UGC NET 2019- CHAPTER 1

Tourist/ visitor/ traveller/ excursionist – Definitions and

Differences
1. The Traveller:
The appellation traveller is generic in the sense that it is relevant to any form of movement
of a person irrespective of the distance travelled i.e., ranging from a small distance of only
few kilometers to an immigrant going for long-haul travel with the purpose of seeking
employment or even to move to the place visited.
That is, the term refers to a person travelling from place to place without any consideration of
his motive, duration of stay, the remunerative activity involved or not or return to the place of
origin.

2. The Visitor:
A visitor is also a traveller who sojourns a place or country ordinarily outside his typical beat
area for non-immigration and non-remunerative purposes, whose movement is of pro tern
nature as finally he comes round again to the place of origin i.e., the place from where he at
first embarked upon his trip.

3. The Tourist:
A tourist is a visitor who is motivated to travel put side his ‘beat area’ for recreation,
pleasure, health, study, sports, business, family and so forth; stays for at least 24 hours at the
place of visit, does not involve in any remunerative activity and in due time returns to his
place of domicile. It implies that all tourists are travellers/ visitors but all travellers/visitors
are not tourists. On top of that it is a fact that all visitors are firstly travellers but the vice-
versa may not hold good.
The Excursionist: An excursionist is different from a tourist in terms of duration of stay
at the destination as his period of stay at the place of visit is less than 24 hours. However, it is
also true that an excursionist is essentially a traveller and a visitor.

4. Transit Visitor/Transient:
A traveller and a visitor who goes past a country or place without having a stop over or
breaking off his journey on the way other than for layover and for transportation links.
Alternatively, a person, moving past a country and while it may take more than 24 hours in
the process, would not be considered as a tourist or excursionist if his destination is a
different country and is just passing through the in-between country owing to transport ties.
Early and Medieval Period of Travel,
The Boom in Mass Tourism in the 19th Century
Organised group holidays offering an all-inclusive price that reduced the travellers' costs
were an innovation of the 1840s. Thomas Cook (1808-1892) , a brilliant entrepreneur from
England, is seen as their inventor35 and thus the pioneer of commercialised mass tourism.
His first all-inclusive holiday in 1841 took 571 people from Leicester to Loughborough and
supplied both meals and brass music. From 1855, Cook offered guided holidays abroad, for
example in 1863 to Switzerland. These catered to a mixed clientele, from heads of state and
princes to average representatives of the middle, lower middle and working classes. Cook,
inspired by clear socio-political motives, wanted to use Sunday excursions to tempt workers
out of the misery and alcoholism of the cities into the green of the countryside. He had more
success with inexpensive all-inclusive holidays, often to foreign destinations, for the middle
class. His introduction of vouchers for hotels and tourist brochures was highly innovative.

Cook's pioneering role in the emergence of mass tourism is widely recognised. He influenced
the travel agencies later opened in Germany, above all those associated with the names of
Rominger (Stuttgart, 1842), Schenker & Co. (München, 1889) and the Stangen Brothers
(Breslau, 1863). Carl Stangen (1833–1911) organised holidays through Europe, then from
1873 to Palestine and Egypt, before extending them to the whole world in 1878. Over this
period, the travel agency was able to establish itself as a specialised institution. It channelled
ever greater demands for relaxation and variety among broadening social strata: from the
1860s, travelling became a type of "popular movement" that spread throughout society. The
German writer Theodor Fontane (1819–1898) remarked in 1877: "Zu den
Eigentümlichkeiten unserer Zeit gehört das Massenreisen. Sonst reisten bevorzugte
Individuen, jetzt reist jeder und jede ... Alle Welt reist ... Der moderne Mensch,
angestrengter, wie er wird, bedarf auch größerer Erholung".

The opening of the Alps to tourists was an equally important development of the 19th
century. It was preceded by an affinity for nature acquired under the influence of the
Enlightenment and Romanticism that sentimentalised the mountains. This created a flock of
what would soon be called tourists made up of researchers, nobles, artists, painters, writers
and other members of the educated classes, as well as the upwardly mobile middle classes,
who followed Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) , Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–
1799) and Rousseau in their search for natural beauty and the mountains. This
romanticisation of alpine harmony replaced the mediaeval fear of the mountains and
underwent a "touristisation" over the 19th century. Two groups propelled this process – the
aristocracy and the new middle class. The pioneers were enthusiastic British mountaineers
who pursued the exclusive sport in Switzerland, charging up the summit and encouraging the
development of infrastructure (the construction of hotels, Alpine huts, mountain railways,
Anglican chapels and so on) through their continues presence, as well as leaving behind the
traces of a cultural transfer. One interpretation of this is that "die als Eroberungen
ausgegebenen Bergbesteigungen nichts anderes als die Fortführung imperialer Politik mit
anderen Mitteln darstellten, zunächst in den westlichen Teilen, dann ... in den östlichen
Teilen der Alpen, danach zunehmend in Hochgebirgsregionen außerhalb Europa, vor allem in
Asien"
Mountaineering associations founded across the continent led the way. Significantly, the first
was the Alpine Club (1857) in London, followed by the Austrian Alpenverein (1862), the
Swiss Alpenclub (1863), the Club Alpino Italiano (1863) and the German Alpenverein (1869).
Most of these subsequent associations set themselves broader goals than the British club,
which chose to remain an aristocratic sports body. The mountaineering associations soon
acquired popularity, although they were somewhat conservative, and their impact was
enormous. They produced club reports, almanacs and guidebooks to routes, while
membership increased considerably and the infrastructure (hotels, bread and breakfasts, huts,
guide, paths and cable cars) was extended. The mountaineering associations and their
branches soon stimulated a mass middle-class mountaineering movement that initially
centred on Switzerland.39 A tendency developed whereby the movement increasingly
encompassed lower social classes, at the turn of the century finally including proletarian
tourist associations such as the Naturfreunde ("The Friends of Nature" – Vienna, 1895) and
later the loosely associated organisations of Der Wandervogel ("The Migratory Bird" –
Berlin, 1905). Thus, the enthusiasm for mountaineering underwent first a
"bourgeoisification" and then a "proletariatisation". This early social tourism was
characterised by a new collective ethos mixed with non-commercial elements that have been
understood as the precursors of "soft tourism".40 These intermingled with distinct forms of
sociability, the conscious appreciation of the environment and consideration for the local
population, countryside and cultural assets.

Leiper’s Geo-spatial Model,

Mill and morrison's consumer behaviour model
This Mill and Morrison's consumer behaviour model is cyclical in nature. The model ; 'to" ~.
suggests that each element of the tourism system reinforces and influences the next.
According to Mill and Morrison, the key components of the system are the market, travel, the
destination and marketing. To look at this in more detail, market demand is determined by a
number of internal and external influences which affect the purchase of travel. This, in turn,
influences the travel element of the tourism system since the demand for a product
encourages the development of transportation networks to meet this demand. This in tum
influences the type, nature and level of supply of tourist infrastructure and facilities at a
destination. This sequentially influences the marketing strategy for a destination and the
market. segments. The. way in which a destination markets itself and communicates its
product-offering to its market can stimulate the level and type of consumer demand, which is
influenced by a number of internal and external factors. The model can have certain general
uses like total demand of the market can be studied by taking into. account the external and
internal factors. The model can specifically be used by the tourism promotional agencies and
travel intermediaries (tour operators & travel agents) for evaluating the various levels of
buying behaviours of tourists. More specifically, the model can guide the destination
development and promotion agencies ·t9 undertake research and development for the tourism
industry. This model can better be adopted by the tour operators, travel agents, hotels, resort
companies, transport operators, entertainment agencies, etc as a framework to evaluate the
travel purchases of tourists. Accordingly, they can implement marketing strategies to position
the product in the market. This model, in brief, explains about the stages through which
tourism intermediaries can reach in the market place comfortably. In essence, this approach
reflects a market -oriented view of the tourism system where the determining factor is
consumer behaviour.
Mathieson and wall tourism system model

Mathieson and Wall (1982) have suggested a complex tourism system that remains a
simplistic overview of the structure of the industry. They have identified dynamic, static ..
4nd consequential elements of the tourist system. The dynamic element is the demand for all
types of tourism. The static elements are the characteristics of the destination ( including
political, environmental an economic influences) and the tourist and including " .. socio-
economic characteristics; type of activity and length of stay characteristics) which combine to
constitute the destination, the pressure on the destination ( in terms of length of stay, types of
activity and levels of activity) and carrying capacity. The impacts of tourism are seen as the
consequential element of the tourism system and this refers to the 36 physical, social and
economic impacts of tourism which need to be controlled by comprehensive management and
planning policies. All of the models offer a slightly different perspective on what the tourism
system involves and how the elements interrelate and interdependent. However, as is usually
the ' case, no one model can be classified as definite or absolute and it is essential, therefore,
to ,consider them together. It is up to you to develop your own overview and your own
conclusions as to what the tourism system looks like and how the various polices fit together.

Butler’s tourism area life cycle (talc)

Doxey’s Irridex Index
Demonstration Effect
Tourism in rural and indigenous communities has many positive and negative impacts. One
of the most detrimental impacts on the culture of the host community is the demonstration
effect. The demonstration effect is the occurrence of indigenous and rural communities and
cultures adopting western style and behaviour that they have observed in visiting tourists
through demonstration and interaction.

The demonstration effect displays impact on the host communities through the establish-

• Acculturation - Changing components of culture due to foreign influence

• Globalization - Reduction of undeveloped global spaces due to increase in availability of

transport of people and products

• Modernization

• Improved infrastructure, enhanced economy, and change in values at the cost of the
independent culture of the host community.

Crompton’s Push and Pull Theory

Tourist motivations explain the factors in which influence a tourist to travel. Crompton
(1979) explains that motivation is only one of many contributing factors in which assist with
explaining tourist behavior although it is considered a critical factor as it is the "impelling &
compelling force behind all behaviour" (Berkman & Gilson, 1978 as cited in Crompton 1979,
pg.409).

Hill (1965) concludes the motive of many vacation makers is in a response to psychological
depletion and is an opportunity to allow the tourist to replenish and restore, if the traveler
finds what they want they will come back enriched, regenerated & recharge. Crompton
(1979) states that the essence of a vacation was the individual having a break from their
typical routine and within most theories of motivation the concept of a stable equilibrium is
either stated or implied (NcNeal, 1973). Equilibrium would be resorted at the conclusion of
the vacation after the needs of the tourist had been meet in order to relieve the tension in the
motivational system (Howard and Sheth 1968).

However Dann (1977) argues that the element of travel provides the opportunity for ego-
enhancement and self-recognition allowing man to reach the fulfillment in which they require
to be recognized. In his study "What makes Tourist Travel" Dann was able to conclude that
the answer lied within the socio-phsychological concepts of 'anomie,' " the need that man has
for love and affection and the desire to communicate with his fellow man" (Dann, 1997) and
'ego-enhancement.' Dann (1977) also suggested that by going away on vacation an individual
is able to escape the suppressing feeling of isolation in everyday life and obtain social
interaction by getting away from the norms of everyday living.

Push & Pull Motives

"Push & Pull factors have been widely accepted to explain tourist behaviour and travel
motivations" (Crompton, 1979; Uysal & Hagen, 1993; as cited in Chan & Baum, 2007,
pg.359). Dann (1997) simply explains push factors as the motive that drives a tourist away
from home and pull factors as the motives in which drive a tourist towards a destination.
However with more complexity the push factors encouraging a person to travel are the socio-
psychological needs of a person (Yoon & Uysal, 2005) and the pull factors are the
motivations arousing a person to visit a particular destination (Buhalis, 2003; Flucker &
Turner; as cited in Chan & Baum, 2007). Crompton (1979) distinguishes 7 socio-
psychological motives: escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and
evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships and
facilitation of social interaction; and 2 cultural motives: novelty and education.

Gray (1970) however defines the same push and pull motives as 'sunlust' and 'wanderlust'.
Sunlust describes those "vacations in which are motivated by the desire to experience
different or better amenities for a specific purpose than are available in the environment in
which one normally lives" (Crompton, 1977, p. 410). And alternative wanderlust is described
as the "basic trait in human nature that causes some individuals to want to leave things with
which they are familiar and to go and see at first hand different existing cultures and places"
(Crompton, 1977, p. 410).

Tourist Career Ladder

The tourist career ladder was identified by Pearce (1988) and explained that the more
experience a tourists gained their motives were more likely to change as compared to a tourist
with little experience. However the theory was largely criticized as it was not evident that
tourists indeed climbed a ladder. Later Pearce & Lee (2005) developed a pattern rather than a
ladder in which identified the core tourist motivations.

The Decision Making Process

Whist many required to visit a new unexplored destination at the same time there are those
that visited the same destination each year (Crompton, 1979). While it could not be
specifically identified why Crompton (1979) speculated that vacationers may have been
primarily motivated by socio-psychological motives rather than cultural, have a restricted
knowledge of the want satisfying attributes of other places or returning to a proven
destination reduces risking an alternative unfamiliar place that may not produce the same
satisfactory response.

When making a decision over the travel destination, to identify location the tourist will go
through steps as outlined by Woodside & Sherrell (1997) from their constructed framework ,
using the travel destination sets mode to narrow down their choices. The framework consists
of the following 6 steps:

1. Total Set

2. Awareness Set

3. Available Set

4. Possible Choices

5. Evoked Set: Positive, Inert Set: Neutral & Inept Set: Negative

6. Decision

Stanley Plog’s Model,

Stanley Plog (1974) introduced the model of travel characteristics by psychographic scale to
differentiate traveller types such as travel patterns, personalities and preferred destinations,
samples were targeted in U.S. residents who were called flyers and non-flyers because the study was
conducted for air travel business. Those travellers were categorised into five segments started from
Psychocentric, Near-Psychocentric, Mid-Centric, Near-Allocentric and Allocentric, and exhibited a
normal distribution curve (a bell-shaped curve). Then, in 2001, the model was updated which
relabelled Psychocentric as ‘Dependable’ and Allocentric as ‘Venturer’; and further explained the
relationship between travel personalities and destination selection. At one extreme was
Psychocentric or Dependable represented non-adventurous travellers who preferred familiar
destinations; another side was Allocentric or Venturer which represented adventurous travellers
who primarily travelled to explore the world; and Mid-Centric was placed between two extreme
groups where the vast majority of travellers belonged to (Plog, 2001). Figure 1 shows the clearer
clusters. A destination life cycle by Plog (2001), used a psychographic study to show how destination
developed in each stage and types of tourist destination attracted was indicative of destination’s
position in that cycle and the stage of development appealed to specific psychographic types which
predicted the rise and fall of a destination (Liu et al., 2008). Venturers as the searchers were the first
group who explored the new destinations and passed their travel experiences to their friends who
would like to follow the same destinations, so-called near-ven turers. Next stages of destinations
were begun and kept continuously in greater numbers and improving destination images to target
more travellers. Service and local development also improved to carry more tourists. Then, the
destinations encountered more pressure from fastgrowth populations, tourism firms and
development.

Gunn’s Model
Gunn (1979) has developed a model wl].ich reflects th~ influence of the external
environment and the two- way relationships between the various elements of the system. The
tourism system model of Gunn is presented in figure-3. By acknowledging the ·mutu!:ll
influence that certain elements have on each other, Gunn is emphasizing' the interdependency
and importance of various facets of the tourism system. The Gunn's touri$m system model
that states about the much influence of external environment on the functioning of the
tourism system. The model includes attractions, transportation, information and services
which influence the tourist motivations. Whilst the external environment that embraces
political, economic, physical, natural and cultural factors has much influence on the total
functioning of the tourism system directly. The extern~l· environmental factors have much
control on the tourism system and they are the .. significant players in making the tourism
system dynamic. In turn, tourists can be negatively affected at the destinations .. In essenc.e,,
the system has certain general uses like the model will give proper guidance ., to the tourism
intermediaries and Governments about various external environmental factors and how they
determine the running of the tourism system. The model, on the other hand, can be used for
specific purposes such as each service providers can be 34 guided by the external
environments and evolve suitable plan and programmes to deal ·with the influence of
external environments. Tourists in general can get plenty of knowledge from this model that
can better guide them to plan the holidays.

UNWTO, United Nations World Tourism Organization

• 1974, based in Madrid, Spain, is a UN agency dealing with questions relating to tourism •
compiles the World Tourism rankings • concerned with the collection and collation of
statistical information on international tourism • represents public sector tourism bodies •
development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism • encourages the
implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism • minimizing its negative social
and environmental impacts • geared toward reducing poverty and fostering sustainable
development

• 2010–present— Taleb Rifai (Jordan) • 154 member states, 7associate members, 350 affiliate
members • General Assembly – supreme organ of the Organization. Its ordinary sessions,
held every two years, are attended by delegates of the Full and Associate Members •
Regional Commissions – Established in 1975 as subsidiary organs of the General Assembly,
the six Regional Commissions normally meet once a year • Executive Council –
implementation of its own decisions and recommendations of the Assembly , Council meets
at least twice a year • Committees – *World Committee on Tourism Ethics *Programme
Committee *Committee on Budget and Finance *Committee on Market and Competitiveness
• Secretariat – led by Secretary-General ad interim Taleb Rifai of Jordan, who supervises
about 110 full-time staff at UNWTO's Madrid Headquarters

IATA - INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION

• April 19, 1945 • headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada • james Hogan (CEO) •
represent, lead, and serve the airline industry • present in over 150 countries covered through
101 offices around the globe • successor to the International Air Traffic Association • IATA
had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has about
230 members from more than 140 nations • Airline rules and regulations are defined by
IATA. The main aim of IATA is to provide safe and secure transportation to its passengers •
Activities – Price setting – 3-letter IATA Airport Codes – 2-letter IATA airline designators –
assigns IATA train station codes – assigns IATA Delay Codes – accreditation of travel agents
– worldwide the Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) – Cargo Accounts Settlement Systems
(CASS) – regulates the shipping of dangerous goods and publishes the IATA Dangerous
Goods Regulations manual (DGR) – Worldwide Scheduling Guidelines (WSG) – Bar Coded
Boarding Pass (BCBP) – publish IATA Rates of Exchange (IROE) 4 times/ year – IATA
Operational Safety Audit (IOSA)

ICAO - INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)

• April 1947, (Raymond Benjamin) is a specialized agency of the UN, montreal. • codifies the
principles and techniques of international air navigation • fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth • infrastructure,
flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing •
protocols for air accident investigation - Chicago Convention • publishes Doc 9303, Machine
Readable Travel Documents • standards for aircraft registration ("tail numbers") • Kyoto
Protocol - reduction of emissions

UFTAA - UNITED FEDERATION OF TRAVEL AGENTS’ ASSOCIATIONS

• on November 22nd, 1966, in Rome, Italy • emanates from the Universal Federation of
Travel Agents’ Associations • result of a merger of two large world organisations, FIAV and
UOTAA, • non-profit Confederation of international scope, representing Regional
Federations comprising some 80 national associations • recognising the need to unify travel
agencies and touroperators into one international federation • Composition of the Board of
Directors elected in Rimini on October 22nd, 2010. • Since 1990, UFTAA has been fighting
against the sexual exploitation of children by tourists and its “Child and Travel Agent’
Charter has been signed by 82 National Associations of Travel Agents

ASTA – American Society of Travel Agents

The American Society of Travel Advisors (ASTA) was founded on April 20, 1931 in New York
City as the American Steamship and Tourist Agents Association. ASTA changed its name to the
American Society of Travel Agents in 1944.

Zane Kerby, President & CEO, Alexandria VA

The American Society of Travel Advisors (ASTA) is a trade association which was formed to
represent and defend the business and regulatory public policy interests of travel intermediaries,
including travel agencies (including traditional "brick and mortar" agencies, online portals, mega-
and corporate agencies, and small and mid-market businesses) and tour providers
(including wholesalers and operators). The headquarters is in Alexandria, Virginia, United States;
it is a US Internal Revenue Service 501(c)(6) tax-exempt not-for-profit entity.[1]
Its members include travel agents, intermediaries, and supplier companies who offer travel
products and services such as tours, cruises, hotels, destinations, tourist bureaus, ground
transport, car rentals, local guides and hosts. ASTA aims to act as an advocate for travel
advisors (also known as "travel agents"), the travel industry and the traveling public. This society
has its headquarters in Alexandria, VA.

PATA - Pacific Asia Travel Association

• working to promote the responsible development of travel and tourism in the Asia Pacific
region. • began in 1951when Lorrin P. Thurston, president of two major daily newspapers in
Honolulu, and William J Mullahey of Pan American Airways set about organising the first
Pacific area travel conference with the aim of promoting tourism to the largely undiscovered
region of Asia Pacific. • Following the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, PATA
launches a relief fund • In 2005 the PATA Board of Directors approve an amendment to the
association’s Mission Statement to reflect concerns for responsible tourism • 2011 will see
PATA celebrate its 60th anniversary with a series of activities and events focused around the
theme 'Building Tourism. Past.Present.Progressive'. On September 6-9, PATA Travel Mart
2011 will be held at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi
WTTC – World Travel and Tourism Council

The WTTC began in the 1980s with a group of business executives led by former American
Express CEO James D. Robinson III.

The WTTC is headquartered in London. The staff are led by the president and CEO of WTTC.
Seven directors head the different sections of the organisation. The WTTC members are the
chief executives, presidents, or chairs of companies from different sectors and regions within the
travel and tourism industry. The WTTC has two membership types: global members and regional
members. It also has a category for companies that provide services to the industry, referred to
as Industry Partnership.

The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is a forum for the travel and tourism industry.[3] It
is made up of members from the global business community and works with governments to
raise awareness about the travel and tourism industry.[3][4] It is known for being the only forum to
represent the private sector in all parts of the industry worldwide.[5] Its activities include research
on the economic and social impact of the industry and its organisation of global and regional
summits focused on issues and developments relevant to the industry.

Christopher J Nassetta, Chairman[1]

Gloria Guevara, President, CEO[2]

IHA – International Hotel & Restaurant Association

The International Hotel & Restaurant Association (IHRA) is an international trade

association representing the interests of the hotel and restaurant industries.

Founded in November 1947:

Headquarters - 42 Avenue General Guisan, Lausanne, 1009 Pully-Switzerland

President - Dr. Ghassan Aïdi

TAAI - TRAVEL AGENTS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

• Established back in 1951 • largest Travel Association of India • Started with just 12travel
agents • 2400 members under its banner • to promote the interest of the Indian tourism
industry and the entities associated with it • to assure the rights and satisfaction quotient of
the travellers • Apply superior technical skills to the job on hand. • Deliver the highest quality
of service. • Act with responsibility within sound financial parameters. • Build trust and
credibility in the marketplace • membership spot of TAAI is multi-faceted (with Active IATA
accredited Travel Agencies, Airlines and General Sales Agencies, Hotels and Tour
operators). • check on any unethical practices by the member agencies • strict Code of Ethics
that sets certain parameters

IATO - INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF TOUR OPERATORS

• Established in 1982 • National apex body of the tourism industry • has over 4000 members
covering all segments of Tourism Industry • IATO has international acceptance • interacts
closely with the Government on all critical Issues affecting the Tourism Industry • highest
priority to Tourism facilitation • common medium between the Decision Makers and the
industry • social responsibility during natural calamities • five categories of membership:
Active, Allied, Associate, International and Honorary • President with a team of 6 Office
Bearers and 9 Executives 30

• meet every month on the first Saturday • IATO has 12 Action Committees – Adventure
Tourism Development Committee * Civil Aviation, Press & PR Committee * Domestic
Tourism Development Committee * Grievances Committee * Guides Coordination
Committee * Host Committee * Hotel Relations Development Committee * IATO News
Committee * Legal Affairs, Insurance & Consumer Committee * Privilege Card
Development Committee * Railways Co-ordination & Dev. Committee * Surface
Transportation Development Committee * Website Development Committee

FHRAI - FEDERATION OF HOTEL & RESTAURANT ASSOCIATIONS OF INDIA

• formed in the year 1955 • apex body of the Hospitality Industry in India • 3500 Members,
comprising of 2160 Hotels,(with nearly1,20,000 rooms), 1064 Restaurants and allied
members • Rules and regulations for hotels • Star grading and statistics • present only about
120000 rooms, and hence the shortage of 150000 rooms needs to be bridged for which an
investment of over Rs.50000 Crores is required in the next 3-4 years.

ITDC - INDIA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (ITDC)

• public sector undertaking (PSU) established in October 1966

• head quarters in New Delhi, 75crore of equity

• Products- Ashok Group Hotels(17 properties ), Duty Free Travel Solutions, Advertising
Solutions, Engineering Consultancy, Education and Training, Event Management, Art
Gallery

• Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi made the India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.
(ITDC) as an Hospitality partner all three properties i.e Hotel Ashok, Samrat and Janpath –as
the Games Family Hotels with Hotel Ashok being the flagship hotel. “The hotels offerd a
combined inventory of 680 rooms/suites with Hotel Ashok offering 500 rooms, Samrat
offering 60 rooms and Janpath offering 120 rooms.”

To construct, take over and manage existing hotels and market hotels, Beach Resorts
Travellers’ Lodges/Restaurants;

• To provide transport, entertainment, shopping and conventional services;

• To produce, distribute, tourist publicity material;

• To render consultancy-cum-managerial services in India and abroad;

• To carry on the business as Full-Fledged Money Changers (FFMC), restricted money

changers etc; and
• To provide innovating, dependable and value for money solutions to the needs of tourism
development and engineering industry including providing consultancy and project
implementation.

ICPB - India Convention Promotion Bureau

"India Convention Promotion Bureau", is an apex body sponsored by the Ministry of Tourism,
Government of India for the promotion of India as a competent and credible convention destination.
The members of the Bureau with their expertise extend necessary assistance towards the handling
of Conferences in India involving trade associations and Industry counterparts.

State Tourism Development Corporations

Airport Authority of India

The Airports Authority of India or AAI is a statutory body working under the Ministry of Civil
Aviation, Government of India is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing
civil aviation infrastructure in India.

Headquarters: New Delhi

Founded: 1 April 1995

Parent organization: Directorate General of Civil Aviation

Key person: Guruprasad Mohapatra

Archaeological Survey of India

The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of
Culture that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of
cultural monuments in the country. It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham who also
became its first Director-General. Wikipedia

Founder: Alexander Cunningham

Founded: 1871

Headquarters location: New Delhi

Parent organisation: Ministry of Culture, Government of India

Motto: प्रत्नकीर्ति मपावृ णु

Ministry of Tourism
The Ministry of Tourism, a branch of the Government of India, is the apex body for formulation
and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to the development and promotion
of tourism in India. Wikipedia

Officeholder: Prahlad Singh Patel (MOS independent charge)

Founded: 1967

Headquarters: New Delhi

Railways
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation is a subsidiary of the Indian Railways that
handles the catering, tourism and online ticketing operations of the latter, with around 5,50,000 to
6,00,000 bookings every day is the world's second busiest and highest of 15 to 16 Lakhs tickets
every day.

The Indian Railway Catering And Tourism Corporation Limited also popularly known as IRCTC
was incorporated in the year 1999 under Ministry of Railways to upgrade and professionalise
catering services over Indian Railways and also to promote Railways as a kaleidoscope of
tourism across the country

Parent organization: Indian Railways

Headquarters: New Delhi

Civil Aviation of Government of India

The Ministry of Civil Aviation of Government of India is the nodal Ministry responsible for the
formulation of national policies and programmes for development and regulation of Civil Aviation
and for devising and implementing schemes for the orderly growth and expansion of civil air
transport. Wikipedia

Officeholder: Hardeep Singh Puri (Union Minister)

Headquarters: Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, New Delhi