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Btu 0.000948 J
pasitas Panas temperatur
4.186 kJ/kmol K C 0.5555555556 F + 32
0.238891543 kkal/kmol K F 1.8 C + 32
F F + 460
5.6783 W/m2.K C C +273,15
3.1546 W/m2.K
2.172 kkal/hr.m2
4.1868 J/g.K
1. Tongkol Jagung
Selulosa (C6H10O5)
n = 1
C 6 = 65.34
H 10 = 75.6
O 5 = 67.1 +
208.04 kJ/kmol K
49.698996656 kkal/kmol K
Hemiselulosa (C5H8O4)n
n = 1
C 5 = 133.15
H 8 = 149.92
O 4 = 72.28 +
355.35 kJ/kmol K
84.89010989 kkal/kmol K
Lignin (C10H12O4)n
n = 1
C 10 = 108.9
H 12 = 90.72
O 4 = 53.68 +
253.3 kJ/kmol K
60.511227903 kkal/kmol K
Natrium HidroksNaOH
Na 1 = 26.19
O 1 = 13.42
H 1 = 7.56 +
47.17 kJ/kmol K
11.268514095 kkal/kmol K
C6H5O7Na3
C 6 = 65.34
H 5 = 37.8
O 7 = 93.94
Na 3 = 78.57 +
= 275.65 kJ/kmol K
65.850453894 kkal/kmol K
CO(NH2)2
C 1 = 10.89
O 1 = 13.42
N 1 = 18.74
H 2 = 15.12 +
92.03 kJ/kmol K
21.985188724 kkal/kmol K
NH4Cl
N 1 = 18.74
H 4 = 30.24
Cl 1 = 24.69 +
73.67 kJ/kmol K
17.59913999 kkal/kmol K
CH1,83N0,56O0,17
C 1 = 10.89
H 1.83 = 13.8348
N 0.56 = 10.4944
O 0.17 = 2.2814
37.5006 kJ/kmol K
8.9585762064 kkal/kmol K
Komponen dE (Kj/kmol.K)
C 10.89
H 7.56
O 13.42
Cl 24.69
S 12.36
Na 26.19
Ca 28.25
Mg 22.69
K 28.78
P 26.63
N 18.74
Al 18.07
Si 17
K 28.78
Sumber: Tabel 2-393 Atomic Element Contributions
to Estimate Solid Heat Capacity at 298,15 K
hal 2-354 Chpter 2 Physical and Chemical Data, Perry's
Glukosa C6H12O6
n = 1
C 6 = 65.34
H 12 = 90.72
O 6 = 80.52
236.58
56.5169612996
C10H11NaO4 Na-Lignat
C 10 = 108.9
H 11 = 83.16
Na 1 = 26.19
O 4 = 53.68
271.93
64.9617773531
C6H8O7
C 6 = 65.34
H 8 = 60.48
O 7 = 93.94
219.76
52.4988055423
CaCO3
Ca 1 = 28.25
C 1 = 10.89
O 3 = 40.26
79.4
18.9679885332
K2HPO4
K 2 = 57.56
H 1 = 7.56
P 1 = 26.63
O 4 = 53.68
145.43
34.7419971333
H2SO4
H 2 = 15.12
S 1 = 12.36
O 4 = 49.44
76.92
18.375537506
Cp Padatan
Komponen Komponen
H2 O air
(C6H10O5)n Selulosa
(C5H8O4)n Hemiselulosa
(C10H12O4)n Lignin
C6H12O6 Glukosa
NaOH Natrium Hidroksida
C10H11NaO4 Na-Lignat
C6H5O7Na3 Buffer Sitrat
C6H8O7 Asam Sitrat
CO(NH2)2 urea
MgSO4.7H2O mgnesium sulfat
CaCO3 Kalsium karbonat
NH4Cl amonium klorida
H2SO4 Asam Sulfat
K2HPO4 dikalium posfat
CH1,83N0,56O0,17 saccaromyces
C2H5OH Etanol
CO2 karbondioksida
Enzim
Ekstraktif Protein, minyak, dll
kJ/kmol K
kkal/kmol K
+
kJ/kmol K
kkal/kmol K
kJ/kmol K
kkal/kmol K
+
kJ/kmol K
kkal/kmol K
kJ/kmol K
kkal/kmol K
Cp
BM (kg/kmol)
(kkal/kg.K)
18.016 1
162 0.30678393
132 0.6431068931
196 0.3087307546
180.16 0.3137042701
40.01 0.2816424418
218 0.2979898044
258 0.2552343174
192 0.2734312789
60.06 0.3660537583
246.46 0.3444376771
100.09 0.1895093269
53.48 0.3290789078
93.079 5.065375637
174.18 0.1994603119
24.62 4.4232331438
46.08 1.96875
44.01 1.2197227903
24.9 0.36
92.09382
Data komponen :
1 Selulosa
4 (-CH-) -5.16
4 (-OH sekunder) -175.2
O
1 (-C-) -31.8
1 (-CH2-) -4.94
-217.1 kkal/mol
2 Hemiselulosa
3 (-CH-) -3.87
3 (-OH sekunder) -131.4
O
1 (-C-) -31.8
1 (-CH2-) -4.94
-172.01 kkal/mol
Kondisi ∆Hf° (kkal/kmol) ∆Hf° (kkal/kmol) λ (Kj/mol)
l -285.83 -1196.9430485762
g -241.826 -1012.6716917923
s -217.1 -909.1289782245
l -172.01 -720.3098827471
l -172.01 -720.3098827471
l -256.21 -1072.906197655
c -427 -1788.1072026801
l -172.01 -720.3098827471
g 0 0
g 0 0
l -67.2 -281.4070351759
l 0 0
c 0 0
l -277.74 -66.4449760766 38.6
g -393.51 -94.1411483254
Glukosa
4 (-CH-) -5.16
4 (-OH sekunder) -175.2
1 (-OH primer) -41.2
O
1 (-C-H-) -29.71
1 (-CH2-) -4.94
-256.21 kkal/mol
catatan:
Perubahan Panas terjadi pada :
1 Delignifikator
2 Sterilizer Tank Umpan Hidrolisa
3 Cooler 1
4 Reaktor Hidrolisa
5 Sterilizer Tank
6 Cooler 2
7 Seed Fermentor
8 Fermentor
9 Heater
10 Destilasi
cttn:
Hf Saturated Liquid
λs evaporation
Hv Saturated Vapoour
Q2
T 30 C
NaOH
H2O
Q1
T 30 C
Selulosa Delignifikator
Hemiselulosa
Lignin
NaOH kondensat
Na-Lignat Qs Out =
Air
Ekstraktif
Abu
kondisi operasi :
T op 100 C
P 51 atm
saturated steam 152 C
Dalam menghitung neraca energi di Delignifikator digunakan langkah perhitungan seperti gamar beriku
Tin ΔHtotal T out
∆Hfr 298
1 PANAS MASUK
T 273.15 K
T in 30 303.15
T ref 25 298.15
∆Hin = n ʃ Cp. dT
Aliran Masuk I
Komponen BM (kg/kmol) m (kg/jam) n (kmol)
Selulosa 162 3758.9373241524 23.2033168158
Hemiselulosa 132 3099.7613586127 23.4830405956
Lignin 196 1534.4454294246 7.8288032113
Air 18.016 321.4163798913 17.840607232
Ekstraktif 92.09382 301.4413506325 3.273198469
Total 9016.0018427135 75.6289663237
Aliran Masuk 2
T in 30 303.15
Komponen BM (kg/kmol) m (kg/jam) n (kmol)
NaOH 40.01 2723.8676261974 68.0796707373
Air 18.016 42673.9261437596 2368.6681918161
Total 45397.793769957 2436.7478625534
2 PANAS KELUAR
T out 100 373.15 K
T ref 25 298.15 K
3 PANAS REAKSI
T reaksi 100 C
Konversi 85%
C2000H2400O800 + 200 NaOH =
m 7.8288032113 68.0796707373
B 6.6544827296 6.6544827296
S 1.1743204817 61.4251880076
230.1668144137 2457.6217721842
Kebutuhan STEAM
Q steam = Q keluar - (Q masuk + Q reaksi)
= 3583152.44129888 -
= 3340424.47025351 kkal/jam
ΔQ = mS. λS
mS = ΔQ/ λS
mS = 6,627.26 kg
T 100 C
Delignifikator Selulosa
Hemiselulosa
Q3 Lignin
NaOH
152 C Na-Lignat
Air
Ekstraktif
Abu
Cp dT Q1 (kkal)
0.30678393 5 5765.9078241159
0.6431068931 5 9967.389483551
0.3087307546 5 2368.6524766303
1 5 1607.0818994565
0 5 0
19709.031683754
Cp dT Q2 (kkal)
0.2816424418 5 3835.7836462926
1 5 213369.6307188
10 217205.41436509
Cp dT Q3 (kkal)
0.30678393 75 86,488.617
0.6431068931 75 149,510.842
0.3087307546 75 5,329.468
0.2816424418 75 51,913.357
0.2979898044 75 31,880.087
1 75 3,235,421.968
1 75 22,608.101
3,583,152.441
6.6544827296 6.6544827296
6.6544827296 6.6544827296
1450.6772350631 119.8871608573
m (kg/jam) n (kmol/jam) Cp
1,304.279 6.6544827296 0.3087307546
266.246 6.6544827296 0.2816424418
1,450.677 6.6544827296 0.2979898044
119.887 6.6544827296 1
3,141.089 26.6179309186
25 C adalah
∆H reaktan
224.74 - 35824.279009385
35824.27900938
242727.9710454
air pendingin 25
Q1
T in 100 C
Selulosa Cooler
H2O
Lignin
H2SO4
C6H5O7Na3 pendingin bekas 30
Panas Masuk
T C 273 K
T in 100 C 373 K
T ref 25 C 298 K
Q2
T out 45 C
Selulosa
H2O
Lignin
H2SO4
C C6H5O7Na3
Panas Keluar
T out 45 C 318
T ref 25 C 298
Neraca energi
Panas Masuk (kkal) Keluar (kkal)
Q1 726,011 -
Q2 - 193,603
QW - 532,408
Total 726,011 726,011
K
K
Q Keluar (kkal)
33179.762988378
156026.13266963
2737.2296333844
0.3797943517
1659.3009461712
193602.80603192
4. REAKTOR HIDROLISIS
Q2
T op = 50 H2O
FL
Q1
C6H5O7Na3 F8
Hidrolisis
Selulosa (RH-2041)
H2O
Lignin
H2SO4 FX
enzim
Q3
1 PANAS MASUK
Aliran F8
˚C K
T 25 273.15
T in 45 318.15
T ref 25 298.15
Aliran FX (enzim)
T in 30 303.15 K
T ref 25 298.15 K
Aliran FL (H2O)
T in 30 303.15 K
Komponen massa (kg) Cp dT
H2O 510.725 1.000 5.000
Total 510.725
2 PANAS REAKSI
T reaksi 50 C
Konversi 85%
(C6H10O5)200 + 200 H2O =
m 0.1669035857 28.3736095676
B 0.1418680478 28.3736095676
S 0.0250355379 0
811.1514264625 0
Q4
F9 Selulosa
Hidrolisis
(RH-2041) H2O
C6H12O6
C6H5O7Na3
Sisa Pendingin enzim
30 C Lignin
H2SO4
3 PANAS KELUAR
T out
T ref
Komponen
Selulosa
Q1 (kkal) Air
33,179.763 Lignin
156,026.133 Asam Sulfat
2,737.230 Buffer Sitrat
0.380 Glukosa
1,659.301 Enzim
193,602.806 Q1 Total
Q (kkal)
923.498
923.498 Q2
Q (kkal)
2,553.625
2,553.625 Q3
200 (C6H12O6)
28.3736095676
28.3736095676
5111.7043788734
m (kg/jam) n (kmol/jam) Cp
3,758.937 23.203 0.307
5,318.806 295.489 1.000
3,550.107 19.706 0.314
12,627.850 338.398
25 C adalah
17092.26 - 161799.67961162
161799.67961162
197079.9290464 + -116865.33
80214.60
Neraca Energi Hidrolisis
Panas Masuk (kkal) Keluar(kkal)
Q1 193,603 -
Q2 923 -
Q3 2,554 -
Q4 - 207,624
QR - 116,865
QW 127,409 -
Total 324,489 324,489
KELUAR
50 323.15 (superpro)
25 298.15
air pendingin 25
T in 50 C
Selulosa Cooler
H2O
C6H12O6
C6H5O7Na3
enzim pendingin bekas 30
Panas Masuk
T C 273 K
T in 50 C 323 K
T ref 25 C 298 K
Panas Keluar
T out 30 C 303
T ref 25 C 298
Cp (kkal/kg
Komponen Massa (kg) dT
K)
Air 23,585.976 1.000 5.000
Glukosa 6,243.846 0.314 5.000
Buffer Sitrat 6,534.258 0.255 5.000
Total 36,364.080
Masuk (kkal) Keluar (kkal)
680,312 -
- 136,062
- 544,249
680,312 680,312
K
K
Q Keluar (kkal)
117,929.880
9,793.606
8,338.834
136,062.320
SEED FERMENTOR
fungsi Starter Fermentasi
Air pendingin
T
T 30 C
FERMENTOR
H2O
C6H12O6
C6H5O7Na3
Pendingin sisa
T
Cttn :
Pada fermentor terjadi Rx pembentukan etanol dari glukosa dg adanya mikroba
sehingga harus dihitung panas rx, utk bahan yg tidak terlibat dalam Rx
tdk dihtung Hr nya krn tdk trjadi perubahan panas
Panas Masuk
T C 273 K
T in 30 303 K
T ref 25 298 K
Panas Reaksi
T reaksi 30 C
Konversi 85%
0,551 C6H12O6 + 4,69 O2 =
M 19.5898421912 78.0949058952
B 16.6513658625 66.3806700109
S 2.9384763287 11.7142358843
0.75 374.8555482968
CO2
FERMENTOR
T 30 C
C2H5OH
C6H12O6
30 C H2O
C6H5O7Na3
Panas Keluar
Tout 30 303 K
Komponen m (kg/jam) cP dT
Glukosa 85.830 0.314 5.000
Air 880.839 1.000 5.000
Buffer Sitrat 265.940 0.255 5.000
Enzim 0.199 0.360 5.000
Asam Sulfat 0.000 5.065 5.000
Biomass 243.368 4.423 5.000
Yeast 100.682 4.423 5.000
Total 1,576.859
25 C adalah
- ∆H reaktan
-4803.09 - 7691.9915987395
7691.9915987395
6454.1595530537 + -11613.80
-5159.64
Q2 (kkal)
134.626
4,404.193
339.385
0.359
0.006
5,382.374
2,226.691
12,487.635
kmol/jam
kg/jam
FERMENTOR
fungsi memproduksi etanol degan bantuan saccaromyces cerevisiae
Air pendingin
T
T 30 C
FERMENTOR
H2O
C6H12O6
C6H5O7Na3
Pendingin sisa
T
Cttn :
Pada fermentor terjadi Rx pembentukan etanol dari glukosa dg adanya mikroba
sehingga harus dihitung panas rx, utk bahan yg tidak terlibat dalam Rx
tdk dihtung Hr nya krn tdk trjadi perubahan panas
Panas Masuk
T C 273 K
T in 30 303 K
T ref 25 298 K
Panas Reaksi
T reaksi 30 C
Asumsi konversi 85%
C6H12O6 = 2 C2H5OH +
CO2
FERMENTOR
T 30 C
C2H5OH
C6H12O6
30 C H2O
C6H5O7Na3
Panas Keluar
Tout 30 303 K
Komponen m (kg/jam) cP dT Q2 (kkal)
Glukosa 1,567.240 0.314 5.000 2,458.250
Air 5,717.664 1.000 5.000 28,588.318
Buffer Sitrat 325.054 0.255 5.000 414.825
Asam Sulfat 0.236 5.065 5.000 5.985
Etanol 2,678.342 1.969 5.000 26,364.929
Karbondioksida 2,558.026 1.220 5.000 15,600.412
Total 12,846.563 73,432.719
2CO2
m (kg/jam) n (kmol/jam) Cp
6,485.393 35.998 0.314
2,819.310 61.183 1.969
2,693.304 61.198 0.202
11,998.007 158.378
∆Hf Glukosa
- -2206.468343616
-7620.04 - 10172.476941116
10172.476941
45153.873171 + 12682.98
57836.86
Steam
T 30 C
C2H5OH Heater
C6H12O6
H2O
Kondensat
T
Panas Masuk
T C 237.15 K
T in 30 267.15 K
T ref 25 262.15 K
Komponen kg/jam Cp dT Q1(kkal)
Etanol 2,678.409 1.220 5.000 16,334.584
Glukosa 761.749 0.314 5.000 1,194.820
Air 23,585.976 1.000 5.000 117,929.880
Total 27,026.135 135,459.284
Kebutuhan STEAM
Q steam = Q keluar - Q masuk
= 1354592.84390019 -
= 1219133.55951017 kkal/jam
T 152 C
P 1 atm
Hl 640.8 kJ/kg 153.301435407
Hv 2747.7 kJ/kg 657.344497608
λs 2106.9 kJ/kg 504.043062201
ΔQ = mS. λS
mS = ΔQ/ λS
mS = 2,418.71 kg
T 75
Heater
C2H5OH
C6H12O6
H2O
130 C
Panas Keluar
T C 273.15 K
T out 75 348.15 K
T ref 25 298.15
Komponen kg/jam Cp dT
Etanol 2,678.409 1.220 50.000
Glukosa 761.749 0.314 50.000
Air 23,585.976 1.000 50.000
Total 27,026.135
135459.28439
Q2 (kkal)
163,345.845
11,948.200
1,179,298.799
1,354,592.844
DESTILASI
fungsi utk mendestilasi etanol hingga 96%
kondisi operasi
P op= 1 atm
T op = trial buble point
sistem kerja konitniu
T
Q1
T 93.1288231 KD
T in 93.1288231 366.2788231068 K
T ref 25 298.15 K
PANAS KELUAR
Produk Bawah (Q2)
T out 99.91 373.06 K
Komponen m Cp dT Q2 (kkal)
Etanol 140.966 1.969 74.908 20,789.040
Air 10,243.999 1.000 74.908 767,362.426
Glukosa 972.809 0.314 74.908 22,860.145
Enzim 1.995 0.360 74.908 53.787
Total 11,359.768 811,065.398
Komposisi Refluks ( L)
Komponen n (kmol/jam) F (kg/jam) Xf
Etanol 87.3373232807 4017.5168709105 0.8324297035
Air 44.9298194623 808.7367503219 0.1675702965
132.267142743 4826.2536212323 1
Komposisi Distilat
Komponen n (kmol/jam) F (kg/jam) Xf
Etanol 58.2248821871 2678.344580607 0.8324297035
Air 29.9532129749 539.1578335479 0.1675702965
88.178095162 3217.5024141549 1
t2= 30 C
Qc
t1= 90 C T2= 30 C
T2= 30 C
Bottom
99.91
Komponen m Cp dT
Etanol 2,678.345 1.969 57.739
Air 539.158 1.000 57.739
Glukosa 0.000 0.314 57.739
Enzim 0.000 0.360 57.739
Total 3,217.502
QRB (kkal)
16,024.034
591,477.122
17,620.426
41.459
625,163.041
811065.3980088 + QC + 335587.016220291
1146652.414229 + QC
153446.9327959 kkal/jam
Q3 (kkal)
304,456.641
31,130.375
0.000
0.000
335,587.016
KONDENSOR
Q4
Q1 CD- Q2
Q3
Q masuk = Q keluar
Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4
Q1 - Q2 = Q4 - Q3
Q masuk = Q keluar Q3
Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4 Q4
Q1 - Q2 = Q4 - Q3 QRB
Neraca Energi
Panas Masuk (kkal) Keluar (kkal)
QS 774,629.54 149,466.50
QRB - 625,163.04
Total 774,629.54 774,629.54
Q3
Q2
RB-4061
Q4
= 1194.99015067 kg/jam
T
Q1
T 75.0000000 KD
T in 75.0000000 348.15 K
T ref 25 298.15 K
Komponen m Cp dT Q1 (kkal)
Etanol 2,678.345 1.969 50.000 263,649.545
Air 539.158 1.000 50.000 26,957.892
Total 3,217.502 290,607.436
PANAS KELUAR
Produk Bawah (Q2)
T out 90 363.15 K
Komponen m Cp dT Q2 (kkal)
Etanol 26.783 1.969 65.000 3,427.444
Air 485.242 1.000 65.000 31,540.733
Total 512.025 34,968.177
Bottom
90
Komponen m Cp dT
Etanol 2,651.561 1.969 55.000
Air 53.916 1.000 55.000
Total 2,705.477
Q (kkal)
856.216
718,821.692
719,677.907
34968.17734305 + QC + 290079.7222
325047.8995552 + QC
685237.4441806 kkal/jam
Q masuk (kkal)
287,114.354
2,965.368
290,079.722
KONDENSOR
Q4
Q1 CD- Q2
Q3
Q masuk = Q keluar
Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4
Q1 - Q2 = Q4 - Q3
25
kkal/jam
Q3
Q1
RB-
Q4
Neraca Energi
Panas Masuk (kkal) Keluar (kkal)
Qs 849,066.77 163,829.33
QRB - 685,237.44
Total 849,066.77 849,066.77
Q2
= 125.0776 kkal/kg
= 648.2309 kkal/kg
1309.822 kg/jam