitude, frequency or phase) of the carrier
signal will be varied linearly in accordance with the
message signal amplitude variations.
Message Signal

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 5

 Baseband and Carrier
Communication
• Baseband signal: is a message signal
(information bearing signal) delivered by the
information source or the input transducer .it is
usually low frequency signal.
• Communication that uses modulation to shift
the frequency spectrum of message signal is
known as carrier communication.
– Amplitude modulation (AM),
– Frequency modulation (FM)
– Phase modulation (PM) 6
6
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM
• Amplitude Modulation

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 7

 Amplitude Modulation
• The amplitude of the carrier signal varied in
accordance with the amplitude of the message
signal is called Amplitude Modulation.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 8

General expression of AM signal

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Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 10
Bandwidth of AM

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 11

Example of AM transmitter

4
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 12
Another example of AM Waveform

c (t )  Ec sin 2 f ct
S (t )  (Ec  m (t )) sin 2 f ct
m (t )  Em sin 2 f mt

c (t )  Ec sin 2 f ct s (t )  (Ec  m (t )) sin 2 f ct

m (t )  Em sin 2 f mt

9
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 13
 Modulation Index
• The amount of modulation in AM signal is given by
its modulation index:

mp E max  E min
 or
A E max  E min
E max  A  m p , E min  A  m p
when mp = A ,  =1 or 100% modulation.
Over-modulation, i.e. mp >A , should be avoided
because it will create distortions.
14
10
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM
 Cont…
 <1: Under modulation

 =1: Critical modulation

 >1: Over modulation

• Under modulation and critical modulations are

usually used.

• Demodulation is difficult in over modulation.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 15

Effect of Modulation Index

 <1

11
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 16
  =1

 >1

12
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 17
Effects of Modulation Index

=1 >1

13
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 18
 Sideband and Carrier Power
A2
Pc 
• Carrier Power 2R

2 2
𝐴 𝐴
• Sideband Power 𝑃𝑠 = 𝜇 2 + 𝜇2
8𝑅 8𝑅
• Total power ptot  P  P
c s

• Power efficiency   Ps
Pc Ps
• Efficiency of modulation
  2
2
100%, Ptot  Pc[1 ]
2  2 2
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 19
 15
Modulation index
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 20
 Problem
• An unmodulated AM transmitter power is
400W. Find AM transmitter power with 100%
modulation.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 21

 Problem
• For an AM the each of the side band power is
• 4 KW and carrier power is given by 16 KW
• Find % of modulation?

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 22

 Problem
• A carrier of 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒕 is amplitude
modulated by a message signal of
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒕, which is 50% modulation.
Antenna resistance given by 5Ω.Find following
parameters.

1. Time domain expression, bandwidth.

2. Signal power, Carrier power and power efficiency

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 23

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 24
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 25
 Example
Conventional AM signal with a
sinusoidal message has the following
parameters:
A m =6v, A c =10v =0.5, fc= 2MHz, and fm= 1KHz
1. Find time-domain expression s AM (t )

2. Find the signal power, carrier power and the

power efficiency
3. Find the AM signal bandwidth

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 26

 Example
A given AMbroadcast station transmits an average
carrier power output of 40kW and uses a
modulation index of 0.707, antenna resistance of
3Ω. Calculate

a) the total output power

a) the power efficiency

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 27

Digital Modulation Techniques

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 28

 Modulation

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Classification of Modulation Techniques

Table-1: Type of Modulation Techniques

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Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 31
 Analog Modulation Techniques

• There are basically three type of analog modulation; schemes the

amplitude modulation, the Frequency modulation and the phase
modulation schemes which have in turn lot of class.

• In case of the Amplitude Modulation there are several derivatives.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 32

Classification of Analog Modulation Techniques

Table-2: Classification of Analog Modulation Techniques

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 33

 Digital Modulation Techniques

• Provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker

system availability with great quality communication.

• There are many types of digital modulation techniques.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 34

 1- ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude

Modulation which represents the binary data in the form of
variations in the amplitude of a signal.

• Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier.

• The binary signal when ASK modulated, gives a zero value

for Low input while it gives the carrier output for High input.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 35

 1- ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
• The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform
along with its input.

• ASK modulation can be represented by following equation:

• s(t) = Acos(2πfct) for Binary 1

• s(t) = 0 for Binary 0 Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 36

 1- ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
• Advantage:

• Simplicity.

• Disadvantage:

• ASK is very susceptible to noise interference; noise usually (only) affects

the amplitude, therefore ASK is the modulation technique most affected
by noise.

• Application:

• ASK is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 37

 2- FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) the frequency of the output signal
will be either high or low, depending upon the input data applied.

• Binary 1 and 0 is represented by two different carrier

frequencies.

• Figure depicts that binary 1 is represented by high frequency 'f1'

and binary 0 is represented by low frequency 'f2'.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 38

 2- FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
• The following figure represents FSK modulated waveform along with
its input.

• Binary FSK can be represented by following equation:

• s(t) = A*cos(2*π*f1*t) for Binary 1

• s(t) = A*cos(2*π*f2*t) for Binary 0

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 39
 2- FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
Advantage:

• FSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK ; receiver looks for specific
frequency changes over a number of intervals, so voltage (noise) spikes
can be ignored.

Disadvantage:

• FSK spectrum is 2 x ASK spectrum.

Application:

• Over voice lines, in high-freq. radio transmission, etc.

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 40
 3- PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

• Phase Shift Keying (PSK) The phase of the output signal gets shifted
depending upon the input.

• These are mainly of two types, namely Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), according to the
number of phase shifts.

• Binary 1 is represented by 180 degree phase of the carrier and binary 0

is represented by 0 degree phase of the RF carrier.
Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 41
 3- PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
• The following figure represents PSK modulated waveform along
with its input.

• Binary FSK can be represented by following equation:

• s(t) = A*cos(2*π*fc*t) for Binary 1

• s(t) = A*cos(2*π*fc*t + π) for Binary 0

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 42
 3- PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

Advantage:

• PSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK, while it requires/occupies the

same bandwidth as ASK.

• More efficient use of bandwidth (higher data-rate) are possible, compared

to FSK.

Disadvantage:

• More complex signal detection / recovery process, than in ASK and FSK

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 43

Comparison between ASK, FSK and PSK

Dr. Asutosh Kar, Dept. of ECE, IIITDM 44