FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT FORM

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (MEM 603)

LECTURER NAME DUE DATE SUBMISSION REMARKS

DATE
IR. DR. NORIAH YUSOFF 25/11/2019 22/11/2019 -on time/- late

GROUP NO EMD7M4A

No Name Student ID
1 MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ SYAZWAN BIN MOHD 2016218406
FAIZAL

GENERAL LEVEL POOR MARGIN ACCEPTAB GOOD EXCELLEN

AL LE T
GUIDELINES:
Scale 1-2 3-4 5,6 7,8 9,10

Assessment Criteria (Report) Weight (w) Scale (y) Total= w * y

Introduction 10
Content/ Diagrams/Figures/ Discussion and Conclusion
Part A- Accident Investigation 40
Part B- Preventative Action 20
Part C - Identification 20
Format, Language and Organization, 10
References and citation
TOTAL 100%

REMARKS:
 RUBRIC ASSESSMENT-REPORT

GENERAL LEVEL POOR MARGIN ACCEPTAB GOOD EXCELLENT

AL LE
GUIDELINES:
Scale 1-2 3-4 5,6 7,8 9,10

Scale 1-2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9-10

Criteria Poor Margin Acceptable Good Excellent Factor
al

Topic is poorly Topic is fairly introduced.

introduced. Lack of Moderately understand on
Introduction understanding on the the topic. Topic is well
topic. introduced.Clearly
Fairly general research Well and
explain onthorough
the topics.
on the concept and its research in the concept
Research Topic is poorly applications. Some and its applications.
discussed. Lack/ supporting evidence is Effective supporting
Result absent of supporting provided. evidence is provided.
evidence.
Contents
Able to make use of
Part A-C all relevant and
available
Inadequate use of Adequate use of resources effectively
resources resources
Receptive to new
Not receptive to Receptive to some ideas, critics,
new ideas and unable new ideas and partially suggestions and able to
to utilize them able to act autonomously act accordingly
Lack of interest Show interest and Show strong interest
Utilization of and curiosity in curiosity in acquiring new and curiosity in
resources acquiring new knowledge and acquiring new
knowledge expanding it through new knowledge and
References
resources utilization expanding it to new
and citation Not many horizon through
resources explored Adequately cite all resource utilization.
references
Inadequate or no Many resources
citation of resources explored

Conclusion Unclear conclusion of Topic is fairly concluded. Sources

Topic is wellofconcluded.
reference
the topic. are well cited with
complete
Writing is Writing is found to be in Writing is well
disorganized, accordance with course explanationand
organized of tables
covered
unfocused to the requirements and have and figures
relevant to the course
main theme and some focus on requirements and topics
disconnected. discernible theme and for discussions.
supporting details.
Organizati Format Not following the Each sub-topic is
on required format of clear and well
presentation.
Writing lacks clear structured.
Excellent writing skills
sentences and in the use of words and
Writing skills are prefect grammar.
paragraphs. somehow clear and
paragraphs are well Sources of reference
Deficiencies in structured. Less grammar are well cited with
Language Writing good grammatically mistakes complete explanation of
skill witting. tables and figures

2
Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Part A: Accident Investigation................................................................................................................. 7
Part B: Preventative Action ................................................................................................................... 11
Part C: Principles and Professional Ethics ............................................................................................. 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 16
References ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 18

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Table of Figures

Figure 1: Sand barge carrying sand......................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2: Victim of electric shock during maintenance of ship .............................................................. 6
Figure 3: Example of accident report form ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: Hazard control hierarchy ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5: Personal Protective Equipment.............................................................................................. 13

4
Introduction

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 was introduced with the purpose to secure the safety,
health and welfare of person at work against any hazards and risks resulted by the activities of
person at work. When it comes to a workplace, there are a lot of possible containing hazards
which can harm any person within or outside the work perimeter than can simply give rise to
accident and ill health. Therefore, one should understand the term hazard and what can possibly
cause it to exist. Industrial hazard defined as any condition or substances produced by the
industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. As we all
know, big industry such as mass production, repair and maintenance of massive structure,
construction and others contains a lot of industrial hazard. These hazards need to be
acknowledged and control so that any unwanted incident can be prevent early and further
reduce the number of accidents. Transportation like shipment of logistics onto barge on the
inland waterways is one of the big industries that contributes in increasing the number of
fatality of workers during the working activity. There are numbers of cases regarding the death
on the ship or barge. This type of case is listed in fatality accident case on the Department of
Occupational, Safety and Health (DOSH) website, stated that the worker died due to electric
shock while pumping water of the barge at Jetty, Sarawak.

Big ship like barge need to be maintained frequently as it is used to transport big things or
substances in big quantities such as container vessels, coals, sand and other processed or non-
processed materials. Technicians are responsible to make sure that the condition of the barge
is good and functional with a good supervision by the engineers. They have to inspect whether
there are any leakage of fuel and detect any damage onto the components to ensure the
functionality of the ship. The inspection takes a lot of time and require skilled person to handle
such responsibilities because the amount of danger is high enough as it can cause death. There
are certain parts of the ship which are confined spaces, thus it contains various hazards. The
death case that stated earlier is because of hit by electric shock during the work of sucking
water out of the barge using an 'electric water pump' from manhole that supposed to be a
connection with the fuel compartment. Hazards that include are toxic atmosphere, lack of
oxygen and mainly fire and explosion. The case was classified as sudden death. This report is
done to discuss about the steps that should be taken by safety officer regarding the accident.
Safety officer monitors the necessary equipment’s required in case of emergency in the

5
organization during work especially in oil and gas industry. Apart from enforcing the law of
OSH, they are the one who will be appointed and responsible for any issues regarding the health
and safety of the workers while ensuring safer working environment. Besides, they are the key
responsible for safe and sound execution of work as well as morale activities which builds the
reputation on most of the organisations in industries.

Figure 1: Sand barge carrying sand

Figure 2: Victim of electric shock during maintenance of ship

6
Part A: Accident Investigation

Accident is an unexpected, unplanned and undesired event, in a sequence of events that occurs
through a combination of causes that resulted in physical harm in term of injury or illness or
damage to property, harm to environment or any combination. A good health and safety officer
should have been trained to good knowledge of operating procedures, equipment, facilities,
process, good investigation skills and high consideration to solve any problem before any
incident and after accident happened. He or she must bear in mind that to have one accident is
bad enough, but to have a further accident because lessons were not learnt is inexcusable. A lot
people misunderstood the concept of solving problems involving accident. Some people might
unreasonably accuse others to be the cause of the accident instead of letting the officers to do
proper investigation. Investigation is necessary because although most of the accidents occur
due to less awareness of potential dangerous and workers inefficiency, the accident maybe due
to system mal-function or safety equipment that is not protective enough to be used. Therefore,
blaming workers alone is like blaming snowflake for the avalanche.

In OSH, there are legal requirements that every employee need to be considered. Every
accident that happened at workplace must be reported so that investigation could be initiated
in order to determine how and why these failures occur. The legal requirements lead to OSH
(NADOPOD) Regulations 2004. It stated that employer need to notify the nearest DOSH
Office of an accident, dangerous occurrence by quickest means and of any occupational
poisoning and occupational diseases. Besides, he or she shall record and maintain register of
all accidents and no one unless authorised people to interfere or disturb the incident scene with
appropriate reasons. The role of investigator plays an important part to gather and organize the
information so that the truth behind the serious incident is known clearly. He should include
suitable approach like providing loss causation theory to assist the investigation then find out
the cause of accident.

However, investigation cannot be conduct if the accident is not reported to the DOSH. Some
irresponsible organisation prefers to avoid investigation in order to keep the safety records
clean, fear of consequences and worst, lack of understanding. Otherwise, all employees require
to immediately report to their supervisor all accidents and incidents that result in injury or
property damage, and all near misses with the potential for serious injury or property damage.
Next, prompt report should be done to enable effective investigation thus actual causes can be
identified. Prompt report can be obtained by providing effective means of communication,

7
clear and concise reporting procedure, react in a positive way to timely reporting and educate
and train the employees.

There are several important aspects that must take place during investigation:

1. Immediate respond

Whenever accident happen, an immediate emergency response should be organized

systematically to notify all of the workers and other appropriate staffs including the employer
so that immediate action can be taken as soon as possible. Regarding the incident, all of the
maintenance work shall stop directly upon receiving the emergency call so that the particular
hazard that is not yet being identified cannot further affect the other workers causing more
illness or injury. Also, stop work enable the officers to do investigation immediately and
eliminate the hazard immediately. In addition, safety officer did not want the evidence to be
tampered or remove by regular work event that will disturb the result of the investigation.

2. Gather of Information

Upon the accident site is being cleared, the process of gathering the general information before
and during the incident is compulsory to start an investigation. He shall investigate the site of
the accident by examining physical evidence, get to know the types of hazard the workers
dealing with, make early sketch of incident scene, taking photos for further observation and
interview the witness that happens to be there or not during the incident. When interviewing
the witnesses, the officers shall not impose irrelevant actions towards them instead of being
understanding, open minded and friendly. Plus, the information must be obtained clearly from
individual and not hearsay to avoid misleading. Any information gained must be documented
so that different version of the story from the witness can be detect easily. Furthermore, any
records on usage of equipment, schedule of workplace or any other important records should
be documented as well so that it may ease the investigation process.

3. Analyse of Information

The information that already collected are then analysed to come up with conclusion. Health
and safety officer that have the access to this information must perform serious brainstorming
along sequencing the order of those data and event. This is where the “How” questions are
mostly being answered and determining the necessary step to prevent the recurrence. During
analysing the data, officer can investigate the chronological event and finding the cause of
accident involving all factors by logic interpretation.

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 4. Report documentation

The safety officer must document all of the findings in an official format report regarding the
accident. This report indicates the summary of what had happened. The contents include the
introductory summary of events prior to the accident, information gained during investigation,
details of witness, loss and other supporting material like photos, witness statements as well as
well as backup documents which act as the evidences. Any other recommend correction actions
and necessary adjustment also stated in the report to be taken by the professional body and
organisation related to the safety and health. The report is then forwarded to the Department of
Occupational Safety and Health for further appropriate action.

By following the right procedures, any investigation shall be conducted smoothly and the cause
of the accidents can be identified sooner. In the meantime, all of the process cannot be happened
if there is no cooperation between the workers, staffs, employees and the officers.

9
Figure 3: Example of accident report form

10
Part B: Preventative Action

Shipment of container vessels and materials onto barge on the inland waterways is one of the
important industries to ensure the continuation of supplies. Although the number of death case
is not as high as manufacturing and construction, the death toll regarding the industry continue
to increase. Knowing that OSH still cover shipyard employment, marine terminals and
longshoring. Regulations exist pertaining to equipment, working surfaces, hanging cargo, and
more. Inspections may be conducted to ensure compliance. That is why Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH) produce the regulations that can control such hazards. Failing to comply
with these regulations may cause injury, fatality or punish by the legislative body if found
guilty. Regarding the electrical shock issue, OSH produce some regulations that related to
electrical hazards control such as:

 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

 Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004
 Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139)
 Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift) Regulations 1970
 Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970

Besides, ship like barge have the compartment which is confined space. OSH also release
guidelines on safe working in confined space. Based on the accident due the electric shock, tit
is classified as permit confined space because of the potential hazardous atmosphere. Besides,
it also contains other recognize hazard such as fire and explosion.

Other important actions that may prevent accident due to electric shock such as:

1. Elimination
Eliminate any sources of electrical hazard. For example, operates electrical machine in
wet condition. In order to prevent, worker must only operate any kind of electrical
machine in dry condition. Besides, any broken parts of the machine must be removed
or replaced with a new part.

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2. Engineering Control
Engineering control method that can be apply is redesign a process to place a barrier
between the person and the hazard. Besides, remove the hazard from the person, such
as machinery guarding, proximity guarding and extraction systems. Finally, removing
the operator to a remote location away from the hazard.

3. Administrative Control
By giving appropriate training to the employees, the safety awareness can be spread
widely, hence accident can be prevented earlier. Besides, hazards signage also should
be included at the workplace as well as health monitoring programme to ensure the
healthiness of the workers. Company also need to update their health policies and
expose to their workers.

4. Personal Protective Equipment.

Employers must provide complete PPEs such as respirators, gloves, eye protection,
apron, body suit and safety foot wear for their workers suitable with the condition of
chemical exposure so that the equipment will shield them from any possible injury.
Besides, the job description also must be provided so that the workers will acknowledge
when and where the equipment to be used.

For the workers:

 Follow health and safety instructions

 Follow safe work practices
 Take reasonable care for their own health and safety
 Take reasonable care that their actions do not adversely affect the health and safety
of others
 Participate in training and/or inductions
 Assist in identifying, assessing and managing risks
 Use appropriate safety systems, equipment and personal protective equipment as
required

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 Figure 4: Hazard control hierarchy

Figure 5: Personal Protective Equipment

13
Part C: Principles and Professional Ethics

The purpose of occupational health is to serve the health and social well-being of the workers
individually and collectively. Occupational health practice must be performed according to the
highest professional standards and ethical principles. Occupational health professionals must
contribute to environmental and community health. The duties of occupational health
professionals include protecting the life and the health of the worker, respecting human dignity
and promoting the highest ethical principles in occupational health policies and programmes.
Integrity in professional conduct, impartiality and the protection of the confidentiality of health
data and of the privacy of workers are part of these duties. Occupational health professionals
are experts who must enjoy full professional independence in the execution of their functions.
They must acquire and maintain the competence necessary for their duties and require
conditions which allow them to carry out their tasks according to good practice and
professional ethics.

Besides, employers and employees are responsible for ensuring that the place of work is always
in a safe condition. With the existence of the safety standards produced by OSH and other
professional bodies, it is recommended for both of them to follow those standards and
regulations in order to contain the safety and welfare of own-self and other people so that
accidents that can contribute to ill health, injury, property damage, and other liabilities can be
prevented.

Regarding the issue of shipping industry, there are several professional ethics can be applied

Responsibility:

Being responsible is a major part of professionalism. Seafarers accept the duties of the role and
position and work hard to make things go right and take responsibility if things go wrong. The
master is accountable for all, and that is the ultimate accolade which comes with being a
professional…even if that is sometimes abused by lawyers and courts ashore.

Competence:

Professionalism is often viewed as a mix of soft skills and work attitudes. However, the core
of being a professional is showing a basic foundation of competence. Just because someone
passes their ticket and is found to be competent in their oral exams, does not mean they will
inevitably remain that way. It takes time, effort and commitment to remain at that standard and

14
to even look above and beyond competence. A true professional look at the expectations of the
role and seeks out the skills, knowledge and training to be as good as they can be.

Respectful Communication:

Being a professional isn’t always about the work you do. Not hitting other ships or being able
to strip a pump doesn’t necessarily imply professionalism – there is much more to it. It is about
how you project yourself, how you communicate and deal with people. Appropriate use of
language, good verbal and nonverbal interaction skills, eye contact, a friendly smile and
genuine respect for those you work with are common traits of a professional.

Integrity:

Demonstrating honesty, transparency and integrity in the way you conduct yourself are the
foundation of professionalism. This includes being straight with people, don’t get dragged into
the rumour mill, rise above bitching, gossiping and backstabbing. Be the one who walks and
talks straight – and you will have an enhanced reputation. Consistently following through on
the things, you say you will do is also at the heart of integrity, and professionalism. Being the
one that can be trusted, who will do their best and make things happen – having integrity as a
person is a major part of the type of person who displays professionalism.

15
Conclusion

In a nutshell, safety and health is the most important aspect that every worker in any industries
need to be aware. It is crystal clear that there are always hazards in the working environment
and we must get ourselves prepared and educated so that any precautions can be done earlier,
hence prevent ourselves from experiencing any sort of danger that can harm our health and
safety. Furthermore, with the compliance of OSH regulations, we shall not be worry about our
own safety, and the employers will conduct well their responsibilities to their employers,
properties, environment and country.

16
References

1. (2017, March). Occupational Safety and Health Act and Regulations. Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia: MDC Publisher Sdn. Bhd.
2. ILO Content Manager. (2011, Jan 16th). Mechanism of Toxicity.
Retrieved from https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/contents/part-iv-66769/toxicology-
57951/mechanisms-of-toxicity
3. (2016, Apr). Risk assessment for emissions from hot heavy fuel oil during barge
loading.
Retrieved from https://www.concawe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2016-04-
18_rpt_15-1r-with-appendices-final-revised-apr2016.pdf
4. Accident Investigation & Reporting.
Retrieved from https://www.ihsa.ca/resources/accident_investigation.aspx#
5. ICOH. (2012). INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ETHICS FOR OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH PROFESSIONALS.
Retrieved from
http://www.icohweb.org/site_new/multimedia/core_documents/pdf/code_ethics_eng_
2012.pdf
6. Ethical Responsibilities in the Employer-Employee Relationship.
Retrieved from https://josephsononbusinessethics.com/2010/12/responsibilities-
employer-employee-relationship/
7. Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs: Hazard Prevention and
Control.
Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-prevention.html

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Appendix

18
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