Dynamics describes the relation-

ship between force and motion.

Force? What is it?
Put in simple terms, a force is a push
or a pull. It pertains to any influence
that causes a change in an object’s
state of motion.
• Contact Force
A contact force is produced when
there is direct contact between two
interacting bodies.
• Long-Range Force
A long-range force is produced when
one body influences the state of
motion of another body even if these
two bodies are separated by empty
space.
• Concurrent Forces
Concurrent forces are forces whose
lines of action intersect at a common
point. These forces
typically bring about
rectilinear motion.
• Nonconcurrent Forces
Nonconcurrent forces are forces
whose lines of action do not intersect
at a common point. These forces
typically bring about rotary motion.

First Law of Motion
An object will remain at rest or
continue to move at a constant
velocity unless acted upon by an
external force.
F = net force
If F = 0 ⇒ v = constant
Second Law of Motion
When a net external force acts on a
body, the body accelerates in the
direction of the force.
F = ma
where,
m = mass of the body
a = acceleration due to F
Unit : N = Newton = kg • m / s 2
The Laws of Motion form the
foundation of dynamics.
Third Law of Motion
For every action there is an equal but
opposite reaction. These two forces
(action & reaction) act on different
bodies.
Freaction
Faction = − Freaction Faction
Acceleration depends upon the
force producing it, as well as on
the mass of the body upon which
the force has been applied. It is
proportional to the force
but inversely proportio-
nal to the mass.
Force and mass are not
dependent on acceleration.

Weight(W)
Weight is the force of gravitational
attraction between the Earth and the
object. For points on or near the
surface of the Earth:
g = −9.8m / s 2 = towards the " ground" relative speed between the moving
W = mg
W1 W2
Friction (fs, fk)
Friction arises when two surfaces rub
against each other. Static Friction
opposes impending motion while
Kinetic Friction opposes existing
motion between the two surfaces.
Kinetic friction is constant while
static friction increases in response to
any increase in the impending motion
until a maximum value is reached,
beyond which there will be motion
between the two surfaces.
Kinetic friction is independent of the
surfaces.
Friction is independent of the size of
the area of contact between the
surfaces.
Friction is dependent on the Normal
Force.
N = normal force magnitude
f = µN motion
µ = coeffience of friction
Typically, 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1 f
µs > µk

Normal Force (N)
Normal force is produced when a
body presses against a surface, trying
to prevent the body from going
through the surface. Normal force is
always perpendicular outwards with
respect to the surface.
If the body does not go through the
surface, normal force magnitude is
then equal to the magnitude of the
force by which the body is pressed
against the surface.
N2
N1
N3
Tension (T)
Tension arises when a
body (typically a string,
T
rope, or cable) is stretched
by an external force.
Tension opposes this
external force to maintain W
the body’s size and shape.
Compression (C)
Compression arises when C
a body (typically a pillar,
rod, lever, or block) is
compressed by an W
external force.
Compression opposes
this external force to
maintain the body’s size and shape.
If the body being stretched or
compressed maintains its size and
shape, tension/compression magnitude
is equal to that of the deforming force.
 A system in equilibrium is one that
is not accelerating.
1st Condition of Static Equilibrium
Equilibrium A system in equilibrium that is not in
A system is said to be in a state of motion is considered to be in Static
equilibrium if and only if the net Equilibrium.
external force acting on the system is
equal to zero. Accelerating Systems
A system that is not in a state of
Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
equilibrium is an accelerating system.
= ∑ Fi The system accelerates in the
i
direction of the net external force at a
=0
rate defined by Newton’s 2nd Law of
F1 Motion.
F4 Fnet ≠ 0
F2 = ma
F3
= ∑ Fi
i
 ( )
Wm = mg = 2kg 9.8m / s 2 = 19.6 N
f s = µ s N = max. static friction
Fnet = 0 = N + T + Wm + f s
Example 1 x - comp : 0 = T − f s
Consider the system shown below. T = fs
What is the maximum possible value y - comp : 0 = N − Wm
that mass M can have if the system is N = Wm = 19.6 N
to remain in a state of equilibrium? ⇒ T = f s = µ s N = 0.65(19.6 N )
m = 2kg, µs = 0.65 ⇒ T = 12.74 N
µs m FBD2: (mass M)
Fnet = 0 = T + WM
T
x: 0 = 0+0
M y : 0 = T − WM
WM
WM = T = 12.74 N
Free Body Diagram 1 (FBD1): Mg = 12.74 N
(mass m) N 12.74 N
M=
fs T 9.8m / s 2
Wm
M = 1.3kg

Example 2
Consider the system shown below.
What should µs be for the system to
remain in equilibrium? m1 = 0.75kg,
m2 = 0.50kg
m1
Fnet = 0 = N + T + W1 + f s
x : 0 = T − W1 sin 10° − f s
T = W1 sin 10° + f s = W1 sin 10° + µ s N
T = 1.276314 N + µ s N
y : 0 = N − W1 cos10°
N = W1 cos10° = 7.238337 N
⇒ T = 1.276314 N + µ s (7.238337 N )
FBD2: (mass m2)

µs Fnet = 0 = T + W2
T
m2 x: 0 = 0+0
10º
y : 0 = T − W2
FBD1: (mass m1) W2
T = W2 = 4.90 N
N N ⇒ 4.90 N = 1.276314 N
T
fs fs T + µ s (7.238337 N )
10º
10º µ s (7.238337 N ) = 3.623686 N
W1
W1 3.623686 N
W1 = m1 g = 7.35 N µs =
7.238337 N
W2 = m2 g = 4.90 N
f s = µs N µs = 0.501
 W 40,082 N
T2 = =
sin 55° sin 55°
⎛ 40,082 N ⎞ 40,082 N
⇒ T1 = ⎜ ⎟ cos 55° =
Example 3 ⎝ sin 55° ⎠ tan 55°
A large wrecking ball is held in place
T1 = 28,065.719N T2 = 48,931.087N
by two light steel cables as shown.
Determine all the forces in the FBD2: (top end of crane boom)
system.
Frxn Fnet = 0 = T2 + C + Frxn
C x : 0 = −T2 cos10° + C
10º
35º C = T2 cos10°
45º T2
y : 0 = −T2 sin 10° + Frxn
Frxn = T2 sin 10°
m = 4,090kg
10º Frxn
FBD1: (wrecking ball) C = 48,187.714N
W = mg = 40,082 N T2 C
T2
T1 Fnet = 0 = T1 + T2 + W
55º Frxn = 8,496.794N
x : 0 = −T1 + T2 cos 55°
W T1 = T2 cos 55°
y : 0 = T2 sin 55° − W
 FBD1: (bricks)

Example 4
A 15.0-kg load of bricks hangs from
one end of a thin steel cable that has
been passed over an ideal pulley. A
28.0-kg weight is suspended from the
other end of the cable. What is the
acceleration of the system if it is
released from rest?
Since the system is no
longer in equilibrium, the
direction of the
28.0kg acceleration must be
assumed (and then later
verified). Assuming that
15.0kg the bricks will be
accelerating upwards.
T Fnet = m1a = T + W1
⇒ m1a = T − W1
a
⇒ m1a = T − m1 g
W1
FBD2: (counterweight)
Fnet = m2 a = T + W2
T
⇒ − m2 a = T − W2
a ⇒ − m2 a = T − m2 g
W2
T = −m2 a + m2 g
m1a = (−m2 a + m2 g ) − m1 g
⇒ m1a + m2 a = m2 g − m1 g
⇒ (m1 + m2 )a = (m2 − m1 )g
a= 2
(m − m1 ) g = (28kg − 15kg ) g
(m1 + m2 ) (15kg + 28kg )
a = 0.302326g = 2.963m/s2
 ⇒ m1a = − µ k N1 + T
T = m1a + µ k N1
y : 0 = N1 − W1
Example 5 ⇒ N1 = W1
T = m1a + µ kW1
Consider the system below. Mass A
has a weight of 1.40N while mass B T =⎜
⎛ 1.4 N ⎞
2 ⎟ 1(
m / s 2
)
+ (0.3)(1.4 N )
has a weight of 4.20N The ⎝ 9.8m / s ⎠
coefficient of kinetic friction of all T = 0.562857 N
surfaces is 0.3. Find the force FBD2: (counterweight)
necessary such that the acceleration
N2 Fnet = m2 a
of mass B is 1m/s2.
F T + fk1 + fk2 = f k1 + f k 2 + T + W1
F A
W1 + W2 + W2 + N 2 + F
B a
y : 0 = −W1 − W2 + N 2
⇒ N 2 = W1 + W2 = 1.4 N + 4.2 N
FBD1: (mass A) ⇒ N 2 = 5.6 N
N1 a = 1m / s 2
x: − m2 a = f k1 + f k 2 + T − F
fk1 T a µ k = 0.3
⇒ F = m2 a + f k1 + f k 2 + T
Fnet = m1a = f k1 + T + W1 + N1 ⇒ F = m2 a + µ k N1 + µ k N 2 + T
W1
x : m1a = − f k1 + T
 Some problems involving Newton’s
Example 5 (continued) Laws of Motion combine Kinematics
with the Second Law of Motion.
⎛ 4. 2 N ⎞
F =⎜ 2 ⎟ (
1 m / s 2
)+ (0.3)(1.4 N )
These problems pose situations
similar to the examples just
⎝ 9.8m / s ⎠
discussed but instead of asking for
+ (0.3)(5.6 N ) + 0.562857 N the acceleration of the system or for
the applied force, they ask for
F = 3.091N displacement, velocity, or time.
In such problems, Newton’s Laws of
Motion and vector analysis to
calculate the acceleration. The
acceleration is then used with the
kinematical equations.