UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY

BSK1412
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO: EXPERIMENT 6

TITLE: VAPOUR PRESSURE AND ENTHALPY OF VAPOURISATION
OF WATER
NAME: FATHUL AIMAN BIN FAHMI
ID SA:18094
GROUP MEMBER: 1) JOSEPHINE
2) KAVILASHINI
LAB INSTRUCTOR: Ts .Dr. Yuen Mei Lian

Format
Abstract
Introduction
Material/Equipment
Methodology
Data
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Appendices
 ABSTRACT

The objective of the experiment is to determine the vapour pressure of water at different temperatures
and hence to evaluate the enthalpy of vaporisation of water. A sample of air is trapped in an inverted
graduated cylinder immersed in a water bath. Then, the trapped air saturated with water vapour is
heating up about 70OC. The volume of water vapour trapped inside the graduated cylinder is recorded.
Next, the bath are allowed to cool down by using ice and the volume of vapour is recorded for every
5oC fall. The vapour pressure of water can be determined, knowing the atsmopheric pressure. The
number of moles of air in the mixture can be determined by measuring volume, and pressure at a
temperature near 0 oC , where the water content of the gas is negligible. The enthalpy of vapourisation
is then calculated from Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
 INTRODUCTION

Almost all chemical reactions absorb or produce (release) energy, generally in the form heat, though
chemical reactions can also produce light and mechanical energy. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy
between two bodies that are at different temperatures. Enthalpy, H (heat content) is total energy of a
system, some of which is stored as chemical potential energy in the chemical bonds. The enthalpy of
vaporization ∆Hvap is known as latent heat of vaporization which is represent the amount of energy is
required for liquid substance to change its state into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is use as to
indicate at which that transformation takes place.

Since the vaporization is the heat to be added to the system for change its state hence is an endothermic
process, therefore ΔHvap > 0as defined:

ΔHvap = Hvapor − Hliquid

Where

 ΔH vap is the change in enthalpy of vaporization

 H vapor is the enthalpy of the gas state of a compound or element
 H liquid is the enthalpy of the liquid state of a compound or element

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation which is log PH2O = - ∆Hvap /2.303R (1/T) + C is used to
find the value of the enthalpy of vapourisation of water.

The top of graduated
cylinder that contain 6 mL
of distilled water in has
been covered with finger
and inverted
Figure 1: Procedure of the experiment
Material Equipment
1. 1L beaker (flat bottom)
2. 10 mL graduated cylinder
3.Thermometer
4. Hotplate
METHODOLOGY
The inverted cylinder has The graduated has been
been lower it into a tall heated up into 70oC and the
beaker that has been filled volume of the trapped air
with water until it fully inside the inverted cylinder
immersed has been recorded.
The ice has been added into The cylinder has been
the water for temperature cooling down and the
dropped lower than 35oC volume of the trapped air
and the volume of the has been recorded for every
trapped air is recorded. 5oC fall until 35oC.
RESULT

Temperature (ºC) Volume Corrected Partial Pressure Vapour pressure

Observed(mL) Volume,Vc (mL) of air,Pair(atm) of water ,PH2O
10.0 9.8 0.8523 0.1477
65
60 9.8 9.6 0.8572 0.1428
55 9.0 8.8 0.9211 0.0789
50 8.7 8.5 0.9391 0.0609
45 8.4 8.2 0.9583 0.0417
40 8.2 8.0 0.9669 0.0331
35 8.0 7.8 0.9758 0.0242
30 7.7 7.5 0.9984 0.0016
28 7.6 7.4 0.9985 0.0015
Figure 2:Result of the experiment

Graph of log PH2O against 1/T

0
2.9 3 3.04 3.1 3.14 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.34

-0.5

-3
(3x10 ,-0.9)
-1
log PH2O(atm)

-1.5

-2
-3
(3.31x10 ,-2.4)
-2.5

-3
1/T (x10-3K-1)

Figure 3: Graph of log PH2O against 1/T

 DISCUSSION

Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted on the inside of a container due to the vapours that escape from
a liquid. Some particles are in gas phase. So an equilibrium is reached where a constant pressure due to
the vapours is assumed. This pressure changes with temperature because at higher temperature, the
liquid has more energy, and likewise there is a greater probity of the gas escaping, and the escaped gas
has high energy so it exerts a greater force on the container. Therefore, the vapour pressure is directly
proportional to temperature, Charles’ laws.

Based on the experiment, the vapour pressure of water at different temperature are 65 ºC (0.1477), 60
ºC (0.1428), 55 ºC (0.0789), 50 ºC (0.0609), 45 ºC (0.0417) ,40 ºC (0.0331) ,35 ºC (0.0242), 30 ºC (
0.0016) ,28 ºC (0.0015 ). It shown that when the temperature increase, the vapour pressure of water also
increase. While when the temperature is decrease, the vapour pressure of water is lower.

The graph of log PH2O against 1.T has been plotted and the best fit straight line is drawn to find the slope
of the linear line. The slope obtained is -4838.71. With the value of slope, the enthalpy of vaporization
of water then can be found through the calculation using the formula which is the value - ∆Hvap is
about 92.65 KJ/mol. It can be observing that a total of 92.65 KJ/mol of heat energy is needed by the
liquid water in order to shift its state to vapour or gas state at atmospheric pressure. Then, the value of
atmospheric pressure is assumed at normal value which is at 1 atm or 101,325 kPa. This is because
there is no barometer are provided for measure the atmospheric pressure at room temperature.

When the water is heated and the temperature are increasing until reaches 80.0 ºC, the liquid water
molecule gain energy in the form of heat which then transformed into kinetic energy. To form vapour
state, the bond between water molecules of hydrogen bonding and van der walls intermolecular force
attraction must be broken. The total of heat energy is needed by water molecules to shift its state depends
on the strength of bond between molecules. The strong of bonding between molecules, the more heat
is required for break and change its state into gas molecule while the heat required is lesser when the
bond is relatively weaker. Next, the pressure above liquid is increase when temperature increases and
gives vapour pressure of water since there are differences between it and normal atmospheric pressure.
Vapour pressure are act as indicator for indicate the volatility which is when the pressure is higher then,
the volatility of a substance for vapour pressure is higher. The amount of heat energy need to vaporise
water can be calculated by vapour pressure and temperature and the total of heat are known as the
enthalpy of vaporization.

Then the water molecules are cooled into lower temperature using ice bath. At this point, ideal gas law
is applied to calculate the number of moles of air trapped in graduated cylinder and to calculate the
partial pressure of air for each temperature. It is combination between combination pressure of air and
water vapour pressure in the graduated cylinder that resist the opposing atmospheric pressure. By using
the equation, the water vapour pressure can be calculated by minus the value of atmospheric pressure
with the value pressure of air.

Next, the experimental for enthalpy of vaporization has been compared with literature value. The
difference is 50.17 KJ/mol. There be might have some error during the experiment. The source of error
might be the when doing the assumption that the air is an ideal gas. This is because air is a mixture of
many elements where it is combination of oxygen, nitrogen and argon. Doing such that assumption are
significant one to take and also affected the value during doing the calculation the number of moles for
air in the graduated cylinder. At last, do wearing the personal protective equipment are required during
experiment to prevent the accident.
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the vapour pressure of water at different temperature are 65 ºC (0.1477), 60 ºC (0.1428),
55 ºC (0.0789) ,50 ºC (0.0609),45 ºC (0.0417) ,40 ºC (0.0331) 35 ºC, (0.0242) ,30ºC (0.0016) and 28
ºC (0.0015) atm. From observation, the vapour pressure of water is increase when the temperature is
increase. The graph of log PH2O against 1/T has been plotted and the best fit straight line has been drawn.
The experimental value for enthalpy of vaporisation of water is. There are some errors has been
identified which is since the experimental value are difference with literature value. The sources of error
are the assumption of that the air is an ideal gas. Doing such the assumption affected the value of
enthalpy of vaporization.
 APPENDICES

Calculation
number of moles of trapped air, n= PV/RT

n=(1atm )(7.5 X 10-4) /(0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1 )(303K)

n=3.01 X 10-4

Partial Pressure of ai , Pair (atm) @65ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol) (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(338K) / (9.8 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.8523 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @60ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(333K) / (9.6 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.8572 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @55ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(328K) / (8.8 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9211 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @50ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(323K) / (8.5 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9391atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @45ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(318K) / (8.2 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9583 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @40ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(313K) / (8.0 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9669 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @35ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(308K) / (7.8 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9758 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @30ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(303K) / (7.5 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9984 atm

Partial Pressure of air , Pair (atm) @26ºC

Pair= (3.01 X 10-4 mol)( 0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.k-1)(299K) / (7.4 X 10-3L)

Pair=0.9985 atm

Enthalpy of vapourisation of water, ∆Hvap

-4838.71 = - ∆Hvap/(2.303 x 8.314 JK-1 mol-1)

∆Hvap =92.64 K J/mol

 REFERENCE

1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization, 9/10/2019

2. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-properties-d_1573.html 9/10/2019

3. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/water-as-a-solid-liquid-
and-gas/a/specific-heat-heat-of-vaporization-and-freezing-of-water 9/10/2019

4. https://physicalchemistryrosamonte.wordpress.com/enthalpy-of-vaporization-of-water/
9/10/2019

5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ef6MhBRsUCg 9/10/2019