A

A4 (size)
A common ISO A-size of about 8 ¼ by 11 ¾ inches or 210 x 297mm. For all
sizes see International Paper and Board Sizes.
Abaca
A fiber also known as manila hemp or manila fiber, prepared from the outer
sheath of the stems of manila.
ABCD Scheme
An initiative in the UK designed to classify the type and amount of Recycled
Fiber in a paper product. The scheme grades four types of waste used in paper
manufacturing, as follows:
A - Woodfree, approved own mill waste (waste that has not left the mill. i.e. mill
broke).
B - Woodfree unprinted waste (waste that has left the mill but not reached the
consumer, typically from the printer or converter).
C - Woodfree printed waste (post consumer waste, collected from homes, offices
etc).
D - Printed mechanical waste (post consumer waste, typically newspapers).
To be classified as recycled, the grade has to contain no less than 50% of the total
fiber from any combination of the above sources, with the percentages given for
each..
Abhesive
A material that resists adhesion. Abhesive coatings are applied to surfaces to
prevent sticking, etc.
Abrasion Resistance
The extent to which paper can withstand continuous scuffing or rubbing.
Abrasive Papers
Papers covered on one or both sides with abrasive powder, e.g. emery, sandpaper
etc.
Absolute Humidity
The actual weight of water vapor contained in a unit weight of air, expressed in
grams per cubic meter in metric system and pounds per cubic feet in English
system.
Absolute Viscosity
A characteristic of one-component liquids which have a constant ratio of shear
stress over shear rate (constant viscosity)
Absolute White
In theory a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every visible
wavelength; in practice a solid white with known spectral data that is used as the
"reference white" for all measurements of absolute reflectance. (When calibrating
a spectrophotometer, often a white ceramic plaque is measured and used as the
absolute white reference).
Absorbency
The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.
Absorbent Core
 The principal fluid-holding component of disposable hygiene products. Absorbent
cores usually contain a combination of absorbent cellulose fibers (fluff pulps) and
super-absorbent polymers composed of polyacrylates. Advanced cores can
contain very specialized absorbent cellulose fibers, synthetic fibers and super-
absorbent polymers as well as fluff pulps.
Absorbent Paper
Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing liquids such as water and
ink. These papers are soft, loosely felted, unsized and bulky e.g. blotting paper.
Accept
Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning and or screening operation.
Acetate Pulp
A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made especially to be dissolved in
acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to make acetate rayon and acetate
fiber.
Accelerated Aging
Exposing paper at elevated temperature usually at 110C in an oven or on a hot
plate. The purpose of accelerated aging is to simulate the effect of aging in the
laboratory.
Accordion Fold
A term for two or more parallel folds that result in the sheet opening like a fan.
Accordion folds are used on products such as brochures and maps.

Achromatic
Material that is white, gray and black and have no color or hue.
Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
Organic matter that is not solubilized after 1 hour of refluxing in an acid detergent
of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in 1N (Normal) sulfuric acid. ADF includes
cellulose and lignin.
Acid Free Paper
A type of paper, which does not contain any acidic substance that may affect acid
sensitive material. Acid free paper is anti rust and is used for metal wrapping.
Acid Hydrolysis
 The treatment of cellulosic, starch, or hemicellulosic materials using acid
solutions (usually mineral acids) to break down the polysaccharides to simple
sugars..
Acid Migration
The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less acidic or neutral-pH material.
Occurs when neutral materials are exposed to atmospheric pollutants or when two
paper materials come in contact. Acid can also migrate from adhesives, boards,
endpapers, protective tissues, paper covers, acidic art supplies, and memorabilia.
Acid Proof Paper
A paper that is not affected by acid physically or chemically. This paper is used
with substance containing acid.
Acid Sizing
Internal sizing carried out in acidic pH range (0-7). Rosin and alum sizing is acid
sizing.
Activated Carbon
A highly absorbent powdered or granular carbon used for purification by
adsorption.
Activated Sludge
The biomass produced by rapid oxygenation of effluent.
Active Alkali (AA)
Caustic (NaOH) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline
pulping liquor.
Additives
Clay, fillers, dyes, sizing and other chemicals added to pulp to give the paper
greater smoothness, color, fibered appearance or other desirable attributes.
Absorbable Organic Halogen (AOX)
A measure of the amount of chlorine that is chemically bound to the soluble
organic matter in the effluent.
Aerated Lagoon
A biological wastewater treatment method in which air (oxygen) fed into an
aeration basin reduces the effluent load.
Against the Grain
Cutting, folding or feeding paper at right angles to the grain or machine direction
of the paper.
Aging
Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the properties of paper in course
of time. Aging also causes reduction in brightness and yellowing effect.
Agitator
Equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in motion and well mixed.
Air Brush Coater
A coater, which uses the pressurized air to atomize the coating mixture and spray
it on the paper.
Air Dry (AD)
Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Though the amount of moisture in dry pulp/paper will depend on the atmospheric
 condition of humidity and temperature but as a convention 10% moisture is
assumed in air dry pulp/paper.
Air Drying
Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.
Air Filter Paper
A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove suspended particles. (car air
filter, vacuum bag etc.)
Air Knife Coater
A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and then removes the surplus
by impinging a flat jet of air upon the fluid coating, leaving a smooth, metered
film on the paper.
Air Mail Paper
It is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing type paper used for
letters, flyers and other printed matter to be transported by airlines.
Air Permeability
Commonly referred to as "porosity." The ease with which pressurized air can flow
through a paper's thickness. Typically measure by the Gurley or the Sheffield
porosity tests, which measure the volumetric flow of air through the paper
thickness.
Air Pollution
The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases, vapors
and particulate material in the atmosphere.
Albumin Paper
A coated paper used in photography; the coating is made of albumen (egg whites)
and ammonium chloride.
Algae
Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water supplies.
Alkali Lignin
Lignin obtained by acidification of an alkaline extract of wood.
Alkali Resistance
Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to undergo
a color change when brought in contact with alkaline products such as soap and
adhesives.
Alkaline Extraction
Alkaline extraction, i.e. E stage, is used in lignin removal before or between
bleaching stages; the stage is often enhanced with an oxidizing agent, oxygen (Eo
stage), hydrogen peroxide (Ep stage) or both (Eop stage).
Alkaline Papermaking
Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using additives, basic fillers like
calcium carbonate and neutral size. The anti-aging properties in alkaline paper
make it a logical choice for documents where permanence is essential.
Alkaline Pulping
Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium
sulfide. Without sodium sulfide it is called soda process and with sodium sulfide
it is known as Kraft or sulfate process.
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)
 ASA is a sizing agent designed to increase resistance to water penetration in the
case of paper formed under neutral or alkaline conditions. ASA is especially used
in cases where full cure is desired before the size press and where it is important
to maintain a high frictional coefficient in the paper product. ASA can improve
paper machine runnability and preserve paper's dimensional stability by limiting
penetration of size-press solution into the sheet.
Alpha Cellulose
The portion of the pulp or other cellulosic material that will not dissolve in 17.5%
NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution at 20oC.
Alpha Pulp
A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is also
called dissolving pulp.
Alternative Fibers
Common name for non-wood or tree free fibers.
Alum
The paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al2(SO4)3}. It is used to
adjust the pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination with rosin
size.
Aluminium Foil Lamination
The combination of thin Aluminium foil with a paper backing used as a positive
moisture barrier. Normal combination is kraft backing with Aluminium foil
laminated to the kraft by means of asphalt, adhesive, or polyethylene. The
Aluminum foil can also be coated with polyethylene.
Annual Vegetable Fiber or Agricultural Residue Fiber
A source of fiber for pulp and papermaking, including, for example, wheat or rice
straw or other fibrous by-products of agriculture.
Anaerobic Reactor System
An effluent treatment system that uses microbes in the absence of oxygen to break
down effluent constituents into methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Anthra Quinone (AQ)
A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline cooking liquor) to improve
pulp yield and to increase the rate of delignification.
Anti-foam or Defoamer
Chemical additives used at wet end to reduce or eliminate tendencies of the
machine white water to foam.
Anti-Oxidant Board
Boxboard chemically treated to increase the shelf life of foods containing fats and
oils by retarding rancidity of such products when packaged in cartons made of it.
The treatment does not change the appearance of the board and is non-toxic and
odorless.
Anti Rust Paper
Paper containing added substances which give it the property of protecting the
surfaces of ferrous metals against rusting.
Antique Finish
A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that have a
natural rough finish.
Applicator
Means of applying the aqueous coating, sizing or coloring to the paper web.
Apparent Density
Weight (mass) per unit volume of a sheet of paper obtained by dividing the basis
weight by the Caliper (thickness).
Apparent Viscosity
A characteristic of multi-component liquids that have a variable ratio of shear
stress over shear rate (variable viscosity depending on conditions).
Approach Flow System
The stock flow system from Fan pump to headbox slice. The term approach flow
system refers specifically to the fan pump loop where in the pulp mixture is
measured, diluted, mixed with necessary additives, and finally screened and
cleaned before being discharged on to paper machine wire.
Aqueous Coating
A water-based coating applied after printing, either while the paper is still on
press ("in line"), or after it's off press. An aqueous coating usually gives a gloss,
dull, or matte finish and helps prevent the underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike
a UV coating or a varnish, an aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing, making
it a natural choice for jobs that require printing addresses for mass mailings.
Archival Paper
A paper that is made to last for long time and used for long lasting records.
Art Paper
High quality and rather heavy two-side coated printing paper with smooth surface.
The reproduction of fine screen single- and multicolor pictures ("art on paper")
requires a paper that has an even, well closed surface and a uniform ink
absorption.
Artificial Parchment
Wood free paper that is produced by fine and extended grinding of certain
chemical pulps and/or the admixture of special additives. As a result of the
"smeary" grinding, the fiber structure closes homogeneously. It is used e.g. for
wrapping meat and sausages or as corrugating medium for biscuit packaging
Ash Content
The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature. It is
generally expressed as percent of original test sample and represents filler content
in the paper.
Aseptic Packaging
Extends the shelf life of non-refrigerated beverages and foods. Laminates and
extruded coatings applied by the customer ensure an appropriate liquid barrier.
Aseptic grade board is clay-coated on one side and is suitable for gravure, offset,
and flexographic printing.
Asphalt Laminated Paper
Two sheets of natural kraft paper laminated in a single ply by means of asphalt.
This is used as a moisture barrier; also to resist action of weak acids and alkalis.
Automatic Packaging System
 Term applicable to any one of several available systems for open mouth and valve
bag packaging where bags are automatically applied to filler spout, filled,
weighed, closed (if open mouth), palletized, and shrink wrapped.
Azure
The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove" papers.

Back Liner
The back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made out of
inferior grade pulp compared to top liner.
Backbone
The back of a bound book; also called the spine.
Backing Roll
Rubber covered roll against which the metering device such as rod or blade can
press.
Backing up
Printing the reverse or back side of a sheet that has already been printed on one
side.
Back Water
See White Water.
Baffle
A device which obstructs the flow of fluid, whether to aid mixing or restrict the
flow rate.
Bag House
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.
Bag Paper
Any paper made to be used in the manufacturing of bags.
Bagasse
Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice.
Baggy Roll
Mill roll defect usually associated with a variation in caliper and/or basis weight
across the width. Rolls are normally checked for baggy areas by striking with a
baton and listening for variations in audible pitch.
Bale
A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste paper, rag, pulp etc.
Bale dimensions and weight varies widely depending on the baling material and
handling capabilities.
Baling
Compressing and wrapping a material with wire, twine, string to form a unit
which is more readily handled, stored and transported.
Bamboo
A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used for papermaking fibers.
Banknote or Currency Paper
Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high folding
endurance, permanency, tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour printing, with
watermark and other falsification safeguards such as embedded metal strip. Often
contains cotton fibers.
Bark
The outer protective layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the inner
bark and the outer bark. The inner bark is a layer of living bark that separates the
outer bark from the cambium and in a living tree is generally soft and moist. The
outer bark is a layer of dead bark that forms the exterior surface of the tree stem.
The outer bark is frequently dry and corky
Barker or Debarker
An equipment used to remove bark from wood.
Barking or de-barking
Removing bark from wood.
Barograph Paper
Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of the
barograph make a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils and to suit the
type of barograph.
Base Paper
Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated, coated or laminated in other
ways.
Basic Dye
Dye that have a positive charge due to amine groups and have a strong affinity for
the surfaces of high-yield fibers. Basic dyes are economical, have high color
strength but very poor lightfastness.
Basis Weight
In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in pounds of a ream (500
sheets) of paper cut to a basic size. (Basic size differs from category to category
of the paper. Basic size for Bond and Ledger is 20"x26", book, offset and text
paper have basic size of 25"x38"). In metric system of units, basis weight is the
weight in grams of a single sheet of area one square meter. Basis weight is also
called as substance and grammage in metric system of units.
Bast Fibers
Fibers derived from the bark of some annual plants such as flax, gampi, hemp,
jute, kozo and mitsumata etc. Main characteristic of these fiber is long length.
Bastard Size
The non-standard sheet size of a given grade.
Batch Cooking
A chemical pulping process in which a discrete quantity of fibrous raw material is
individually process.
Beater
An equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.

Beater Dye
Dye added to the beater to color the pulp.
Beater Loading
 Addition of a filler to the pulp in the beater.
Beating or Refining
The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to increase surface area,
flexibility and promote bonding when dried.
Belt Washer
Washer, which uses rotating wire for dewatering and washing of pulp.
Bending Resistance/Flexural Stiffness
Corrugated board's ability to resist bending, along with its edge crush resistance,
relates to the top-to-bottom compression strength and general performance of
corrugated containers.
Bible Paper
Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not suitable for pen
and ink, because of its absorbency.
Binder
Chemicals which facilitate fiber bonding.
Binder (Coating)
A natural or synthetic compound used to adhere coating to the paper surface.
Biocide
A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide used in
papermaking.
Biodegradable
Capable of destruction by biological action.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is released into a
receiving water, the biodegradation of the organic matter consumes dissolved
oxygen from the water. The BOD of an effluent is an estimate of the amount of
oxygen that will be consumed in 5 days following its release into a receiving
water; assuming a temperature of 20°C.
Biological Waste Water Treatment
A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms such as
bacteria
Biomass
Any plant-derived organic matter. Biomass available for energy on a sustainable
basis includes herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural food and feed
crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic
plants, and other waste materials including some municipal wastes. Biomass is a
very heterogeneous and chemically complex renewable resource..
Biomass Boiler or Hogged Fuel Boiler
Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary clarifier sediment and other
solid waste, and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also
called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.
Bio-sludge
Sludge formed (in the aeration basin) during biological waste water treatment or
other biological treatment process.
Bitokoshi
 Bitoko/Bitokoshi is a grade of printing and writing paper unique to Japan. It is a
very lightly coated paper, occupying a niche market between LWC and coated
woodfree papers. The furnish includes both chemical and mechanical pulp in
variable proportions, thus the Japan Paper Association (JPA) recognises both
woodfree bitokoshi and mechanical bitokoshi depending on the proportion of
mechanical pulp in the furnish.
Black Liquor
The liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the Kraft
cook is called "black" liquor.
Blackening
Defect associated with calendered paper occurring as unintended local areas of
apparently darker or grayer color due, for example, to the paper being too damp
when passed through the calender.
Blank or Black Box
A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard that has been cut, slotted and scored
so that, when folded along the score lines and joined, it will take the form of a box.
Blade Coater
A device that first applies a surplus coating to paper and then remove extra color
after evenly leveling by means of a flexible steel blade.
Bleach Plant
Section of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached
Bleaching
A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp. Bleaching also adds to the
sheet's strength and durability.
Bleaching Sequences
Series of subsequent bleaching stages, typically described by abbreviation such as
CEHH (Chlorination, Extraction Hypochlorite, Hypochlorite .
Bleed
The feathered edge of inks caused by absorption into un-sized paper.
Bleed (corrugation)
The penetration of laminating agents, such as asphalt, through the kraft plies
making up the combination.
Bleed Through
When printing on one side of a sheet of paper shows through to the other side.
Blending or Mixing
Blending of different pulps in a chest to achieve quality of the final product.
Blind Drilled Roll
A matrix of small holes drilled into the soft press roll which aid the water removal
capability of that roll.
Blind Embossing
A printing technique in which a bas-relief design is pushed forward without foil
or ink.
Blister
Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It is due to de-
lamination of a limited portion of paper without breaking either surface .
Blister Resistance
 Resistance of paper to developing blister during printing and print drying.
Blotting Paper
An un-sized paper used generally to absorb excess ink from freshly written
manuscripts, letters and signatures.
Blow
It is the discharging of the pressure and contents of the digester in to blow tank.
Blow Heat Recovery System
The system used to recover heat from the flash steam generated while digester is
blown in to blow tank.
Blow Tank
The tank in which cooked chips and spent liquor is blown from digester at the end
of the cooking cycle.
Board
Thick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies, widely used for packaging
or box making purposes. Its grammage normally is higher than 150 g/m2 or
thickness is more than 9 point (thousandth of an inch).
Bond Paper
The name "bond" was originally given to a paper, which was used for printing
bonds and stock certificates. It is now used in referring to paper used for
letterheads and many printing purposes. Important characteristics are finish,
strength, freedom from fuzz, and rigidity.
Bonding Strength
The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper to hold to
one another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper to hold together
on the printing press or other converting processing machines. Good bonding
strength prevents fibers from coming loose ("picking"). Bonding strength of fiber
is improved by beating/refining and/or adding bonding agent.
Bone Dry
Moisture free or zero moisture.
Book Paper
A general term used to define a class or group of papers having in common A
paperboard used in the manufacture of light non-corrugated container.
Box
A rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing its contents.
Boxboard
A class of board frequently lined on one or both sides, with good folding
properties and used for making box and cartons.
Breaking Length
The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width would break under its
own weight if suspended from one end. Usually expressed in meters.
Breaks
Rupture of paper on the paper machine during paper making. It the paper on
couch roll, it is termed couch break. If the paper breaks in paper section, it is
termed as press break. If the paper breaks in dryer section, it is dryer breaks and
so on.
Breast Roll
 A medium size metal or plastic/fiberglass/granite covered roll located at the
headbox side of the paper machine to support the wire.

Breast Roll & Forming Board

Brightness
The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially
calibrated blue light. Not necessarily related to color or whiteness. Brightness is
expressed in %.

CIE Brightness: An internationally-recognised standard of paper brightness

developed in Europe by the Centre Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE).

Bristol Board
A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets together, the middle
sheets usually of inferior grade.
Brittleness
Property of paper causing it to break while bending.
Brocade
A heavily embossed paper.
Broke
Paper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity to the specifications.
It is put back in to the pulping system.
Broke Pit
A pit below the machine in to which broke is disposed from the machine floor.
Broke Pulper
A broke pulper is used to break down the broke into a stock that can be pumped
and treated. This term can cover a wide range of machines and is often used to
refer to both stand alone broke pulpers and under the
machine (or UTM) pulpers which receive paper directly from the machine
including any trim. A stand alone broke pulper is used to process finished reels
that have been rejected or for broke that for any reason has been baled or
collected away from the UTM pulpers
Brown Pulp
A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding. The
color-bearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the pulp. The
pulp is generally used for wrapping and bag paper.
Brown Stock
The unbleached chemical pulp.
Brush Coating
A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating color is regulated and
smoothed by means of brushes, some stationary and some oscillating, before
drying.
Buffering
The neutralizing of acids in paper by adding an alkaline substance (usually
calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate) into the paper pulp. The buffer acts
as a protection from the acid in the paper or from pollution in the environment.
Bulk
Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per gram.
Burnout
The loss of color during drying.
Burnt Paper
Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.
Burst
An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package.
Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the winding roll producing rupture
of the web along the machine direction.
Caliper shear burst. Cross Machine tension burst that generally occurs between an
area or relatively high and low caliper extending for some distance in the machine
direction; due to non uniform nip velocities between hard and soft sections of the
roll.
Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the key way, which
terminates an Air Shear Burst. Core bursts are most often seen on core-supported
unwinds and winders.
Burst Factor
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in g/cm2 ) and the substance of
paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of test.
Burst Index
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in kilo Pascal ) and the substance of
paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of test.
Burst Ratio
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in lb/inch2 ) and the substance of
paper/paperboard (expressed in lb/ream) determined by standard methods of test.
Bursting Strength
The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the hydrostatic pressure
required to burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is
applied to one of its side.

C
C1S
Coated on one side of the paper.
C2S
Coated on both sides of the paper.
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources, including
chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as
a filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium carbonate improves
several important paper characteristics, like smoothness, brightness, opacity, and
affinity for ink; it also reduces paper acidity. It is a key ingredient in today's paper
coatings.
Calender
A stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of a paper machines that
smoothes and shines the paper surface as sheets pass through.
Calender Blackening
Coverage of calendered paper web with glazed translucent spots due to excessive
calender roll heat, calender pressure, poor and/or excessive and uneven moisture.
Calender Cut
Weak lines or fractures in paper that break easily under tension, caused by
wrinkles going through the calender stack of the paper machine.
Calender Spots
Paper defect usually indicated as a transparent spot in the sheet; caused by foreign
material adhering to a calender roll and being impressed into the sheet with each
revolution.
Caliper
The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths of an inch in English
system of units and in millimeter in Metric system of units.
Camber
Larger diameter in the centre of a papermaking rolls (press & calender etc),
compared to the ends, to compensates the deflection of roll due to its own weight.
Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF)
It is a measure of pulp freeness. The unit of measurement is ml CSF.
Capacity Utilization Rate
The production rate a plant or machine is operating with respect to design
capacity. Also in some cases it indicates the efficiency (%) at which a plant or
machine is operating.
Carbohydrate
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and having
approximately the formula (CH2O) n; includes cellulosics, starches, and sugars.
Carbon paper
A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air permeability, free of
pin holes and with a waxy coating, that is used to produce carbon copies on
typewriters or other office equipment.
Carbonless Paper
A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two different contacting coatings to
transfer image when pressure is applied.
Cardboard
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted
together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc.
Carton
A folding box made from boxboard, used for consumer quantities of product. A
carton is not recognized as a shipping container
Cartridge paper
Tough, slightly rough surfaced paper used for a variety of purposes such as
envelopes; the name comes from the original use for the paper which formed the
tube section of a shotgun shell.
Cast Coater
A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web before it contacts a
heated drum having a highly polished surface, which cast the coating in to an
image of the smooth, mirror-like drum surface.
Causticizing
It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in to White Liquor.
Technically speaking it is the process of converting sodium carbonate in to
sodium hydroxide.
Cellulose
It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear polymer of repeating beta-
D-glucopyranose units. Simply speaking it is the chief structural element and
major constituents of the cell wall of trees and plants.

Cellulose Fiber
An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which is the main structural
component of woody plants. Fibers in the plants are cemented together by lignin.
In British English Fiber is spelled as Fibre. Thermal conductivity of cellilose fiber
varies from 0.034 to 0.05W/m K, making it a good insulator.
Chalking
Improper drying of ink. Ink vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the paper
leaving a dry, weak pigment layer which dusts easily.
Check or Cheque Paper
A strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank checks or cheques.
Chelating Agent
An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with metals in
solution; organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA and DTPA.
Chelation
A chemical complexing (forming or joining together) of metallic cations (such as
iron) with certain organic compounds, such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetracetic
 acid); a reaction between a metallic ion and an organic compound that removes
the metallic ion from solution.
Chemical Ghosting
A light duplication of a printed image on the other side of the same sheet, created
by chemical reaction by the ink during the drying stages; also referred to as "gas
ghosting.".
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter
present in waste water; indicates the content of slowly degradable organic matter
present. COD is easier to measure compared to BOD (Biological Oxygen
Demand).
Chemical Pulp
Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other plant
material.
Chemical Recovery
It is the process in which cooking chemicals are recovered.
Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually sodium
sulfite) and steam before mechanical defibration.
Chest
Vessel equipped with an agitating device for storing, collecting, mixing, blending
and/or chemical treatment of pulp suspension. Chest can be horizontal and or
vertical. Tower are special type of chest generally used in bleached plant to
provide retention time and to provide down/upward flow out of pulp.
China Clay
Natural mineral, consisting essentially of hydrated silicate of alumina, used as a
filler or as a component in a coating color. (Also see clay)
Chip
Wood chips produced by a chipper; used to produce pulp, fiberboard and particle
board, and also as fuel.
Chipboard
A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing
paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.
Chipper
The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.
Chlorine Number
A test method to determine the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates the
number of grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified
conditions.
Chromo
A term used to describe both papers and boards used for subsequent brush coating.
The various qualities are determined both by the actual grade of base material
used and the quality of the coating, which may be gummed. Coating may be
applied to one or both sides, depending on end use.
Cigarette Paper
 This light weight, unsized paper (grammage 18 to 24g/m2), converted to improve
glowing. It normally has approx. 30% calcium carbonate as filler to control the
burning rate and match it with tobacco burning rate. Very long fiber such as jute,
cotton etc is used to achieve high strength and porosity.
Clarifier
Basin where sludge is removed from treated effluent by settling.
Clay
A natural substance used as both a filler and coating ingredient to improve a
paper's smoothness, brightness, opacity and/ or affinity for ink.
Clay Coated Boxboard
A grade of paperboard that has been clay coated on one or both sides to obtain
whiteness and smoothness. It is characterized by brightness, resistance to fading,
and excellence of printing surface. Colored coatings may also be used and the
body stock for coating may be any variety of paperboard.
Cleaners
A conical or partly cylindrical device with no moving parts, designed to remove
grit from thin-stock furnish by the centrifugal action of rotating liquid.
Closed System
Papermaking system wherein white water is mainly re-circulated and not
discharged as effluent.
Clot
Thick element composed of several entangled fibers. Its presence is harmful to the
production process and needs to be eliminated.
Coarse Paper (also Industrial Paper)
Various grades of papers used for industrial application (abrasive, filter etc.)
rather than cultural purposes (writing, printing etc.)
Coat Weight
The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as pounds of air-dried
coating on the surface of a 25X38 in ream or grams per meter square.
Coated Paper
Term that applies to paper which has a special coating applied to its surface.
Material such as clay, casein, bentonite, talc, applied by means of roller or brush
applicators; or plastics applied by means of roll or extrusion coaters.
Coated White Top Liner
White liner that is coated to produce superior printability.
Coating
Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its brightness
and/or printing properties.
Coating Color
Mixture used to coat paper and board: contains pigment, binder, special additives
and water.
Coating Color Kitchen
Section of Coating Plant where coating colour is prepared and mixed
Cobb Test
Measures paper's water absorption rate and is expressed as the amount of water
pick-up per unit surface area of paper by Tappi method T441. The test duration
 must be specified to properly know the absorption rate. United Nations (UN) and
Code of Federal Regulations require the 30-minute pick-up must be 155 grams
per square meter or less for containerboard used in hazardous material transport.
Cockle Finish
Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension. This uneven surface is
available in bond papers.
Cockling
When the surface of the paper has wave like appearance.
Cogeneration
It is the process to generate electricity from high pressure steam and using low
and/or medium pressure steam in the mill process.
Cold Blow
Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from batch or continuous digesters after the pulp
has been cooled to below 100oC. The cooling step reduces damage to the fibers.
Color-fast papers
Colored papers that will not run when wet or fade under bright light.
Colored Kraft
Natural or bleached kraft paper to which a dye or pigment has been added.
Colored Pigments
These are water insoluble colored materials. They belongs in the category of
fillers and loading material but are colored and used in small quantity.
Pigments has no affinity to fiber and must be used in conjunction with alum or a
cationic retention aid in order to retain them.
Combined Deinking
Deinking process combining flotation and washing.
Compression Strength (CD or MD)
Can be referred to as ring crush or "STFI (stiffy)". The amount of force needed to
crush paper resting on its edge. Compression testers hold and support the paper
specimen so as to emulate its position and orientation in the walls of a corrugated
container. Due to the corrugated board making process, paper must support
compressive loads orthogonal to their grain (a CD orientation). The test is
unidirectional so the paper orientation during testing must be known.
Coniferous Trees
Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood trees. e.g. pine,
spruce etc.
Consistency
The percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.
Consistency Regulator
A device or instrument used to regulate the consistency of the pulp on-line.
Regulator works only in reducing the consistency i.e. add water, but can't remove
water or thicken.
Construction Paper
Sheathing paper, roofing, floor covering, automotive, sound proofing, industrial,
pipe covering, refrigerator, and similar felts.
Containerboard
 The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating material and chipboard)
used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard. The raw materials used to
make containerboard may be virgin cellulose fiber, recycled fiber or a
combination of both.
Continuous Pulping
Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.
Contraries
Unsuitable material found in wastepaper which must be removed from the pulp
before making it into paper, e.g. paperclips, string, plastics.
Contrast
The degree of difference between light and dark areas in an image. Extreme lights
and darks give an image high contrast. An image with a narrow tonal range has
lower contrast.
Converting
The operation of treating, modifying, or otherwise manipulating the finished
paper and paperboard so that it can be made into end-user products.
Cooking
Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and temperature to
soften and or remove lignin to separate fibers.
Cooking Liquor
Liquor made up of selected chemicals and used for cooking pulp. e.g. cooking
liquor in kraft pulping mainly consist of NaOH and Na2S.
Cooling Cylinders or Cooling Drums
Water cooled cylindrical metal vessel over which dry paper web after dryers is
passed to cool the paper before calendering..
Copier Paper or Laser Paper
Lightweight grades of good quality and dimensionally stable papers used for
copying correspondence and documents. For detailed characteristics of
copier/Laser paper, please visit Paper Needs of Xerographic Machines (A
Summary) by Chuck Green
Copper Number
It is the measure of degree of fiber degradation. It is weight of copper in grams
reduced to cuprous state by 100 grams of pulp.
Cord
Pulpwood volume measurement indicating a pile measuring 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft,
equaling 128 ft³ (3.62 in³). A long cord measure 4ft x 5ft x 8ft equaling 160 ft3.
Also see cunit
Core
Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.
Core Plug
Metal, wood, particleboard, or other material plugs which are driven into the ends
of the paper core of finished roll to prevent crushing of the core.
Corona Treatment
An electrostatic treatment that reduces the surface tension of a substrate (e.g., a
polycoated substrate) to ensure adhesion of ink and glue.
The Corona treatment involves high voltage, high frequency electricity discharged
 from an electrode when it pours through the polycoated board increases the
surface energy of the board to better receive inks or glue.
Corrugated Board
Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating machine.
When this corrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of board, it becomes
single-faced corrugated board; if pasted on both sides, it becomes double-faced
corrugated board or corrugated (shipping) containerboard.

Open Face Single Face Single

Wall

Double Wall Triple Wall

Corrugated Container
Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.
Corrugated Medium or Media
The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated container, which cushions the product
from shock during shipment (see flute). Media can contain up to 100% post-
consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.
Corrugator
Machine that presses medium into flutes, applies glue to the medium and affixes
sheets of linerboard to form corrugated board .
Cotton Fiber
Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and most durable fibers known
to man. Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer and hold up better
under repeated handling and variant environmental conditions than paper made
 from wood pulp. Generally, given reasonable care, one can expect one year of
usable life for every 1% of cotton contained in the sheet. Typically cotton fiber
papers are made of either all cotton fiber (100% cotton) or a blend of cotton and
wood pulp.

Cotton Linter
The cotton fibers that adhere to the cottonseed used to produce pulp for cotton
fiber papers.
Cotton Paper or Rag Paper
Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton paper is also called rag
paper.
Couch Pit or Hog Pit
This is the pit below the couch roll. It collects water draining from this section,
wet wire trim and any wet broke generated due to the paper break at the wire part.
Couch pit has agitator (s).
Couch Roll
Couch roll serves the following functions 1) Main drive for the wire, 2) Transfer
the wet sheet from wire part to press part and 3) Removes water (if suction type
couch roll). Couch roll can be solid or suction type.
 Suction Couch Roll

Cover Paper
Any wide variety of fairly heavy plain or embellished papers, which are converted
into, covers for books, catalogs, brochures, pamphlets, etc. Good folding qualities,
printability, and durability characterize it.
Crack
1. A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of the coating layer on the
formation of fissures in the surface of the coating due to printing or other
converting process.
2. Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper is folded along a fold line.
May be due to separation of coating or separation of fibers. More prevalent when
the paper has been over-dried. In boards it may occur along score-folds even
though the scoring has been done to minimize cracking at the fold. The term is
also applied when coatings crack without fiber failure during a folding operation.
Crease
1. Deformation remaining from a fold over.
2. Cross direction wrinkles( Washboard): Fold over of a web in the cross machine
direction, giving a crease running in the machine direction.
3. Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine direction devoid of coating in
the creased area.
4. Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by passage through the
Calender of a crease or of a fold generated at the Calender; often cut through
when it is preferable to call it a Calender out.
5. Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly in the machine
direction. Can occur at the wet press section, dryer (dryer wrinkles), size press,
winder or sheeter.
Creping
The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch and softness.
Crescent Former
Sheet forming section in a tissue machine, with the pulp suspension jet-out of the
headbox flowing between a felt and a wire both moving at the same speed.
Crinkles
 A defect in linerboards caused by the separation of the liner ply and/or the
formation of fissures (cracks) in the surface of the liner during creasing.
Cross-machine Direction
A direction perpendicular to the direction of web travels through the paper
machine.
Crystallization
A condition of a dried ink film, which repels another ink printed on top of it.
Cunit
A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid wood,
bark excluded. One cunit corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood. Also see Cord
Curl
Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one of its
directions. For more details on Curl, please read Curl Basics by Chuck Green.
Customark
A customark is a watermark made with a rubber printing plate treated with a
tranparentizing solution that leaves a mark in the paper. This process produces a
wire appearance in which the mark is lighter than the surrounding paper. It can be
produced in smaller quantities and at a lower price than a genuine watermark,
which requires a dandy roll.
Cut Sheet
Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other standard size) to be used in
printer, photocopier, fax machines etc.
Cutter
A machine in the Finishing House of a paper mill, used for converting paper from
reel to specific sheet sizes.
Cutter Dust
Small loose paper particles which chip out of the edges of a sheet of papers as it is
cut by the chopping blade and/or disc knives on a sheet cutter.
Cutting (Refining)
A refining or beating action that splits the fibers in to two or more pieces.
Cylinder Mould or Cylinder Machine
It is a type of papermaking machine. Wire-covered cylinders are rotated through a
vat of pulp, and paper is formed as the water drains from the cylinder. Cylinder
machines are used primarily to manufacture paperboard. Multi-cylinder machines
produce multi-layered paperboard (one layer for each cylinder).

Damp Streaks
Streaks caused by uneven pressing of drying during paper manufacturing.
Dampening
The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates to be ink
repellent by applying aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the Dampening
system.
Dandy Roll
 A hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and compacts the
newly formed wet web to improve the formation and if required to impart
watermark or laid finish the paper.

Dandy Roll with Pan

Debossing
Pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper using a metal or plastic die to
create a depressed (debossed) image.
Deciduous Trees
Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in fall such as birch,
maple etc.
Decker
A drum type filter used for pulp thickening.
Deckle
The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine. Also
defied as the wood frame resting on or hinged to the edges of the mould that
defines the edges of the sheet in handmade papermaking or strap or board on the
wet end of a paper machine that determines the width of the paper web.
Deckle Edge
The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows against the
deckle.
Deculator
A device that removes entrained and dissolved air from dilute stock furnish by
applying vacuum as the stock is sprayed into an open chamber, usually at the
outlet of cleaners.
Decurler
A device on a web press or sheeter used to remove paper curl.
Defibration
Separation of wood fibers by mechanical and/or chemical means.
Deflaker
 Deflaker mechanically treat the fiber flakes and bundles of fibers in the stock in
order that they are broken down into individual fibers in a suspension if possible.
This is done for a number of reasons and in a number of positions within the
system. It can be installed to reduce remaining flakes after a pulper, in the broke
system to reduce flakes going back to the machine from the broke pulpers and can
also be used in the final stages of a screening system in a recycled fiber line to
treat the concentrated rejects and the flakes contained within it.
Degree of Polymerization (DP)
As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in each
cellulose molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED viscosity
test.
Deinked Pulp (DIP)
Paper pulp produced by deinking of recovered paper
Deinking
The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or impurities from
waste paper before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.
Deinking Cell
A vessel or chest used to treat recycled paper with chemical to remove ink.
Delamination
The separation of the layers of a multiplex paper/paperboard.
Delignification
The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together, during the
chemical pulping process.
Deliquescent
Material that has the ability to absorb enough moisture from the surrounding
atmosphere to revert it to a liquid form. Examples of deliquescent include calcium
chloride and ammonium nitrate.
Densitometer
A sensitive photoelectric instrument that measures the density of photographic
images or of colors. Used in quality control to accurately determine the
consistency of color throughout the run.
Deresination
Reducing the resin (pitch) content of wood prior to cooking either by storage or
using bleaching chemicals to reduce the resin content in pulp.
Digester
The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant materials are cooked with
chemical to separate fiber by dissolving lignin.
Digital Printing
1. Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging information as digital data
from pre-press systems.
2. Computer –to-plate Systems, which use printing plates, or other images carriers
that do not require intermediate films.
3. Computer-to-print (Plateless): Systems that produce reproductions directly on
the substrate without the need for intermediate films or plates
A. Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or single color,
used for short-run variable information and on-demand book publishing.
 B. Color copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or four color
process printing, used for making one or several copies of spot or four color
process subjects.
C. Electronic printing systems: Electrophotographic, magnetographic,
monographic, field effect, ink jet or thermal transfers printing. For One-colour,
four color process or up to six-color printing. Used for some degree of variable
information, on-demand. Examples of use are direct mail, temporary product
labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the like.
Dimensional Stability
The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It is the resistance of paper to
dimensional change with change in moisture content or relative humidity.
Dimensional stability is essential for keeping forms in registration during printing
and keeping sheets from jamming or wrinkling on press or in laser printers.

For more details on Dimensional Stability, please read Dimensional Stability

Notes by Chuck Green
Dioxin
A group of 75 chlorinated compounds. Dioxins are formed in a complex process,
where chlorine combines with other additives during bleaching..
Direct Cooking
Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam directly
into the digester.
Direct Dye
Dye molecules that are sufficiently large and planar that they tend to remain on a
fiber surface without need of a fixative. Direct dyes have moderate lightfastness
but duller shades
Directionality
Dependency of a given paper property on the orientation of the fiber in paper e.g.
CD or MD.
Dirt
Dirt in paper consists of any imbedded foreign matter or specks, which contrast in
color to the remainder of the sheet.
Dirt Count
The average amount of dirt specks in a specific size of paper area. Both virgin
sheets and recycled sheets have "dirt," although recycled paper usually has a
slightly higher dirt count than virgin paper. However, it rarely affects recycled
paper's quality and use.
Dispersion
Following the deinking process of waste papers, residual ink particles are
dispersed into tiny bits that are usually invisible to the eye. Bleaching the fibers
helps to remove the last of the inks and improve paper brightness.
Dispersants
Substances such as phosphates or acrylates that cause finely divided particles to
come apart and remain separate from each other in suspension.
Displacement Washing
 An event of pulp washing in which washing liquid displaces free liquor from a
pulp bed in order to improve the washing; enables washing with reduced amount
of water.
Dissolving Pulp
A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose derivatives
including rayon and acetate.
Doctor Blade
Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along its entire length to keep it
clean. Blades are also used for creping.
Document Paper
Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but may
also contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents that have
to be preserved for a longer period.
Double Coating
Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.
Down Cycling
Every time cellulose fibers are recycled they deteriorate slightly and become
contaminated, so the new product is of lower quality than the original product
which went to form the waste; the progressive deterioration of fibers means that
there is a limit to the number of times they can be recycled, thus the term down
cycling is used as a more accurate description of recycling.
Drainage or Dewatering
Removal of water from wet web during formation of paper sheet.
Draw
Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the paper machine.
Dregs
The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the Causticizing process.
Drum Reel
The reel drum (also called a "pope reel") is motor driven under sufficient load to
ensure adequate tension on the sheet coming from the calendars. The web wraps
around the reel drum and feeds into the nip formed between the drum and the
collecting reel.
Drum Washer
One type of pulp washers; uses pressure gradient and filtration for dewatering and
displacement.
Dry Coating
Coating method in which a binder is applied to the paper surface followed by dry
coating pigment.
Dry End
That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried, surface sized, calendered
and reeled.
Dry Line
The dry line is the location on a Fourdrinier paper machine forming section where
the appearance of the wet web of paper changes abruptly. Before the dry line the
furnish has a glossy, wet appearance. After the dry line the wet web appears dull.
The optical change is related to the effect of fibers poking through the air-water
interface. On a well-adjusted paper machine the dry line ought to be straight.
Increased refining and lower freeness of the pulp tend to move the dry line in the
direction of the couch. Chemicals that promote drainage tend to move the dry line
in the direction of the slice.
Dry Offset
Uses a rotary letterpress plate on an offset press. Because the image is relief, the
method requires no dampening. Image is transferred to a rubber blanket, then to
paper.
Dryer Felt
 A continuous cotton and or synthetic belt and used in the dryer section of a paper
machine to press and maintain positive contact of the web against the surface of
the dryer cylinder.

Dryer Cylinders & Dryer Felt

Dryer Screen
A type of dryer felt made of synthetic material, with very high open area to
provide easy escape to vapors formed due to water evaporation. Dryer screens are
used in the later part of dryer section where paper is >60% dry to avoid any screen
impression.
Drying
This is the final stage of water removal from wet web of the paper formed on wire.
After pressing the moisture content of the web is apprx. 40-45%. The remaining
water (up to 95% dryness) is removed by evaporation . This is done by moving
the web around a series of steam heated iron drums in the dry end of the paper
machine.
Duplex Bag
Two-ply bags.
Duplex Board
Paperboard made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and
joined together at wire part.
Duplex Paper
Paper made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and joined
together at wire part.
Dust
Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper that sometimes sticks to
the printing blanket and prevents ink from reaching the paper surface.
Dye
A chemical compound having the ability to absorb visible light over a certain
range of wavelengths so that the diffusely reflected light appears colored. Dye can
be basic, acidic or direct.
 E

Edge Crush Resistance

The amount of force needed to crush on-edge of combined board is a primary
factor in predicting the compression strength of the completed box. When using
certain specifications in the carrier classifications, minimum edge crush values
must be certified.
Edge Cutter
Device comprising two jets of water which are adjustable across the wire and
which divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may be
removed, generally at the couch. In this way they control the width of the web
going forward from the wire part and give it comparatively clean edges.
Effective Alkali
Caustic (NaOH) and one half of Sodium sulfide (05*Na2S) expressed as Na2O in
alkaline pulping liquor.
Effluent
Waste backwater and rejects from which fiber is recovered prior to discharge
from the mill.

Electrical Grade Paper

Strong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins and
made from unbleached Kraft pulp. Electrical insulating paper must neither contain
fillers nor conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.) nor salts or acids. Lava
stone bars are used on rotor and stator to avoid any metal contamination. Cable
papers, that are wound around line wires in a spiral-like fashion, are electrical
insulating papers with a particularly high strength in machine direction. Electrical
grade papers include cable papers, electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.
Electric Resistivity
Resistivity characterizes how a sheet of paper accepts and holds a charge. Since
the electrostatic processes uses an electrical charge to form the print image, the
electrical properties of the sheet are important to the overall imaging process.
Electronic Printing
Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar printing methods that create
images using electrostatic charges rather than a printing plate.
Electro photography
A printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically charged
particles to create images - e.g., photocopiers and laser printers.
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Used to clean up flue and process gases. Removes 99.5-99.8% of dust particles
emitted from recovery boilers, lime kilns and bark-fired boilers.
Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF)
ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses chlorine dioxide rather than
elemental chlorine gas as a bleaching agent. This virtually eliminates the
discharge of detectable dioxins in the effluent of pulp manufacturing facilities.
Elongation
A property of paper that allows it to stretch.
Embossing
Pressing a shape into a sheet of paper with a metal or plastic die, creating a raised
(embossed) image.
Emulsion Coating
Coating of paper with an emulsion containing plastic or resin.
Enamel
A general term referring to coated paper that has a higher basis weight than coated
publication (magazine) paper but a lower basis weight and caliper than coated
cover paper.
Engine Sizing
Old term used for beater sizing when sizing chemicals used to be added in Engine
or Beater.
English Finish
A smooth-finished, machine made and calendered book paper. It is soft, dull and
pliable. Normally used for letterpress printed magazines.
Engraving
A printing process using intaglio, or recessed, plates. Made from steel or copper,
engraved plates cost more than plates used in most other printing processes, such
as lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate while the printing press
exerts force on the paper, pushing it into the wells and onto the ink. The pressure
creates raised letters and images on the front of the page and indentations on the
back. The raised lettering effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly
process called thermography.
Entrained Air
Entrained air consists of bubbles that are small enough (say less than 1 mm) to
move along with the fibers.
Envelop Paper
The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding of envelopes on high-
speed envelop machine.
Environmentally Preferable Paper (EPP)
EPP should have at least two of the following three characteristics:
1. 30% or more Post Consumer Recycled Content
2. TCF Bleaching
3. Forest Stewardship Council certified Forest Management for virgin fiber
sources.
Enzyme
A protein that has the ability to direct or catalyze a chemical reaction.
Enzyme Bleaching
Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp is
treated with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be bleached without
chlorine chemicals.
Equilibrium Moisture Content
The moisture content of a paper that has reached a balance with the atmosphere
surrounding it, i.e. in a condition in which it will neither give up nor absorb
moisture
Equivalent Black Area
 Of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white background
of the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart which makes the same visual impression on
its background as does the dirt speck on the particular background in which it is
embedded.
Esparto
A grass from North Africa which makes a soft, ink receptive sheet.
Ethers Pulp
Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in sodium
hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or chlorides like
ethylene oxide or methyl chloride to form an organic polymer called cellulose
ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.).
Cellulose ethers are used for thickening of fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup,
shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds of other applications.
Extended Cooking
Method of cooking pulp to low lignin content, thereby reducing the need for
bleaching chemicals.
Extensible Kraft
Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches (approximately 6%) more in MD
and tears less easily than regular Kraft paper.
External Fibrillation
A refining action that results in partial detachment of fibrils from outer layer of a
fiber.
Extractives
Any number of different compounds in biomass that are not an integral part of the
cellular structure. The compounds can be extracted from wood by means of polar
and non-polar solvents including hot or cold water, ether , benzene, methanol, or
other solvents that do not degrade the biomass structure. The types of extractives
found in biomass samples are entirely dependent upon the sample itself
Extruded Coating
Coating applied to paper or board using an extruder.

Fabric Press
Paper machine wet press that uses a special multiple weave fabric belt
sandwiched between the regular felt and the rubber covered roll, increasing the
capacity to receive and remove water from the nip between the rolls.
Falling Film Evaporator
A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a non-
volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows downward on the heat
exchange surface by gravity; the heat exchange surface is typically a bundle of
plates, lamellas or tubes; commonly used in pulp mills and chemical recovery
process.
Fan-out
A dimensional change in paper associated with its passage through a printing unit.
In web offset printing it is the increase in web width after each blanket impression.
Fan Pump
A high flow rate, low head pump used to pump diluted stock to paper machine
headbox.
Fanfold
Continuous multiple ply form manufactured from a single wide web which is
folded longitudinally.
Feathering
The tendency of liquid ink to spread along the paper fibers so that the image
produced does not have sharp, clean edges.
Felt
A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls on the
paper machine.
Felt Finish
Surface characteristics of paper formed at the wet end of a paper machine, using
woven wool or synthetic felts with distinctive patterns to create a similar texture
in the finish sheets.
Felt Mark
Imprint left on the paper by one or more of the felts used in making the paper. The
mark may be wanted or unwanted and special effects can be introduced in this
way.
Felt Side
The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on the paper machine. The
"top side" or felt side is preferred for printing because it retains more fillers.
Fiber or Fibre
The slender, thread-like cellulose structures that forms the main part of tree trunk
and from separated and suitably treated, cohere to form a sheet of paper.
 Softwood Fiber &
nbsp; Fiber Internal Structure

Fiber Axis Ratio

Ratio of fiber width to fiber thickness.
Fiber Coarseness
Weight per unit length of fiber.
Fiber Cut
A fiber cut is a short, straight cut located on the edge of the web, caused by a fiber
imbedded in the web of paper.
Fiber Debris
Pieces of material which has been separated from the main body of the fiber.
Fiber Floc
Fibers that have agglomerated as a result of poor formation.
Fiber Orientation
Refers to the alignment of the fibers in the sheet.
Fiberboard
Board made from defibrated wood chips, used as a building board.
Fibrillation
A structural change occurring in the walls of chemical pulp fibers during beating.
Fibrillae or Fibrils
 String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the beating
process. They aid in the bonding processes when paper is being manufactured.
Filler
Any inorganic substance added to the pulp during manufacturing of paper.
Filter Paper
Unsized paper made from chemical pulp, in some cases also with an admixture of
rags, sometimes with a wet strength finish. Filtration rate and selectivity, which
are both dependent on the number and the size of the pores, can be controlled by
specific grinding of the pulps and creping.
Filtrate
The effluent from the washing or filtering process.
Fines
Small particles fiber defined arbitrarily by classification.
Fine Papers
Uncoated writing and printing grade paper including offset, bond, duplicating and
photocopying.
Finish
The surface characteristic of a sheet created by either on-machine or off-machine
papermaking processes. Popular text and cover finishes include smooth, vellum,
felt, laid, and linen.
Finishing
The trimming, winding, rewinding and packing of paper rolls or trimming, cutting,
counting and packing of paper sheets from parent roll.
Finishing Broke
Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.
First Pass Retention
First-pass retention gives a practical indication of the efficiency by which fine
materials are retained in a web of paper as it is being formed. First-pass retention
values can be calculated from just two consistency measurements, the headbox
consistency, and the white water consistency. There is a very wide diversity of
first-pass retention on different paper machines, from less than 50% to almost
100%. The key rules that papermakers follow are that (a) first-pass retention
should have a steady value, and (b) that value should be high enough to avoid
operational problems or an excessively two-sided sheet. Some operational
problems that can be caused by low values of first-pass retention are increased
frequency of deposit problems, filling of wet-press felts, poor drainage, and
unsteady drainage rates and sheet moistures.
Fish Eye
A paper defect appearing as glazed, translucent spot caused by slime, fiber
bundles, and/or improperly prepared chemical additives in the stock.
Flag
A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to mark a
splice in a roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.
Flame Resistant
Treatment applied to kraft paper to make it resistant to catching on fire (not fire
proof—will char but not burst into flame).
Flat Crush of Corrugated Board
A laboratory test (Tappi T808 or T825) of a single wall combined board specimen
to measure its resistance to crushing forces from conversion and handling. Test
can also be an indicator of flute formation and the presence of crushed or leaning
flutes.
Flashing
Spontaneous boiling and cooling of a liquid caused by the reduction of pressure
below the vapor pressure of the liquid. Flashing occurs in blow tank during
blowing.
Fly Leaf/Shaving
Trim scrap from printing operation.
Flexography
A form of rotary letterpress using flexible rubber or photopolymer plates.
Flexural Rigidity
The measurement of a combined board resistance to flexing. Combined with ECT
box perimeter and flute type, it is key to predicting box compression resistance or
static load resistance (Tappi T566).
Flotation Cell
Main equipment of Flotation Deinking, Large number of tiny air bubbles are
injected into the cleaned pulp, the free ink particles attach themselves to these
bubbles and float to the surface where it is skimmed off and removed.
Flotation Deinking
Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during the de-inking process.
Flotation Dryer
Non contacting dryer used in pulp drying or coating applications, drying is
achieved by passing sheet between two dryer hoods where hot dry air is impinged
onto the sheet and the moisture is evaporated and removed by an air system.
Flowspreader
Front end of the paper machine whose objective is to distribute the papermaking
fiver uniformly across the machine from back to front.
Fluff Pulp
A chemical, mechanical or combination of chemical/mechanical pulp, usually
bleached, used as an absorbent medium in disposable diapers, bed pads and
hygienic personal products. Also known as "fluffing" or "comminution" pulp
Fluorescent Dye
A coloring agent added to pulp to increase the brightness of the paper. It may give
a slight blue or green cast to the sheet.
Fluorescent Inks
Printing inks that emit and reflect light. Generally, they are brighter and more
opaque than traditional inks, but they are not color fast, so they will fade in bright
light over time. Their metallic content will also affect dot gain and trapping.
Fluorescent Whitening Agent
Also referred to as an "optical brightener." A chemical compound when expose to
a light containing an ultraviolet component will absorb and re-emit light in the
blue spectrum or in other words fluoresce. FWA's will enhance brightness and
blueness quality of white paper.
Flute
One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. Flutes are categorized
by the size of the wave. A, B, C, E and F are common flute types, along with a
variety of much larger flutes and smaller flutes.
Fluted Edge Crush
Measures the edgewise compression strength of corrugating medium using a
fluted test specimen per Tappi T824.
Flute (A,B,C,E,F&G)
These letters define the type of corrugated material in terms of the number of
corrugations per unit length and the height of the corrugations - specifically these
are:
Corrugations per Height of
Flute
metre corrugation (mm)
A 105 - 125 4.5 - 4.7
B 150 - 185 2.1 - 2.9
C 120 - 145 3.5 - 3.7
E 290 - 320 1.1 - 1.2
F 410 - 420 0.7 - 0.8
G 550 - 560 0.5 - 0.6
Fluting
Waves or corrugation in heat-set web offset prints that runs in the press direction.
Foamboard
C1S paperboard designed for lamination to a foam backing for point-of-purchase
displays, posters, and signs.
Foil or Hydrafoil
The flat strip used to support wire. Only the leading edge of the wire touches the
foil. Foil helps in removing water by creating gentle suction and also doctor the
water removed in previous section.

Folding
Doubling up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another. Folding
stresses the paper fibers. To create a smooth, straight fold, heavy papers like cover
stocks and Bristol need to be scored before they're folded.
Folding Boxboard
Single or multi-layer paperboard made from primary and/or secondary fibers,
sometimes with a coated front, used to make consumer packaging (cartons).
Folding Strength or Folding Endurance
Folding strength is most important in currency paper. Multiple fold strength is
also important for paper used in books, maps, and pamphlets. It's far less
important in one-fold greeting cards or envelopes, where fold cracking is the vital
consideration. Folding endurance or strength is measured and reported in numbers.
Formation
The dispersion of fibers in a sheet of paper. The more uniform and tightly bound
the fibers, the better the sheet will print and look. Close Formation - Uniform
distribution of fibers. Cloudy formation: A spotty, non-uniform dispersion
of fibers, the opposite of close formation.
Forming Board
Forming Board is the leading forming unit under the fabric closest to the slice.
The stock jet velocity, the impingement angle and the position of the
impingement onto the forming board will determine the water removal and the
activity produced at this point. Modern Forming Boards are stepped to create
activity at high speeds – this greatly enhances the formation.
Fountain Roller
The roller on a printing machine which initiates the supply of moisture to the
damping system.
Four-color Printing Process
A printing method that uses dots of magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow, and black
to simulate the continuous tones and variety of colors in a color image.
Reproducing a four-color image begins with separating the image into four
different halftones by using color filters of the opposite (or negative) color. For
instance, a red filter is used to capture the cyan halftone, a blue filter is used to
capture the yellow halftone, and a green filter is used to capture the magenta
halftone. Because a printing press can't change the tone intensity of ink, four-
color process relies on a trick of the eye to mimic light and dark areas.

Each halftone separation is printed with its process color (cyan, magenta, yellow,
and black). When we look at the final result, our eyes blend the dots to recreate
the continuous tones and variety of colors we see in a color photograph, painting,
or drawing.

Fourdrinier
Named after its inventor, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine is structured on a
continuously moving wire belt on to which a watery slurry of pulp is spread. As
the wire moves, the water is drained off and pressed out, and the paper is then
dried.
Free Stock
Unrefined stock. Stock that, when drained under gravity, parts easily with the
water of suspension
Freeness
A term used to define how quickly water is drained from the pulp. The opposite of
freeness is slowness. Freeness or slowness is the function of beating or refining.
Freeness and slowness reported in ml CSF and degree SR respectively are also the
measurement of degree of refining or beating.
Freesheet
Paper that is free of mechanical wood pulp, which is true of virtually all fine
printing papers.
French Fold
 A sheet printed on one side and folded first vertically and then horizontally to
produce a four-page folder.
Fully Bleached Pulp
Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable (> 60 ISO).
Furnish
A blend of fibers, pigments, dyes, fillers and other materials that are fed to the wet
end of the paper machine.
Fuzz
Fibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper, caused by excessive suction,
insufficient beating or lack of surface sizing. Lint appears in much the same
manner but is not attached to the surface.

Gatefold
Two or more parallel folds on a sheet of paper with the end flaps folding inward.
Ghosting
Variation in ink gloss, density or color that are not part of the original design, but
appear as a repeat or ghost image associated with another area of the copy.
Glassine Paper
A translucent paper made from highly beaten chemical pulp and subsequently
supercalendered.
Glazed Paper
Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface either during the process of
manufacture or after the paper is produced, by various methods such as friction
glazing, calendering, plating or drying on a Yankee drier.
Gloss
The property that's responsible for a paper's shiny or lustrous appearance; also the
measure of a sheet's surface reflectivity. Gloss is often associated with quality:
higher quality coated papers exhibit higher gloss.
Gloss Mottle
Blotchiness or non-uniformity in the paper's gloss (unprinted or printed).
Typically only visible at certain viewing angles. Usually attributable to poor
formation and heavy calendering.
Grade
Papers are differentiated from each other by their grade. Different grades are
distinguished from each other on the basis of their content, appearance,
manufacturing history, and/or their end use.
Grain
The direction in which most fibers lie in a sheet of paper. As the pulp slurry
moves forward on the papermaking machine's formation wires, the fibers tend to
align themselves in the direction of movement. Binding books parallel to the grain
allows for a smoother fold then working across the grain. Grain direction of sheet
fed papers is usually indicated by underlining the number, e.g., 23" X -35". On a
web press, the grain direction should run along the length of the paper web.
Grain Long
 Grain running lengthwise along a sheet of paper.
Grain Short
Grain running widthwise along a sheet of paper.
Grammage
Weight in grams of one square meter of paper or board (g/m2); also basis weight.
Gravure
A printing process that uses intaglio, or recessed, image carriers. The image
carrier, which is flat or cylindrical, moves through an ink pool. A blade scrapes
excess ink off the plane of the plate, leaving ink in the recessed wells. A second
cylinder presses the paper onto the plates, where it picks up ink from the wells.
The high speed of gravure presses and the durability of the metal intaglio plates
make gravure an economical printing method suitable for large print runs (more
than two million copies).
Gravure Paper
Paper for gravure printing that has very low print roughness and good wettability
of gravure inks.
Gray Board
A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers with or without
screenings and mechanical pulp on a continuous board machine, in thickness less
then 1 mm.
Greaseproof Paper
A protective wrapping paper made from chemical wood pulps, which are highly
hydrated in order that the resulting paper may be resistant to oil and grease.
Greenfield Mill
Mill or production facility built on undeveloped site.
Green House Gases
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially
leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.
Green Liquor
The liquor that results when the inorganic smelt from the recovery furnace is
dissolved in water is called "green" liquor.
Green Paper
Immature paper which has not been conditioned or had the opportunity to mature
naturally.
Grinder
A machine in which logs are defibrated against a revolving grindstone.
Groundwood Papers
A general term applied to a variety of papers made with substantial proportions of
mechanical wood pulp together with bleached or unbleached chemical wood
pulps (generally sulfite), or a combination of these, and used mainly for printing
and converting purposes.
Groundwood Pulps
A mechanically prepared (by grinding wood logs against a rough surfaced roll
rotating at very high speed) coarse wood pulp used in newsprint and other low
cost book grades where it contributes bulk, opacity, and compressibility.
 Groundwood pulp is economical since all the wood is used; however, it contains
impurities that can cause discoloration and weakening of the paper.
Guar Gum
A natural polymer that is used as a dry-strength additive, often as a cationic
derivative.
Guillotine
A machine used to trim stacks of paper, which works the same way the original
French guillotine worked. A cutting blade moves between two upright guides and
slices the paper uniformly as it moves downward.
Gurley Porosity
A method to measure the air permeability of paper by TAPPI method T536. See
"Air permeability."

H Factor
It is the area under the curve when relative reaction rate is plotted against cooking
time.
Half Fold
The half fold is commonly used for brochures and greeting cards. For cover
weight paper, a score is usually required to produce a smooth folded edge. For
picture of this type and other fold please visit
http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Half + Letter Fold
This fold is perfect for newsletters. An 11" x 17" sheet folded this way has only
one open side and fits into a #10 envelope. The newsletter looks good and is easy
to handle. For picture of this type and other fold please visit
http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Half Tone
Picture with gradations of tone, formed by dots of varying sizes in one color.
Handmade Paper
A sheet of paper, made individually by hand, using a mould and deckle.
Hard Cook
Undercooked pulp with respect to target conditions.
Hard Pulp
Chemical pulp with a high lignin content.
Hard Sized Paper
Paper treated with high degree of internal sizing.
Hardwood
Wood from trees of angiosperms class, usually with broad leaves. Trees grown in
tropical climates are generally hardwood. Hardwood grows faster than softwood
but have shorter fibers compared to softwood.
Head Box or Flow Box or Breast Box
The part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a uniform
dispersion of fibers in water at the proper speed through the slice opening to the
paper machine wire.
Heart Wood
The dark colored , center of a tree trunk, consisting of dormant wood.
Heat Set Web
An offset printing process done on a web of paper supplied in a roll. The term
heat set originates from the inks used in the process. They contain high amounts
of solvent flashed off in ovens to dry at very high speeds. Web presses perfect or
print both sides of the sheet simultaneously.
Heat Transfer Paper
The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).
Hemicellulose
A constituent of woods that is, like cellulose, a polysaccharide, but less complex
and easily hydrolysable.
Herbaceous Plants
Non-woody species of vegetation, usually of low lignin content such as grasses.
Hickey
An irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed page. Hickeys are caused by paper
or pressroom dust, dirt, or pick out on the printing blanket, all of which prevent
the ink from adhering to the paper surface.
High Finish
Smooth finish applied to paper to improve the printing surface.
Hold Out
Resistance of paper surfaces to the absorption of ink. High Hold Out offers higher
resistance to ink absorption. Regular Hold Out allows greater ink absorption.
Holocellulose
The total carbohydrate fraction of wood — cellulose plus hemicellulose.
Hologravure
Printining process by which great continuous 3D depth is achieved using textures
and patterns.
Hood
A hood covering the paper machine drying section and designed for moist air
removal.
Hot Melt
A type of glue or adhesive applied while hot/warm.
Hot Groundwood Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced by grinding logs that have been pre-treated with steam.
Hydration
The prolonged beating or refining of cellulose pulp in water to reduce it to a semi-
gelatinous mass.
Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
A method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2), sometimes using oxygen reinforcement. The method
considerably reduces the need for chlorine-containing chemicals in the final
bleaching of chemical pulps.
Hydrophilic
Having strong affinity for water.
Hydrophobic
Lacking affinity for water.
Hydropulper
An equipment used to slush broke/paper in to pulp.
Hygroscopic
Having the property to absorb water vapor from the surrounding atmosphere.
Most of the papers (except glassine, greaseproof or wet strength etc.) are
hygroscopic in nature.

Imbibition
The absorption of liquid by a fiber without a corresponding increase in volume.
Impregnation
Process of treating a sheet of paper with a chemical or wax so that the treatment
penetrates into the paper.
Impression Cylinder
The cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds paper while an inked image
from the blanket is pressed upon it.
Impression Watermark
Semi-genuine watermark made in the paper machine press section using engraved
rolls while the web is still wet.
Index Paper
A stiff, inexpensive paper with a smooth finish. The high bulk but low weight of
this paper makes it a popular choice for business reply cards.
Industrial Papers
A very general term, which is used to indicate papers manufactured for industrial
uses as opposed to cultural purposes. Thus, building papers, insulating papers,
wrapping papers, packaging papers, etc. would be considered industrial papers.
Infra Red Drying
Electric or gas infra red dryers used to initially achieve immobilization of the
fluid coating and commence the drying process.
Ink
Printing inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and additives formulated to
reduce smudging, picking and other printing problems associated with ink. The
choice of ink depends on the type of paper and printing process.
Ink Absorption
A paper's capacity to accept or absorb ink.
Ink Coverage
The portion of the total surface area of the paper which is covered by ink. The
portion of the coverage usually is expressed in terms of percent of ink coverage.
Ink Holdout
The way the ink pigment sits on the surface of the paper. Strong ink holdout
results in a sharp, bright image.
Ink Jet Printing
Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected onto the
paper surface.
Ink Tack
The body or cohesiveness of ink. The measure of tack as the force required to
split an ink film.
Insect Resistant
Paper treated with insecticide compounds to make it resistant to insect attack.
Insider Liner
The liner bonded to the medium at the single facer. Called inside liner because it
is the inside facing of a corrugated box. Also called the single face liner.
Insulating Board
A type of board composed of some fibrous material, such as wood or other
vegetable fiber, sized throughout, and felted or pressed together in such a way as
to contain a large quantity of entrapped or "dead" air. It is made either by
cementing together several thin layers or forming a non-laminated layer of the
required thickness. It is used in plain or decorative finishes for interior walls and
ceilings in thickness of 0.5 and 1 inch (in some cases up to 3 inches) and also as a
water-repellent finish for house sheathing. Desirable properties are low thermal
conductivity, moisture resistance, fire resistance, permanency, vermin and insect
resistance, and structural strength. No single material combines all these
properties but all should be permanent and should be treated to resist moisture
absorption.
Intaglio
A method of printing in which an image or letter is cut into the surface of wood or
metal, creating tiny wells. Printing ink sits in these wells, and the paper is pressed
onto the plate and into the wells, picking up the ink.
1. Gravure is considered an intaglio printing process.
2. In papermaking, watermarking from countersunk depressions in the dandy
roll to provide a whiter or denser design instead of increased transparency.
Integrated mill
A mill which starts with logs or wood chips and first produces wood pulp which it
then processes to make paper or board.
Intermittent Board Machine
 A machine for producing sheets of thick board by winding the web formed on a
Fourdrinier wire or cylinder mould (s) around a making roll to form a sheet
consisting of several layers. When the thickness is sufficient the layers are cut, so
forming a sheet which is removed from the machine for drying and any further
processing.
Internal Bonding Strength
Determines how strongly the coating is fused to the body stock. Caused by long
periods of hydration, paper with high internal bonding strength resists picking
during the printing process
Internal Fibrillation
Loosening of internal bond within a fiber.
Internal Sizing
Occurs when sizing materials are added to the water suspension of pulp fibers in
the papermaking process. Also known as Beater, or Engine sizing.
International Paper and Board Sizes
Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in metric countries. ISO standards are
based on a rectangle whose sides have a ratio of one to the square root of 2
(1.414). No matter how many times a sheet of these proportions is halved, each
will retain the same constant proportions. There are three ISO series A, B, and C.

The A Series: The A series is for general printed matter including stationary and
publications.

SIZE Millimeters

4A0 1682 x 2378

2A0 1189 x 1682
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148
A7 74 x 105
A8 52 x 74

The B series: The B series is about half way between two A sizes. It is intended as
an alternative to the A series, used primarily for posters and wall charts.

SIZE Millimeter

B0 1000 x 1414
B1 707 x 1000
B2 500 x 707
B3 353 x 500
 B4 250 X 353
B5 176 x 250
B6 125 x 176
B7 88 x 125
B8 62 x 88
B9 44 x 44
B10 31 x 44

The C series: The C series is used for folders, post cards and envelopes. C series
envelope is suitable to insert A series sizes.

SIZE Millimeter

C0 917 x 1297
C1 648 x 917
C2 458 x 648
C3 324 x 458
C4 229 x 324
C5 162 x 229
C6 114 x 162
C7 81 x 114
C8 57 x 81

RA Series Formats
RA0 860 x 1220
RA1 610 x 860
RA2 430 x 610
RA3 305 x 430
RA4 215 x 305

SRA Series Formats

SRA0 900 x 1280
SRA1 640 x 900
SRA2 450 x 640
SRA3 320 x 450
SRA4 225 x 320

Envelopes
DL 110 x 220
C6 114 x 162
C5 162 x 229
C4 229 x 458
C3 324 x 458

ISO Brightness
 The brightness of paper and board measured at a wavelength of 457 nanometers
under standard conditions.
Ivory Board
High-quality board made in white or colors with a bright, clear appearance,
particularly used for visiting cards and similar high-class printed work. Original
Ivory Board was and still is made in Holland, although the grade is made in many
countries.

Jet to Wire Speed Ratio

Papermakers adjust the jet-to-wire speed ratio to fine-tune the paper structure. The
"jet" is the narrow stream of dilute stock that comes out of the headbox slice
opening. The "wire" is the continuous belt of forming fabric. Often it is possible
to improve the uniformity of paper by running jet-to-wire speed ratio as one.
"Rushing the sheet" means that the jet speed is higher than the wire speed.
"Dragging the sheet" means that the wire speed is higher than the jet speed.
Especially in the case of dragging, increasing values of jet-to-wire speed ratio
tend to align fibers in the machine direction. For square sheet (paper which has
same strength properties in CD and MD), jet to wire ratio should be kept as close
to one as possible.
Job Lot
Out of specification, defective or discontinued types of paper made in small
quantities for special orders and sometimes sold at lower than regular prices.
Jog
To shake a stack of papers, either on a machine or by hand, so that the edges line
up. Finisher jog the paper to remove any improperly cut sheet. Printers jog the
paper to get rid of any dust or particles and to ensure proper feeding into the press.
Jumbo Roll
A roll of paper, direct from the paper machine, wound on a machine winder spool
as distinct from rolls that have been slit and rewound on cores.

Kaolin
White clay used as an additive and filler in paper and coating made up chiefly of
minerals of the kaolinite type.
Kappa Number
A term used to define the degree of delignification. Modified permanganate test
value of pulp which has been corrected to 50 percent consumption of the chemical.
Kappa number has the advantage of a linear relationship with lignin content over
a wide range. Kappa Number x 0.15% = % lignin in pulp
Kenaf
An annual agricultural plant, native of India, which has along fiber in the bark that,
is suitable for papermaking.
 Dry Kenaf Stalks

Kiss Impression
The lightest impression (anilox and plate to substrate) possible to properly
reproduce the image on paper.
Knotter
Vibratory screens used for separating knots, uncooked chips and shives from the
pulp at the blow tank.
Knotter Pulp
Pulp made from the rejects from chemical pulp screening.
Kozo
The most common fiber used in Japanese papermaking, it comes from the
mulberry tree. It is a long, tough fiber that produces strong absorbent sheets.
Kraft Bag Paper
A paper made of sulfate pulp and used in the manufacture of paper bags. It
normally has a greater bulk and a rougher surface than the usual kraft wrapping
paper.
Kraft Paper
A paper of high strength made from sulfate pulp. Kraft papers vary from
unbleached Kraft used for wrapping purposes to fully bleached Kraft used for
strong Bond and Ledger papers.
Kraft Pulp
Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood by the sulfate process (q.v.).
Originally a strong, unbleached coniferous pulp for packaging papers, kraft pulp
has now spread into the realms of bleached pulps from both coniferous and
deciduous woods for printing papers.

Definition of Kraft Pulping Terms

S.N. Term Definition Unit

Total Alkali Total of all viable sodium alkali compounds i.e. g/L
1
(TA) NaOH+Na2S+Na2CO3+Na2SO4+Na2S2O3+Na2SO3 excludes as
 NaCl NaO
Total
g/L
Titratable
2 Total of NaOH+Na2S+Na2CO3 as
Alkali
NaO
(TTA)
g/L
Active
3 Total of NaOH+Na2S as
Alkali
NaO
g/L
Effective
4 Total of NaOH+0.5*Na2S as
Alkali
NaO
5 Activity Ratio of Active Alkali (AA) to Total Titratable Alkali (TTA) %
% on
6 Causticity Ratio of NaOH to NaOH+Na2CO3 NaO
basis
% on
Ratio of Na2S to Active Alkali (AA) or to TTA (Basis of
7 Sulfidity NaO
sulfidity should be defined accordingly)
basis
Causticizing
Same as causticity i.e. Ratio of NaOH to NaOH+Na2CO3 % on
Efficiency
8 however to measure the true causticizing efficiency NaOH NaO
(White
amount in green liquor already present should be subtracted. basis
Liquor)
Residual
g/L
Alkali
9 Alkali concentration determined by acid titration. as
(Black
NaO
Liquor)
Reduction
% on
Efficiency Ratio of Na2S to all Na sulfur compounds (Na2S +
10 NaO
(Green Na2SO4+Na2S2O3+Na2SO3).
basis
Liquor)

Kraftliner
Paperboard of grammages of 120g and more, generally made from bleached or
unbleached sulfate pulp and used as an outer ply in corrugated board.

Label
A separate slip or sheet of paper affixed to a surface for identification or
description. For fiberboard boxes, includes: Full Label, Mailing or shipping Label,
Spot Label and UPC (Universal Product Code) Label.
Label Paper
 Mostly one-side coated papers which must be printable in 4-colour offset and
gravure printing. These papers are usually suitable for varnishing, bronzing and
punching and sometimes also feature wet strength and alkali resistance (See "Wet
strength and alkali resistant paper") in order to en-sure the removal of the labels
e.g. in the bottle rinsing machines of breweries
Laid
A finished produced with a dandy roll having closely spaced wires.
Laid Lines
A continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines, generally
associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these.
Laminated Paper
A paper built up to a desired thickness or a given desired surface by joining
together two or more webs or sheets. The papers thus joined may be alike or
different; a totally different material, such as foil, may be laminated with paper.
Laminated Linerboard
Two or more plies of linerboard adhered to one another for increased structural
stability.
Laminator
A machine that adheres multiple plies of paper or fiberboard. May be used to
adhere full labels to a facing, or, for enhanced structural properties, multiple
facings, corrugating mediums or sheets of combined board.
Lapping Machine
A wet machine on which folded wet pulp sheets are produced from screened pulp
for storage and/or shipment.
Laser Printing
Xerographic printing where a modulated laser ray is projected on to a
photoconductive cylinder or belt by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to product
the electrostatic latent image, which is developed with toners.
Latency
The curl and spiral of individual pulp fiber created during refining specially in
thermomechanical pulping process
Latency Chest
A storage chest after the second stage refining in thermo-mechanical pulping
process in which pulp is agitated and stored at a specified temperature for a
predetermined time to remove latency.
Layboy
A device at the end of cutter for jogging sheets in to a square pile.
Leachate
Water that has as a component of dissolved matter accumulated as a result of
passing through material. e.g. rain water passing through waste dump.
Lead Dryer or Baby Dryer
A small diameter dryer just after the press section.
Leaf Fibers
Papermaking fibers coming from the leaves of the plant such as hemp, manila,
flax, sisal etc.
Ledger Paper
 A strong paper usually made for accounting and records. It is similar to Bond
paper in its erasure and pen writing characteristics.
Letter Fold
This common fold, used for mailings and brochures, is much like a letter folded
by hand for inserting in an envelope. The letter fold produces a self-contained unit,
easily handled by automated envelope inserters. For picture of this type and other
fold please visit http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Letter Press
A process of printing in which raised images are coated with ink and pressed
directly onto a paper or paperboard surface
Lick Coating
A light form of mineral coating, achieved by supplying the surface sizing press of
the paper making machine with coating material instead of normal surface sizing
solution.
Lightfastness
The speed at which a pigment or colored paper fades in sunlight. or
How permanent a color is or how unaffected by light it is.
Light Weight Coating (LWC)
Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper.
Light Weight Paper
Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40 g/m2.
Lignin
A complex constituent of the wood that cement the cellulose fibers together.
Lignin is brown in color. Lignin is largely responsible for the strength and rigidity
of plants, but its presence in paper is believed to contribute to chemical
degradation. To a large extent, lignin can be removed during manufacturing.
Lignocellulose
Refers to plant materials made up primarily of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
Like-Sided
Paper that has the same appearance and characteristics on both sides.
Lime Sludge or Sludge
Sludge of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed during preparation of white liquor
in the chemical recovery process.
Linen Finish
A finished paper that has an overall embossed pattern on the surface resembling
the look and feel of linen cloth, and one manufactured with engraved embossing
rolls.
Liner
A creased fiberboard sheet inserted as a sleeve in a container and covering all side
walls. Used to provide extra stacking strength or cushioning. Also used as a short
hand for "linerboard" or facing."
Linerboard
The inner and outer layers of paper that form the wall of a corrugated board.
Lines Per Inch (LPI)
The number of lines in an inch, as found on the screens that create halftones and
four-color process images (for example, "printed 175-line screen"). The more
 lines per inch, the more detailed the printed image will be. With the demand for
computer-generated imagery, the term "dots per inch" (which refers to the
resolution of the output), is replacing the term "lines per inch."
Lint
Loosely bonded fibers at the paper surface that attached to the plate or blanket of
the printing machine.
Litho
A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the non-
image area exist on the same plate and are separated by a chemical repulsion.
Usually oil based offset printing.
Loading
Addition of fillers
Loft Dryer
A heated room in which wet sheet of paper/paperboard are hang on poles. This
old method of drying is known as loft drying or pole drying.
Log
A piece of pulpwood length cut from trees to convenient size for storage,
transportation and handing.
Logging
The operation of harvesting trees from woodlands, processing in to
barked/unbarked logs or chips.
Long Log
A whole length pulpwood before cutting to shorter log.
Look Through
The appearance of the paper when held up to transmitted light. It discloses
whether the formation is even and uniform or lumpy and ‘wild’. For book
publishing papers, a regular, even look through is desirable, indicating a well
made, uniform sheet.
Loose Winding
A paper roll winding defect caused by insufficient sheet tension during winding.
Lumen
The center void portion of a cellulose fiber.
Lump
An incomplete separation of fiber bundling or coming together of fibers and other
papermaking materials, causing raised, hard and localized spots in the sheet.

M Weight
The weight of one thousand sheets of paper, any size; or double the ream weight.
2
M Yield/Ton
A measure of the surface area of paper/paperboard which is obtained from a ton
of paper.
Machine Chest
Usually the last large chest or tank that contains thick-stock pulp before it is made
into paper.
Machine Clothing or Paper Machine Clothing
Fabrics of various types employed on the paper machine to carry the web and
perform other functions. It includes the machine wire, dandy roll cover, press felts
and dryer felts etc., which may be composed of natural or synthetic materials.
Machine Crepe
Crepe paper produced on the paper machine, and not as a secondary option.
Machine Direction
The direction of the web through the paper machine.
Machine Finish
Finished produced on the paper as it leaves either the machine or the calender
stack. For increased printability, or smoothness when used as a liner, etc.
Machine Glazed
Machine glazed. Paper with a glossy finish on one side produced on the paper
machine by a Yankee cylinder.
Machine Speed
The rate at which paper machine runs, expressed as m/min or ft/min.
Machine Width
Width of the paper web in the paper machine.
Manifold Paper
A light weight bond paper used for making carbon or manifold copies or for
airmail correspondence.
Manila
A semi-bleached chemical sulfate paper. Not as strong as Kraft, but have better
printing qualities.
Manufacturing Order
Also known as making order. A quantity of paper manufactured to custom
specifications, such as a special weight, color, or size not available as a standard
stocking item.
Market Pulp
Pulp which is made to be used elsewhere for the production of paper. Usually
dried to reduce freight costs but may be "wet lap" ( 50% water).
Marbling
Addition of strongly stained fibers to the stock to give the paper a marbled
appearance.
Matte Finish
A dull, clay-coated paper without gloss or luster.
Maximum Trimmed Width
The greatest width of usable paper that is possible to make on a given paper
making machine, i.e. the full width less the necessary trim to give clean edges.
There is 3-10% width shrinkage (depending on freeness of stock) in dryers. It is
not possible to specify sizes which, in aggregate, exceed this width.
Mechanical Paper
This paper contains mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) or
chemithermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) and also chemical pulp. The shares of
chemical and mechanical pulp vary depending on the application. Highly
mechanical papers such as newsprint tend to yellow more rapidly if exposed to
 light and oxygen than woodfree papers so that they are mainly used for short-
lived products. In printing papers the mechanical pulp improves opacity.
Mechanical Pulp
Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used mainly for
newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade printing papers.
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
A composite panel made from wood fibers and resin and formed under pressure
and heat. MDF has a smooth surface and good machinability, and is used for
furniture, cabinetry and millwork.
Mesh
Count of wires per inch for metal and/or plastic screen used in paper mill.
Metamerism
The tendency of color to appear different under different light sources such as
fluorescent or natural sunlight.
MG Machine
A paper machine incorporating a Yankee or a MG drying cylinder in the drying
section to produce MG paper.
Micro Crystalline Cellulose Pulp
Like Ethers Pulps, these pulps are used in thickening and pharmaceutical
applications, particularly in construction of tablets and other non-capsular pills.
Mil
One thousandth of an inch.
Mill
The physical site where paper is manufactured; also refers to a company that
manufactures paper.
Mill Broke
Paper generated at the paper mill prior to completion of the manufacturing
process. Wet mill broke originates at the wet end of the papermaking machine,
while dry mill broke comes from the dry end of the papermaking machine.
Millboard
A thick, dense, homogeneous board, for book production, made generally from
wastepaper, on a special board making machine one sheet at a time. Used in
binding case bound books, ledgers etc. as binders’ boards.
Mineral Filler
Materials such as chalk and china clay that are added to paper in order to change
its density or improve its surface and optical properties.
Mixed Office Waste
Wastepaper generated from offices, such as letters, memos, invoices, etc. which
are collected and sorted for paper qualities. This is the major source of post
consumer fiber.
Modified Starch
Papermaking starch that has been processed generally by oxidation, to achieve
lower viscosity or chemical characteristics which are beneficial in use as an
additive in papermaking.
Moisture Content
 The amount of moisture or water in a sheet of paper, expressed in percent. 6 to
7% is desirable.
Moisture Resistant
Paper Treated with asphalt, wax, plastic, etc. to control penetration of moisture.
Molding Pulp
Pulp, which is used for producing pulp-based or fibrous products by pressing;
example products: egg packages, trays and boxes for fruits and vegetables.
Mordant
Chemical added to pulp to improve the fixation of dyes to the fiber.
Mottle
A random non-uniformity in the visual density, color or gloss of a printed area;
also known as orange peel, back-trap mottle, wet-trap mottle, pigment
flocculation, striations, etc.
Mottling Fiber
Heavily dyed fibers added to a different color stock furnish to produce
characteristic surface effects.
Mullen
Measurement of the force required, in pounds per square inch, to rupture a sheet
of kraft paper. Also known as bursting strength.
Multi-stage Cooking
Chemical pulping process in which the alkalinity of the cooking liquor is varied
by charging the alkali in several stages.
Multiply Board Machine
A machine in which a number of plies of paper can be combined together in the
wet state to produce thick paperboard..
Multiply Paper Making Process
A paper/board making process in which different layers of fibers are deposited
one over the other to form the sheet. The multiply process is used to make the
optimum use of various type of fibers available. It is also used to make heavy
basis weight papers.

Native Lignin
The lignin as it exists in the lignocellulosic complex before separation.
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)
Organic matter that is not solubilized after one hour of refluxing in a neutral
detergent consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate and EDTA at pH 7. NDF includes
hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.
Newsprint
A paper manufactured mostly from mechanical pulps specifically for the printing
of newspaper.
Nip
Point where two rolls on the paper machine come in contact.
Nitration Pulps
 High purity pulps that are reacted with nitric acid to form a class of chemical
derivatives called cellulose nitrates. Cellulose nitrates are used in applications
ranging from solvents to smokeless (gunpowder) propellants.
Non Wood Fibers
Papermaking fibers derived from plants other than trees such as cotton, hemp,
bagasse, jute, bamboo or straws.
Nonwoven
Fabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical,
mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.

Odd Lot
Off standard paper. Also the term used for side rolls or sheet left after cutting
standard size/order.
Off-machine Coating
Coating of paper on a separate coating machine.
Off-machine Creping
A method whereby paper is creped in a separate operation rather than by the paper
machine's Yankee cylinder.
Offset Paper
Also known as book paper. General description of any paper primarily suited for
offset printing. Can be coated or uncoated. Characterized by strength, dimensional
stability, lack of curl and freedom from foreign surface material. Finish can be
vellum or smooth.
Offset Printing
Also know as web offset or lithography. Offers highest degree of precision, clarity,
and quality.
Old Corrugated Container (OCC)
Brown boxes that have been used for their intended purpose, then collected for
recycling.
On Machine Coating
Application of coating to the paper off the paper machine, or as a separate
operation to the papermaking.
Optical Brightener
Fluorescent dyes added to paper to enhance the visual brightness; the dye absorbs
ultraviolet light and re-emits it in the visual spectrum.
Opacity
That properties of paper which minimizes the "show-through" of printing from
the backside or the next sheet. The higher the opacity the less likely that the
printing on one side will be visible from the other side.
Open End Envelope
An envelope that opens on the short dimension.
Optical Brightness
Optical brighteners or fluorescent dyes are extensively used to make high, bright
blue - white papers. They absorb invisible ultraviolet light and convert to visible
 light, falling into the blue to violet portion of the spectrum, which is then reflected
back to our eyes.
Optical Whitener
A dye that is added to the fiber stock or applied to the paper surface at the size
press to enhance its brightness.
Orange Peel
A type of sheet surface that looks like orange.
Organosolv Pulping
Pulping method using organic solvent, e.g. organic acid or alcohol, as
delignification/cooking chemical.
Out of Square
Paper which is trimmed improperly so the corners are not true 90 degrees. This
will result in difficulty when the presser does not have a good guide edge to work
from for accurate register.
Out Turn Sheet
A sheet of paper, taken during manufacture, serving as a reference for the mill or
client.
Oven Dry Moisture Content
The percentage loss in weight of a paper specimen when dried to constant weight
in an oven maintained at the temperature of 105 +/- 2 C.
Oxygen Bleaching
A process in which pulp is initially treated with oxygen followed by 4-5 bleaching
stages.
Oxygen Delignification
A process in which oxygen gas and sodium hydroxide are used to remove lignin
from brown stock.
Ozone (O3)
A highly reactive gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms.
Ozone Bleaching
A process that uses ozone to whiten cellulose fibers following the Kraft pulping
and oxygen delignification processing.

Packaging Paper
A paper or paperboard used for wrapping or packing good.
Pallet
A platform with a slatted bottom, used to hold and ship cartons of paper stacked
on top of each other.

A standard amount of paper that fits on a wooden pallet. In cut-size sheets, a

pallet equals 40 cartons.
Paper
A homogeneous sheet formed by irregularly intervening cellulose fibers.
Paperboard
 A heavy weight, thick, rigid and single or multi-layer sheet. What differentiates
paperboard from paper is the weight of the sheet. If paperboard is very heavy it is
called Board. Paper heavier than 150 gram per meter square are normally called
Paperboard and paperboard heavier than 500 gram per meter square are called
board.
Papermaking
Invented in China by T'sai Lun some 2,000 years ago, papermaking still follows
the same basic procedures. Today wood chips are cooked with chemicals to
release cellulose fibers and dissolve lignin, then washed to remove impurities.
Most printing papers are then bleached to lighten the color of the pulp. Pulp is
mechanically and chemically treated to impart certain desired characteristics such
as strength, smoothness and sizing. Large quantity of water is added to uniformly
distribution of fibers and additives. The resulting slurry, which is 99 to 99.5%
water, is cascaded onto the continuously moving forming fabric of the Fourdrinier
paper machine. Side-to-side shaking distributes the slurry, forming a tangled web
of fiber as the water drains off. A wire mesh roll called a dandy roll, moves over
the surface to modulate the turbulence and smooth the topside of the paper. A felt
blanket absorbs more water from the paper and sends the sheet on through a
channel of hot metal drums that dry and press the paper at the same time to give it
a more even-sided finish. At this point the paper is fully dry and ready for off-
machine processes such as coating, embossed finishes and supercalendering.
Paper Cut
The excruciating, often unforeseeable, and usually invisible-to-the-naked-eye cut
received when skin slides along the edge of a piece of paper at just the wrong
angle.
Paper-ink Affinity
The tendency for paper and ink to attract and stay attracted to each other. This
keeps the ink on the paper and off the reader's hands or the next sheet. An
incompatibility between ink and paper can cause printing problems.
Paper Surface Efficiency (printing)
Measure of the printability of a sheet of paper which is dependent upon the
amount of ink the paper absorbs, the smoothness of its surface, and the evenness
of its caliper.
Papeterie
A paper used for greeting cards, stationery, etc…which is distinctive from regular
stock in that special watermarks and embossing may be used.
Papyrus
The Egyptians used this aquatic plant to create a writing sheet by peeling apart the
plant's tissue-thin layers and stacking them in overlapping, crosshatched pieces to
form a sheet. Despite giving us the word "paper," papyrus is not a true paper. To
view a picture of papyrus plant click here.
Parchment
Animal skins or linings stretched and prepared as writing/painting surfaces.
Produces a smooth, buttery surface.
Parchmentization
Method of treating a paper sheet with sulfuric acid to make it greaseproof.
Particulate
Airborne solid impurities such as those present in gaseous emissions (sodium
sulfate, lime, calcium carbonate, soot).
Peel Strength
The amount of normal force required to delaminate a multiply paper. Strength
measured by TAPPI useful method UM808 or other similar methods.
Permeability
Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous substance
such as paper or fabric.
Perfecting Press
A printing press that simultaneously prints both sides of a sheet of paper as it
passes through the press. On other presses, printing both sides means running the
sheet through the press to print one side, allowing the ink to dry, turning the paper
over, and then running the sheet through the press again to print the other side.
Permanent Paper
A paper that can resist large chemical and physical changes over and extended
time (several hundred years). This paper is generally acid-free with alkaline
reserve and a reasonably high initial strength.
Permanence
The degree to which paper resists deterioration over time.
Permanganate Number (K Number)
Chemical test performed on pulp to determine the degree of delignification.
Permeability
Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous substance
such as paper or fabric.
Pernicious Contraries
Any material present in waste paper that is difficult to see or detect and which
might be detrimental to the paper being manufactured from the wastepaper or
which might either damage paper making equipment or render repulping difficult
Peroxide Bleaching or Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove lignin;
reduces or avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.
pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)
A measure of the acidity (or alkalinity) of a solution. Range from 0-14 with 7
being neutral, less than 7 being acid; higher than 7 being alkaline.
Photodegradable
A material which undergoes destruction of its chemical structure when exposed to
light. Typically, the materials become brittle with time and fragment into small
pieces or powder.
Photographic Paper
The base paper used for the production of photographic papers is a dimensionally
stable, chemically neutral chemical pulp paper with wet strength properties, that
must be free from contaminants. Today papers are coated on both sides with a
thin polyethylene film. The cooking prevents chemicals and water entering the
paper during development. This also permits shorter rinsing and drying cycles.
Pick Out
 A problem on press caused by unevenly sealed paper, or paper with low bonding
strength. The ink "picks" off weak areas of the paper, lifting coating from a coated
stock or lifting fibers from an uncoated stock, and transferring them to the
printing blanket.

These fibers will eventually be transferred back onto the sheets being printed,
causing inking and surface inconsistencies.

Pick Resistance
The ability of paper fibers to hold together during the printing process.
Pick Up Roll
Roll, which lifts the wet paper or paperboard off the wire to transfer to press.
Picking (Papermaking)
To transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part. If the sheet moves
unsupported is called "poor man pick up". If a solid/suction roll is used to
lick/pick the sheet, it is referred as closed transfer.
Picking (Printing)
The problem of ink picking off paper fibers during printing. This may be an
indication of a paper with low bonding strength or the use of an ink with too much
tack for the paper it is printed on.
Pigment
An ingredient added to pulp to increase the brightness and opacity of white paper
or dye the pulp to create a colored sheet. Pigments have very high lightfastness
and bleedfastness.
Pigmentizing
Coating of paper with a chemical agent (pigment) to reduce surface porosity and
increase opacity.
Pin Holes
Imperfections in paper which appear as minute holes upon looking through the
sheet. They originate from foreign particles, which are pressed through the sheet.
Piping
Defect in reels, consisting of ridges running around the circumference, due to
moisture take-up by the surface layers or uneven binding or hard and soft spots.
Pitch
Resinous material present in wood (mainly softwood) that carry over into the
pulping and papermaking system to form insoluble deposits.
Polymer
Organic chemical compounds consisting of repeating structural units. Cellulose is
a polymer.
Ply
The separate webs, which make up the sheet formed on a multi-cylinder machine.
Each cylinder adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the other, the plies
adhering firmly upon drying.
Point
A unit of paper or paperboard thickness measuring one-thousandth of an inch.
Polymer
 A chemical term for several classes of organic or carbon containing chemicals
where a monomer or single chemical molecule is connected to itself in repeating
units to form a chemical "chain." An example of a polymer is cellulose, a
repeating chain of glucose (sugar). Other examples are polyesters, nylons, viscose,
lyocell, polyolefins and polystyrenes.
Porosity
The property of paper that allows the permeation of air, an important factor in ink
penetration.
Postcard Board
Postcard board is either slightly mechanical or woodfree and calendered.
Post-Consumer Waste Paper
Waste paper materials recovered after being used by consumers.
Poster Paper
Poster paper is a highly mechanical, highly filled, mostly coloured paper that has
been made weather resistant by sizing.
Precision Sheeting
Converting rolls of paper into finished sheet sizes in a single operation.
Pre-Consumer Waste Paper
Paper recovered after the papermaking process, but before used by a consumer.
Press
A combination of two or more rolls used to press out water from wet paper web.
Following are some of the types of the press.
1. Plain Press or Solid Press
This is the simplest and the oldest type of press which is now a days rarely used
except on very slow speed machine. The solid press consist of two solid rolls
covered with rubber and or granite. The top roll is somewhat offset for the
squeezed out water to flow by gravity.
2. Suction Press
In this type of press, one roll is drilled and shell of the drilled roll rotates over a
suction box. The squeezed water is sucked out through the felt.
3. Grooved Press
In this type of press, one roll is grooved. The squeezed water is hold in the groves
and removed by doctoring or sucking out on the return run of the roll.
4. Smoothing Press
A plain roll press just before the dryer section start, used to smoothen the paper
surface.

Press Part or Press Section

The section of the paper machine which contains press (es). It is usually located
between wire part and dryer part.
Pressure Sensitive Coated Paper
Paper coated with a self-adhesive material which in dry form (solvent free) is
permanently tacky at room temperature. A bond with the receiving surface may
be formed by the application of pressure (e.g. by the finger or hand). A permanent
adhesive is characterized by relatively high ultimate adhesion and a removable
 adhesive by low ultimate adhesion. Until the time of application, the adhesive
surface should be covered by a suitable release coated paper.
Pressurized Groundwood Pulp (PGW)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating logs with steam before defibration against a
grindstone under externally applied pressure.
Printability
The overall performance of the paper on press.
Printing
The transfer of ink onto paper or other materials to reproduce words and images.
Pulp
A suspension of cellulose fibers in water.

Pulp

Pulp Board
Also known as Printers’ Board, this grade is made from a single web of pulp on a
paper making machine, and is produced in various substances. Used for index
cards and other general products, these boards may be white or colored.
Pulper
Unit for defibrating (slushing) pulps and paper machine broke, usually at the wet
end of the paper machine.
Puncture Resistance
The puncture resistance of combined board indicates the ability of the finished
container to withstand external and internal point pressure forces and to protect
the product during rough handling.

Rag
The term “rag” is often used interchangeably with “cotton fiber content” and
harkens to a period of time when paper was actually made using cotton rags
which were cleaned and then broken down into fibers which were then used to
manufacture paper. In a sense it could be stated that the fine paper business has
been engaged in recycling materials for production since its very beginning.
Today paper is no longer made from rags and the term “rag” is falling in disfavor
by the industry in lieu of the phrase “cotton fiber content”.
Rag Paper
Today rag paper is mostly made from vegetable fibers consisting of cellulose,
such as cotton, linen, hemp and ramie. Rags are the most precious raw material
for the papermaker. Rag papers and rag-containing papers with admixtures of
chemical pulp are used for banknotes, deeds, documents, books of account, maps
and copperplate engravings and as elegant writing papers. They are also used for
special technical applications.
Rag Pulp
Papermaking pulp made from textile waste, cotton, hemp or flax.
Ragger Rope
A rope used to remove contraries from the pulper.
Rattle
That combination of properties such as stiffness, density etc. which is responsible
for noise when the sheet is shaken or flexed.
Ream
500 Sheets of paper.
Recovered Paper
Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products. Recovered paper can be
collected from industrial sources (scraps, transport packaging, unsold
newspapers...) or from household collections (old newspapers and magazines,
household packaging).
Recovered Paper Grades
Recovered paper sorted by types in order to be recycled by paper mills. Specific
grades are used by paper mills, in order to produce different types of paper and
boards.
Recovery Boiler
Boiler used to burn black liquor from chemical pulping for recovery of inorganic
chemicals as well as for energy production.
Recovery Rate (Paper)
Amount of paper recovered as a percentage of amount of paper consumed.
Recovery Rate (Chemical)
Amount of chemical recovered in chemical recovery process as a percentage of
chemical used in pulping. Chemical loss is compensated my make up chemicals.
Rectifier Roll or Holey Roll
Hollow perforated roll in headbox used for even out the flow of fibers and prevent
settling of fibers in headbox by providing gentle agitation.
Recycled Fiber
Fiber obtained from recovered paper; also secondary fiber (cf. virgin fiber).
Recycled Fiber Pulp
Pulp produced from recovered paper to be used in papermaking.
Recycling
Use of recovered waste paper and board by paper mills to produce paper and
boards.
Reed
General name of various perennial plants; e.g. common reed, reed canary grass,
giant reed; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.
Reel
A continuous sheet of paper wound on a core.

Refiner
An equipment used to give mechanical treatment to the fibers.

Refiner Mechanical Pulp (RMP)

Mechanical pulp produced by passing wood chips between the plates of a refiner.
Refiner Sawdust Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced from sawmill dust.
Refining
Mechanical treatment of fibers to enhance bonding.
Reflectivity
Ability of paper or board to reflect light; a measure of gloss.
Refractiveness
A measure of how much a sheet of paper deflects the light that hits it. The more
light a sheet deflects, the greater its refractiveness, allowing a printed image to be
more brilliant and detailed.
Registration
Putting two or more images together so that they are exactly aligned and the
resulting image is sharp.
Reinforcement
Method for strengthening paper with an insert or surface layer of glass or other
synthetic fiber or metal .
Reinforcement Pulp
Softwood chemical pulp added to give paper greater strength and to improve
runnability on the paper machine or printing press.
Reject
Material removed and discarded during the cleaning and screening of pulp/stock.
Release Paper
Release paper is used to prevent the sticking of glue, paste or other adhesive
substances. Coating paper with silicone yields papers with a surface that prevents
adhesion of most substances. Application: cover material for self-adhesive papers
or films, e.g. in label production.
Relief
A method for printing ink on paper, using type or images that rise above the
surface of the printing plate. Ink sits on top of these raised surfaces, and as the
paper is pressed onto them it picks up ink. Letterpress, flexography, and rubber
stamps all use relief plates. In letterpress, intense pressure can cause images to be
slightly debossed or depressed below the surface of the paper.
Residual Fibers
Fibers derived from sawmills scraps, plywood plants and other timber
management activities.
Resilience
A paper's ability to return to its original form after being stretched, bent or
compressed during the printing and bindery process.
Retention
The amount of filler or other material which remain in the finished paper
expressed as a percentage that added to the furnish before sheet formation.
Retention can occur by various mechanisms. The simplest of these is mechanical
sieving by the forming fabric. Once a fiber mat begins to form, the mat itself
usually can act as a much more effective and finer sieve than the forming fabric.
But even then, particles less than about 10 micrometers in size are not effectively
retained by sieving. Rather, retention of fine particles requires the action of
colloidal forces, including polymeric bridging or a charged patch mechanism.
Retention aid chemicals can be effective either by attaching fine particles to fiber
 fines or fibers or by agglomerating them so that they can be sieved more
effectively.
Retention Aid
Chemical additives, especially high molecular weight copolymers of acrylamide,
designed to increase the retention efficiency of fine materials during paper
formation.
Rewinder
Equipment which slits and rewinds paper webs into smaller rolls.

Rice Paper
A common misnomer applied to lightweight Oriental papers. Rice alone cannot
produce a sheet of paper. Rice or wheat straw is used occasionally mixed with
other fibers in paper making. The name may be derived from the rice size (starch)
once used in Japanese papermaking
Ridges
Roll defect where there are raised bands or rings of material around the
circumference of the roll.
Ring Crush Test (RCT)
A test method for measuring the edgewise crush resistance by forming the paper
into a cylinder and applying a crushing force to the edge. (TAPPI T818)
Rising Film Evaporator
A type of tubular heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a
non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows upward on the heat
exchange surface; vaporization ' of the volatile solvent reduces the density of the
mixture and causes the vapour-liquid mixture to rise; commonly used in pulp
mills but less common in new installations.
Rod Coater
In rod coater, the rod is the metering device, which controls how much wet
coating is allowed to leave the coating station. Typically thirty times more will be
applied compared to the actual target coat weight.
Roe Number
Measure of the amount of chlorine required for bleaching pulp.
Roll Coating
A process in which the coating is applied by roll and subsequently smoothed by
means of reverse rolls contacting the freshly coated surface.
Roofing Paper
Board that is impregnated with tar, bitumen and/or natural asphalt.
Rosin
Rosin, a natural resin from pine trees in combination with alum, is used for
internal sizing of paper in acidic paper making. The chemical formula of rosin is
C19H29COOH.
Rosin Size
Partially or completely saponified (neutralized) rosin. The chemical formula of
rosin is C19H29CONa.
Rotogravure
The opposite of letterpress printing in that the design areas are recessed into the
plate instead of being a relief. It is web-fed and prints thin, quick drying ink to
produce multiple colors. Used in corrugated packaging.
Rough
Heavily textured surfaces produced by minimal pressing after sheet formation.
Rough Finish
Paper having an exceptionally rough or coarse textured surface.
Runnability
The ease with which a paper moves through a printing press or converting
machine. This is primarily determined by the paper's strength, tear resistance,
dimensional stability, bonding strength and water resistance

Sack
The term is used interchangeably with the word "bag" applied to a non-rigid
container made from paper or other flexible material.
Safety Paper
Papers with a special protection against abusive imitation. The safeguards used
during the production of the paper - some of them chemicals are secret.
Salt Cake
Or sodium sulfate added to the black liquor to compensate for the soda loss.
Sanitary Papers
The group of sanitary papers includes cellulose wadding, tissue and crepe paper,
made from waste paper and/or chemical pulp - also with admixtures of
mechanical pulp. As a consequence of the importance of tissue today, this name is
now used internationally as a collective term for sanitary papers. These grades are
 used to make toilet paper and numerous other sanitary products such as
handkerchiefs, kitchen wipes, towels and cosmetic tissues.
Sanitary Tissue Paper
Tissue is a sanitary paper made from chemical or waste paper pulp, sometimes
with the admixture of mechanical pulp. It has a closed structure and is only
slightly creped. It is so thin that it is hardly used in a single layer. Depending on
the requirements the number of layers is multiplied. Creping is made at a dryness
content of more than 90 %. The dry creping (unlike with sanitary crepe papers)
and the low grammage of a single tissue layer result in a high softness of the
tissue products. For consumer products it is normally combined in two or more
layers. The flexible and highly absorbent product [is mainly produced from
chemical pulp and/or DIP - sometimes also with admixture of groundwood pulp]
can also be provided with wet strength. Applications: facial tissues, paper
handkerchiefs, napkins, kitchen rolls, paper towels, toilet paper.
Sap Wood
The fluid part of the tree that moves up from the roots through the outer portion of
the trunk and branches and contributes to its growth.
Satin Finish
A smooth, satin-like, semi-glossy finish of paper or Bristol.
Save-All
Equipment used to reclaim fibers from white water.
Saw Dust
Fine wood particles created when sawing wood; used as biofuel, pulping raw
material, panel board production, animal litter etc.
Scaling
To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make folding
easier.
Score
To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make folding
easier.
Scott Bond
An internal bond test that measures the force needed to separate fibers within a
single ply by TAPPI method.
Screen
Device used to remove large solids particles such as fiber bundles and flakes from
stock. In good old days screen used to be open type and could deal with thin stock
only. Modern screen are closed (pressurized) and can handle low, medium and
even high consistency stock. Perforation in screen basket can be circular, counter
shrink or slotted. The screen used just before headbox not only remove large
particles but also align fibers in the direction of stock flow.
Scuff Resistance
Linerboard's ability to resist abrasion in the shipping environment may affect
external appearance.
Seam
The means of joining the two ends of the fabric together.
Secondary Fibers
 Fibers recovered from waste paper and utilized in making paper or paperboard.
Security paper
Paper which includes identification features such as metallic strips and
watermarks to assist in detecting fraud and to prevent counterfeiting.
Self Adhesive paper
Used essentially for labeling purposes, this grade has a self-adhesive coating on
one side and a surface suitable for printing on the other. The adhesive is protected
by a laminate which enables the sheet to be fed through printers or printing
machines, the laminate subsequently being stripped when the label is applied
Semi-Alkaline Pulp (SAP)
Sulfite pulp cooked at slightly alkaline pH (normal sulfite pulp is cooked at acid
pH). SAP is superior in strength to normal sulfite pulp. Used mainly in printing
papers.
Semi-Bleached Pulp
Pulp bleached to a brightness somewhere between that of unbleached and fully
bleached pulp.
Semi-chemical Pulp
Pulp produced by chemical treatment followed by mechanical treatment.
Sett
A number of units or bales picked up at the same time by crane or truck.
Shade
The color depth and hue in comparison to papers that are the same color; also
used to describe the color achieved by adding dye to pulp slurry. There is a wide
shade variety in white papers, as well as in colored papers.
Shadow Mark
A defect in paper appearance which looks like the drilling pattern in a suction roll.
It is due to opacity effects caused by areas of vacuum and pressure as the wet web
passes over a suction roll.
Shake
The device to shake the wire at the breast roll end from side to side.
Sheffield Porosity
A test used to measure the smoothness of paper by measuring the rate of air flow
over the surface of the sheet. The lower the number, the smoother the sheet.
Sheeter or Cutter
Machine for cutting the paper web into sheets.
Shives
Small bundles of fibers that have not been separated completely during pulping.
Show Through
The degree to which a printed film is visible through paper due to the low opacity
of the paper.

The undesirable condition in which the printing on the reverse side of a sheet can
be seen through the sheet under normal lighting conditions. The more opaque a
sheet, the less the show-through.

Showers
Water jets or sprays used throughout the pulp and paper mills to wash wire mesh
screen, forming wires, press felts, pulp mat, to dilute pulp etc.

High Pressure Showers A shower consisting of numerous needle jet nozzles

along its length at a pressure of up to 300 psi.

Lubrication Showers A shower consisting of fan nozzles along its length to

provide full coverage of the felts surface with water. This lubricates the felt as it
passes over the suction boxes.

Oscillation Showers The movement from side to side of the shower bar to ensure
full coverage of the felts surface by the water jets.

Side Run

(1) A narrow reel removed from a web during processing, the width of
which is less than the size ordered, but is large enough to permit its use for
purposes other than re-pulping.

(2) An additional part of an order placed in order to better utilize the

maximum trimmed machine width of the making machine.

Size Press
Section of paper machine where surface treatments are applied to the sheet of
paper to give it special qualities. Normally comprised of a pair of rolls towards
the end of the dryer train between which the dry or partially dry web is passed,
and into the nip of which a liquid, usually starch, is applied to impart strength to
the sheet. Sometimes a chemical may be added to produce a water-resistant sheet
Sized Paper
Sizing reduces the water absorbency of the paper and thus creates the condition
for the writability with ink. Sized paper is also used for many other purposes
(printing, coating, gluing, etc.), and the sizing agents must fulfill a wide range of
tasks. For instance, they control the water absorbency and increase the ability to
retain water and ink (pick resistance).
Sizing
 The treatment of paper which gives it resistance to the penetration of liquids
(particularly water) or vapors. Sizing improves ink holdout.
Slice
Outlet from the head box through which the pulp suspension is fed into the
forming section.
Slide Resistance
The ability of containers to resist sliding in unit loads can be predicted for the
coefficient of friction of the combined board. A low coefficient demonstrates
containers slipping from the load.
Slimes
Fungus or other bacteriological growth. If not controlled in papermaking system,
may cause process and quality problems.
Slime Holes
A hole in paper, characterized by brownish translucent material around the edges.
Caused by a lump of slime which has formed in stock system from the growth
microorganisms, then becoming detached and flowing onto the paper machine
wire with the fiber to form a non-fibrous area.
Slitter
Rotary knife used to slit or trim a paper web into specified width.
Slitting
Dividing a web of paper in the lengthwise direction into two or more narrower
webs.
Slowness
Measure of pulp drainage. Has an inverse relationship to freeness.
Sludge
The waste material left over after pulping and deinking. Although some sludge is
produced in the virgin papermaking process, far more is produced in the deinking
(recycling) process. Recycling breaks recovered paper down into fibers, which are
sent to the paper machine for new production, and other materials, which drop
into the sludge. These "other materials" include clay coatings, fillers from the
previous paper, paper clips and staples, fibers too short to be made into paper, ink
if it wasn't skimmed off in the deinking process, and any "junk" that crept into the
wastepaper bales.
Smelt
Inorganic chemicals obtained in molten form from the recovery furnace.
Smooth Finish
A highly calendered or machine-finished sheet.
Smoothness
The surface uniformity of paper. Sheets that are flat and even provide better ink
dot formation and sharper images.
Soda Pulping
An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulfur- free sodium hydroxide as
cooking liquor.
Soft Cook
Over-cooked pulp.
Soft Nip Calendar
 A machine device consisting of two or more pairs of steel and composition rolls;
it is designed to achieve much of the quality of a Supercalender, with much of the
production advantage of being on machine, but without the severe operating
difficulties of an on-machine Supercalender.
Softwood
Woods obtained from coniferous trees. Generally grown in cold climates.
Softwood grows slower than hardwood but have longer fibers compared to
hardwood.
Solid Fiberboard
Collective term for all solid board grades.
Specialty Paper
The group of specialty papers comprises numerous paper grades, each
characterized by particular properties. These properties often require special raw
materials.
Specialty Pulp
Chemical pulps used for purposes other than ordinary papermaking (e.g. in textile
production)
Specific Energy (Refining)
Energy applied per unit weight on oven dry basis (KWH/MT) during refining.
Specific Surface (Fiber)
Fiber surface area per unit weight (OD basis)
Specific Surface Load (Refining)
Specific edge load divided by refiner bar width factor (Watt-Sec/m2)
Speck
A small defect of foreign substance with contrasting appearance to the
surrounding paper.
Spent Liquor
Liquor recovered from cooked pulp.
Splice
Formed by overlapping webs and joining with a strip of double-faced adhesive
tape. Used for lighter-weight grades of paper.
Spread Coating
A method of coating a web of paper by means of a vertical plate restraining a
pond of viscous coating material, for example resins, plastics or adhesives, which
is drawn through an adjustable gap between the plate and the paper by the forward
movement of the web over a horizontal support
Stampers
The wooden hammers used in a watermill to pulp rags in order to separate the
fibers.
Standard Test Conditions
Atmospheric conditions of temperature and humidity in which laboratories agree
to conduct tests, eliminating those variables in comparing results.
Starch
A natural product from corn, potatoes, tapioca, etc., and used for dry strength.
Cationic starch is added at the paper machine wet end.
 Starch is a free flowing white powder. Typically, starch used in the paper industry
is extracted from maize kernels, wheat or potatoes; in rare cases, tapioca or rice
can be the source. Starches from the different plants each have a characteristic
granule size and shape.

Potato starch is often referred to as farina, and maize starch is sometimes called
corn. Native starch is sometimes called pearl starch.

Steam Finishing or Steam Calendering

A way of treating paper before calendering to improve its density and surface
smoothness
Steaming
Wood chips are often treated with steam prior to pulping; used in thermo-
mechanical pulping. Also injection of steam in direct or indirect cooking digester
for chip packing and or cooking.
Stencil
A sheet of plastic, paper, or other material with letters or an image cut out of it.
When placed on a surface and inked, it reproduces the cut-away images onto the
material behind it.
Stickies
Sticky materials in recycled papermaking pulp, often resulting from pressure-
sensitive labels.
Stiffness
The ability of paper or paperboard to resist an applied bending force and to
support its own weight while being handled. A sheet that is too limp can cause
feeding and transport problems in copiers and printers. An adequate degree of
stiffness is important to avoid distortion of the paper due to the pull of ink during
offset printing. Stiffness is critical to many converting operations for forms and
envelope grades.
Stock
 A term used to define pulp after mechanical (refining or beating) and /or chemical
treatment (sizing, loading, dying etc.) in the paper making process. A pulp ready
to make paper.
Stock Preparation
Collective term for all treatment necessary for the preparation of the stock before
it reaches the paper machine.
Straw Pulp
Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It is cooked by soda
process.
Strawboard
Board made from partially cooked straw, bagasse or grass or a mixture of these.
Stretch
The maximum tensile strain developed in paper before rupture. The stretch or
percentage elongation is expressed as a percentage.
Strike-through
The penetration of ink through paper.
Substrate
The base material on which a substance (such as ink, adhesive, coating) is applied.
Suction Box (Vacuum Box)
Device that removes water from the paper machine by a suction action located
beneath the wire at the wet end.

Sulfate Pulping
Alkaline process of cooking pulp.
Sulfite Pulping
Acid process of cooking pulp
Supercalender
A stack of alternating steel and fiber-covered rolls at the end of the paper machine
which is used to increase a sheet's gloss and smoothness.
Supercalendering
Treatment of paper on an off-machine supercalender to improve smoothness and
gloss.
Surface-Sized
Paper that has been treated with starch or other sizing material at the size press of
the paper machine. This term is used interchangeably with the term "tub-sized",
although tub-size more properly refers to surface sizing applied as a separate
operation where the paper is immersed in a tub of sizing (starch or glue), after
which it passes between squeeze rolls and is air dried.
Surface Roughness
For coated boards, Parker Print Surf (PPS) roughness tester is used where the test
result is expressed as an average of the surface profiles in micrometers (mm) low
results show smooth surface while high results indicate poor surface.
For coated board, Bendtsen method readings given as total leakage of air in
ml/min. Smoother surface has lower readings
Surface Smoothness
The smoothness of the linerboard surface may affect printing quality because
slight depressions may not receive complete ink coverage. Surface smoothness
may also affect the coefficient of friction, gloss and coating absorption.
Surface Strength Test
The method consists of printing a strip of paper in a print tester at an accelerating
rate. The method is preferable to Wax Pick.
Swelling
An increase in volume of fiber due to the absorption of liquid.
Synthetic Fiber Paper
Papers made from synthetic fibers such as polyamide and polyester, from viscose
staple fiber or sometimes also with fillers. The fibers are mainly held together by
binders. The durable synthetic fiber papers are used for maps and highly
important documents such as driving licenses or vehicle registration books.

T4S
Abbreviation indicating that the paper has been guillotine trimmed on all four
sides. Literal translation: trimmed four sides.
Table Roll
The small diameter rolls used to support the wire.
Tack or Stickiness
Tack is a critical property of the ink used in lithography. Because the ink sits on a
flat surface, it needs internal cohesion; in other words, it needs to stick to itself so
that it doesn't run all over the plate. However, too much tack can cause it to pull
the paper apart.

When printing two or more ink colors in line, the ink tack and sequence must be
adjusted in order for the inks to adhere to each other as well as to the paper.

Tag Paper
A heavy utility grade of paper used to print tags, such as the store tags on clothing.
Tag paper must be strong and durable, yet have good affinity for printing inks.
Talc
Mineral used in papermaking as a filler and coating pigment.
Tear Index
Tear index = tearing resistance/basis weight.
Tear Resistance
The mean force required to continue the tearing of paper from an initial cut under
standardized conditions.
Tear Strength
A measure of how likely a paper will continue to tear once started. Tear strength
will differ with and against the grain.
Tensile Energy Absorption (TEA)
It is the work done when a paper specimen is stressed to rupture in tension under
prescribed conditions as measured by the integral of tensile strength over the
range of tensile strain from 0 to maximum.
Tensile Index
Tensile index = tensile strength (N/m) /basis weight (g/m2).
Tensile Strength
A measure of how likely a paper is to break when pulled at opposite ends. This is
very important when running through high-speed web presses.
Testliner
 Mainly produced from waste paper used as even facing for corrugated board or as
liner of solid board. They are often produced as duplex (two-layer) paper. The
grammage is higher than 125 gsm.
Text Paper
Text papers are defined as fine, high quality uncoated papers. Typically, they are
made in various colors, with numerous textures and a variety of surface finishes.
Text papers are made from high-grade bleached wood pulp, cotton fibers, or tree-
free pulp such as bamboo. Recycled sheets include high quality recycled waste
paper and post-consumer waste pulp, in addition to bleached wood pulp, tree-free
pulp or cotton fibers.
Thermal Paper
Any paper with a heat-sensitive coating on which an image can be produced by
the application of heat.
Thermal Transfer Printing
Printing whereby a design image is first printed on heat transfer paper using inks
with sublimable dispersed dyes.
Thermo Mechanical Pulping (TMP)
Mechanical pulp made by steaming wood chips under pressure prior to and during
refining, producing a higher yield and stronger pulp than regular stone
groundwood or regular refiner wood pulp.
Thin Paper
Includes carbonizing, cigarette, bible, air mail and similar papers.
Thinning
A practice in which certain trees are removed from a dense stand to allow the
remaining trees adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to grow at an even rate.
Tint
To vary a color by adding white. Also, a very light or delicate variation of a color.
Tissue
A low weights and thin sheet. Normally a paper sheet weighing less than 40 gram
per meter square is called tissue.

At-Home products: Also known as Consumer Products, these are the tissue
products you purchase in the grocery store and convenience store for use in your
home and include toilet paper and facial tissue, napkins and paper towels, and
other special sanitary papers.

Away-from-Home products: Also known as Commercial & Industrial Tissue,

these are the products that serve markets such as hospitals, restaurants, businesses,
institutions, and janitorial supply firms.

Specialty: These types of tissue papers are often high-end, decorative papers that
are glazed, unglazed, or creped, and include wrapping tissue for gifts and dry
cleaning, as well as crepe paper for decorating.

Facial tissue: The class of soft, absorbent papers in the sanitary tissue group.
Originally used for removal of creams, oil, and so on, from the skin, it is now
 used in large volume for packaged facial tissue, toilet paper, paper napkins,
professional towels, industrial wipes, and for hospital items. Most facial tissue is
made of bleached sulfite or sulfate pulp, sometimes mixed with bleached and
mechanical pulp, on a single-cylinder or Fourdrinier machine. Desirable
characteristics are softness, strength, and freedom from lint.

Titanium Dioxide
An opaque and expensive compound used as a white pigment and opacifier in
papermaking. Elemental titanium is a lustrous, lightweight, white metal with
exceptional strength.
Tolerance
Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.
Ton on Tonne
Metric ton or Metric Tonne is equal to 1000 Kgs. or 2240 lbs. English tons are as
defined. Long Ton = 2240 lbs is similar to metric ton. Standard English ton is
2200 lbs. Short ton is 2000 lbs.
Top Side
Side of the paper opposite to the wire side.
Total Alkali
NaOH + Na2S + Na2CO3 + 0.5*Na2SO3 all expressed as Na2O in alkaline pulping
liquor.
Totally Chlorine Free (TCF)
Totally chlorine free applies to virgin fiber papers that are unbleached or
processed with a sequence that includes no chlorine or chlorine derivatives. (Also
see ECF)
Translucency
The ability to transmit light without being transparent.
Translucent Drawing Paper
A paper suitable for drawing office use; sufficiently translucent for an image on it
to be reproduced by processes using transmitted light and for a design to be traced
on it from an original placed beneath it. Such processes include blueprint and
diazo.
Transparency
Ability of paper to allow light rays to pass through so that objects behind it can be
clearly seen.
Transparent Paper
Extended and particularly careful grinding of high quality fibers (hard chemical
pulps, rags) yields a raw material permitting the production of transparent paper.
Treated Paper
Papers which have functional characteristics added through special treatment.
Among the most common are insect resistant, mold resistant, clay coated, and
flame retardant.
Trim
To cut true to exact size, by cutting away the edges of paper in the web or sheet.
Tub Sizing
 The operation of surface sizing paper by passing it through a bath of a suitable
solution such as gelatin.
Tube Digester
Single or multi-tube continuous digester; used mainly in nonwood pulping and
sawdust pulping purposes; horizontal tubes.
Twin-wire Machine
A papermaking machine with two continuous forming wires, rather than just one.
Twin-wires were designed to create a less two-sided paper than paper
manufactured on a Fourdrinier paper machine.

Other techniques for reducing two-sidedness have since been developed, enabling
paper manufacturers to create paper on single-wire machines with little side-to-
side variation.

Two Parallel Fold

An excellent fold for legal size (or larger) pieces that are to be mailed. A legal
sheet (8.5" x 14") is folded to 3.5" x 8.5". A 9" x 16" sheet produces a 4" x 9",
four panel brochure. Note: A perforation added at one of the folds can create a
three panel brochure with detachable reply card. For picture of this type and other
fold please visit http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Two-Sidedness
The property denoting a difference in appearance and printability between its top
(felt) and wire sides.

Union Kraft
A packaging material comprising two layers of Kraft paper bonded together by
means of a laminate that is resistant to the transmission of water in liquid or vapor
form. E.g. bitumen or plastic.
Unglazed Paper
Un-calendered paper.
Un-sized Paper
A paper which has not been sized.
Urban Forest
A description of towns and cities which are the source of wastepaper as one of the
raw materials used for paper making.
Urban Wood
Used pallets, wooden shipping crates and clean construction wood diverted from
the waste stream and chipped for use in making particleboard and medium density
board.
UV Coating
A very glossy, slick coating applied to the printed paper surface and dried on
press with ultraviolet (UV) light. UV coating can cause slight variations in match
colors, so consult an ink manufacturer or printer for best results.
UV Ink
 An ink specially formulated to dry quickly with ultraviolet light while still on
press. Fast UV drying eliminates the need to wait for the first side to dry before
printing the second side.

V Fold
V-fold has one fold which creates two panels.
Vacuum Box
See Suction Box
Vacuum Pickup
Transfer of paper from wire to press felt using a perforated vacuum roll.
Vapor Phase Pulping
Cooking impregnated chips predominately in a vapor phase.
Vaporproof Paper
Paper or paperboard that has been chemically treated or laminated with vapor
barrier so that it will resist the passage of gases or vapor through it. It is typically
used for food packaging.
Vat Machine
A paper or board making machine comprising one open ended cylinder, or more
than one open ended cylinder in series, covered with fine mesh wire, which
revolves in a vat of stock. Water draining through the wire leaves a mat of fibers
on its surface and the ultimate thickness of the product may be determined by the
number of cylinders used. The resultant web is removed from the last cylinder and
then passed through conventional pressing and drying sections.
Vat Paper
Paper made, usually one sheet at a time by dipping special wire screen molds in
vats of pulp stock and allowing water to drain away by gravity.
Vehicle
The liquid part of the ink, giving it the flow properties that enable it to be applied
to a surface.
Vegetable Parchment
Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulfuric acid, a continuous texture. It
offers high resistance to disintegration by water and grease.
Veining
Uneven coloring of pulp.
Vellum Paper
(1) Paper finish that exhibits a toothy surface similar to eggshell or antique and is
relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.
(2) A high-grade paper made to resemble parchments originally made from calf’s
skin.
(3) Social and personal stationery is often called vellum.
Vented Nip Press
A radial groove bottom press roll whose purpose is to reduce the fluid pressure
gradient within the nip of the press by providing an area to escape for the water
pressed out of paper and felt. Blind drilled roll also used for same purpose.
Verdol Paper
A high strength rigid paperboard or pressboard made typically from jute fibers. It
is also known as jacquard board.
Virgin Fiber
Fiber that has never been used before in the manufacture of paper or other
products.
Virgin forest
Forest in its natural state, untouched by man.
Viscose Pulp
Dissolving pulp intended for the manufacture of viscose.
Viscosity (ink)
A measurement of the fluidity of ink. A higher viscosity is the thicker, and the
lower viscosity is thinner.
Vulcanizing
A process to convert paper and paperboard in to a dense, hard, high strength paper
by treating it with Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) which
gelatinizes the surface cellulose.

Wadding
Single or multi-ply, loosely matted fiber sheet made from chemical pulp. Used in
packaging, thermal and acoustical applications and as a cushioning medium.
Wall Paper
A paper used for wall covering. Also known as hanging paper.
Warp
The machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen etc.) See
also weft
Washing
A process of separating spent cooking or bleaching chemicals from pulp fibers.
Wash Press
One type of pulp washer; uses pressing action for dewatering and displacement.
Washi
Japanese handmade paper. For more detail, please visit
Washing Deinking
Deinking in which solid particles are separated on the basis of their size by
washing. Also see Flotation Deinking and Combination Deinking.
Water-Color Paper
A medium weight, hard sized, coarse surface paper, suitable for painting with
water based colors.
Waste Paper
All kind of used paper or paper discarded or not considered fit for a particular use.
Water Finished Paper
A high glazed paper produced by moistening the sheet with water or steam during
calendering.
Water Resistant Paper
 Paper which has been impregnated, coated or laminated to resist the penetration
of water.
Water Retention Value (WRV)
The water retention value test provides an indication of fibers' ability to take up
water and swell. The WRV is also highly correlated to the bonding ability of kraft
fibers.
Water Vapor Transmission
The rate of water vapor transmission through containerboard indicates the ability
of the finished container to protect its contents from undesirable effects of high
humidly or moisture loss of the product.
Waterleaf
A paper with little or no sizing, like blotter, making it very absorbent If
dampening is desired, this paper can be sprayed with an atomizer.
Watermark
The image impressed into the formation of paper by the dandy roll on the wet end
of the paper machine; can be seen by holding the watermarked sheet up to the
light. Can be either a wire mark or a shaded image.
Waviness
A form of paper curl resulting when the sheet edges in the pile absorb moisture
that the center of the pile cannot absorb; or the sheet edges surrendering moisture
while the center remains moist.
Wavy Edges
Warping effect in paper that is the result of the edges of the sheet having picked
up moisture and expanded. Will normally happen only in a pile that prevents the
center of the sheets from picking up the same amount of moisture and leveling out
or cockling. It is usually a warm weather problem caused by improper balance
between moisture content of the paper or too high humidity in the air.
Wax Pick
A process that measures the ability of inks to pick fibers or particles from the
surface of paper as a manner of testing the surface strength of paper stocks.
Waxed Paper
Nearly woodfree papers that are impregnated with paraffin, wax or
wax/paraffin/plastic mixtures. With the appropriate saturation agent and process
the product may be tailored for specific applications, e.g. packaging of bread or
sweets or wrapping razor blades.
Waxing
Coating or impregnating of paper or board with paraffin or wax.
Web
Term used for the full width of the paper sheet in the process of being formed,
pressed, dried, finished and/or converted.
Web Break
A tear in a web during the printing process.
Weft
The cross machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen etc.).
See also warp
Wet Break
 A paper break at the wet end (on wire or press) during papermaking process.
Wet End
First part of the paper machine consisting of wire part and press part.
Wet End Chemical Additives
Chemical additives added with the stock at the wet end. Following are some of
the wet end additives.
Additives Application
Acids and bases To control pH
Control pH
Improves Retention
Alum
Attach additives on fibers
Part of Rosin-alum sizing
Coloring chemical (dyes
Impart desired color
& pigments)
Defoamers Kill/control foam to improve drainage & retention
Drainage Aids Improve drainage (water removal) at wire/press.
Dry Strength Additives
Improves burst, tensile, pick resistance etc.
(Starches, Gum)
Fiber Deflocculants Reduce fiber flocculation and thus improve formation
Filler (clay, CaCO3, TiO2
Improve opacity, printing, surface smoothness etc.
etc.)
Optical Brighteners Improve optical brightness
Pitch Control Prevent deposition & accumulation of pitch
Retention Aids Improves retention of fibers and fillers
Sizing Chemical
To control liquid (water, ink etc.) penetration
( rosin, ASA etc.)
Slimicides Control slime growth and other organisms
Corrosion Inhibitors
Flame Proofing
Specialty Chemicals
Anti-tarnish

Wet Strength Resin To impart wet strength to such papers as coffee filter

Wet Lap Machine

Paper machine consisting essentially of a wire covered cylinder rotating in a vat
of pulp stock on which a mat of varying thickness is formed by drainage. These
mats are removed either intermittently in thick sheets called laps, or continuously.
Wet Strength Paper
A chemically treated paper strong enough to withstand tear, rupture or falling
apart when saturated with water.
Wet Tensile Strength
The measure of the force necessary to break a one inch strip if paper after it has
been immersed in water.
Wetting Agent
 Substance that increases the wettability of a surface for a liquid.
White Liquor
White liquor is the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide & sodium sulfide used
as the cooking liquor in Kraft pulping.
White Top Liner
A two-ply sheet comprised of one bleached and one unbleached layer.
White Water
The filtrate from the wet end of the paper machine.
White Water System
Flow circuit for paper machine white water (includes pipes, storage tanks,
cleaning equipment, water from forming section and return feed). Click to see
Picture 1 2
Whiteness
Whiteness of pulp and paper is generally indicated by its brightness, which is the
reflectance of a wavelength of blue light. So-called white papers have a definite
hue. Most are made with a blue white tint.
Whole Tree Chip
Wood chips produced by chipping whole trees, usually in the forest. Thus the
chips contain both bark and wood. They are frequently produced from the low-
quality trees or from tops, limbs, and other logging residues.
Wicking
The bleeding of ink from the ink jet printing process into unwanted areas of the
paper, causing a blurring effect of the printed character or image.
Winder, Rewinder
Machine for cutting the paper web longitudinally into narrower webs, which are
then wound to reels; also slitter-winder
Winding
Operation whereby a web of paper or board is wound into one or more reels.
Wire or Machine Wire
The moving "screen" at the wet end of a paper machine where the sheet is formed.
Wire Guide Roll
The small diameter roll used for guiding (keeping on track) the wire. One end of
the roll is adjusted to compensate any misalignment.
Wire Return Roll (s)
The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast roll) of the
wire.
Wire Mark
On the bottom or wire side of the paper, these are impressed traces of the machine
wire.
Wire Side
The side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from the felt or top
side; usually not as smooth as the felt or topside.
Wire Tension Roll
The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast roll) of the
wire to adjust the tension of the wire.
Wood-Free
 Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.
Wood Free Paper
Paper made without mechanical wood pulp.
Wood Pulp
Mechanical or chemical pulp made from wood (cf. Non-wood pulp).
Wove
The Paper having a uniform surface and no discernible marks. Soft, smooth finish,
most widely used writing, printing, book and envelope paper. Relatively low
opacity, brightness and bulk.
Wrapper
The materials, consisting usually of paper or paperboard, sometimes with
treatment for moisture barrier properties, which are used to protect the roll or pile
form damage.
Wrinkle
Blade Wrinkle: Blade coating defect, an irregular line on the coated surface,
essentially in the machine direction.
Winder Wrinkle: Ridges at an angle to the machine direction, caused by hard
sport in the reel.
Writing Paper
Uncoated paper that is suitable for writing with ink on both sides. The writing
must neither bleed nor strike through. Writing paper is always fully sized and also
suitable for printing. It can be woodfree or mechanical, depending on the intended
purpose. The admixture of fillers makes it less translucent.

Xerography
The printing process used by photocopying machines. Electric charge creates the
image on an eloctro-photographic surface that works as a plate. This surface is
cleared after each copy is made, and used over again for the next copy. For
detailed characteristics paper requirement of Xerographic Machine, please visit
Paper Needs of Xerographic Machines (A Summary) by Chuck Green
Xylan
A type of hemi-cellulose in wood. Yellow, water-soluble, gummy polysaccharide
found in plant (e.g. hardwood or cereal straws) cell walls; main structural
components are xylose and other pentoses; yields xylose and other pentoses upon
hydrolysis.
Xylanase
Enzyme used for hydrolysis of xylan in pulp bleaching.

Yankee Machine
A type of Fourdrinier paper machine employing a single dryer of large
circumference with highly polished surface.
Yellowing
Or brightness reversion is the discoloration of white paper primarily due to aging.
Yield
Ratio of product output and raw material input, expressed in percentage.

Z-Direction
The direction perpendicular to the plane of a sheet of paper.
Z-Direction Tensile Strength
The tensile strength measured in Z-direction.
Zero (Effluent) Discharge
No effluent discharge from pulp & papermaking plant.
Z-Fold
A paper fold represented by back and forth folds into three panels.
Zig Zag Folding
Folding used with continuous forms with alternating position (head and foot).
Commonly used to convert roll paper to easily managed flat-back.