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All consonants can be used to represent the final consonants but there are only 7 consonants sounds
which occur at the end of a syllable. They are [ㄱ,ㄴ,ㄷ,ㄹ,ㅁ,ㅂ,ㅇ]. If the other consonants come at
the end of a syllable, the sound of the final consonant is changed into one of 7 consonants.
1) ㄱ, ㄲ, ㅋ [ -k ] 각, 밖, 부엌, 곡, 국, 독, 복, 닦
2) ㄴ [ -n ] 눈, 언니, 한국, 논, 단, 돈, 문, 분
3) ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ [ -t ] 듣다, 있다, 밑, 곧, 웃, 닻, 솥, 낫, 낮, 낯
4) ㄹ [ -l ] 쌀, 가을, 딸기, 길, 실, 말, 글, 잘
5) ㅁ [ -m ] 봄, 김치, 남산, 감, 담, 밤, 솜, 김
6) ㅂ, ㅍ [ -p ] 밥, 입, 잎, 답, 법, 삽, 숲, 앞
7) ㅇ [-ng ] 강, 종이, 공항, 방, 상, 종, 콩, 통
It is possible to have a syllable with two consonant letters filling the final position. They may be two
different consonants letters. Some reduce to the first consonant, some to the last.
1) ㄳ [ -k ] 몫, 몫이
2) ㄵ [ -n ] 앉다, 앉으십시오
3) ㄶ [ -n ] 않다, 많다, 많아요
4) ㄺ [ -k ] 흙, 읽다, 읽으십시오
5) ㄻ [ -l/m ] 젊다, 삶다, 젊어, 삶아
6) ㄼ [ -l/p ] 여덟, 넓다, 밟다, 넓어, 밟아
7) ㄽ [ -l ] 외곬, 외곬으로
8) ㄾ [ -l ] 핥다, 핥아
9) ㄿ [ -p ] 읊다, 읊어
10) ㅀ [ -l ] 잃다, 잃어버리다
11) ㅄ [ -p ] 없다, 없어지다
If the Patchim is the final consonant of a word or it appears before another consonant, the Patchim has
to be pronounced as one of the seven representative sounds -[ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅇ]
/ㅍ/ → [ㅂ]
/ㅋ/ → [ㄱ]
The representative sound of the Patchim /ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ/ is [ㄷ] for consonants at the end of
words or in front of consonants of following syllables.
/ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ/ → [ㄷ]
If a complex Patchim is the final consonant of a word or appears before a consonant, of the next the
syllable complex Patchim is pronounced as one of the two consonant. In front of a vowel, however,
the first consonant of the syllable which has the complex Patchim and the second one is pronounced
as the first sound of the following syllable.
소리이음(Liaison)
In cases where a syllable has 'Patchim'(final consonant), and the first sound of the following syllable
with a vowel, the 'Patchim'(final consonant) is pronounced as the first sound of the following syllable.
If the Patchim /ㅎ/(ㄶ, ㅀ) is followed by a voiced sound, the /ㅎ/ is almost reduced.
In case where the Patchim /ㅎ/ is followed by /ㄴ/, the /ㅎ/ is pronounced [ㄴ]
When a syllable has a the Patchim(final consonant) /ㄱ/ and the first sound of the following syllable is
a nasal sound /ㄴ/ or /ㅁ/, Patchim /ㄱ/ is pronounced as the nasal sound /ㅇ/ under the influence of
the following sounds /ㄴ, ㅁ/.
When a syllable has a the Patchim(final consonant) /ㅂ/ and the first sound of the following syllable is
a nasal sound /ㄴ/ or /ㅁ/, Patchim /ㅂ/ is pronounced as the nasal sound /ㅁ/ under the influence of
the following sounds /ㄴ, ㅁ/.
When /ㅎ/ is placed before or after /ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ/, the sounds of /ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ/ changed to the aspirated
sounds /ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ/
When /ㅎ/ is placed in front of /ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ/, the sounds of /ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ/ changed to the aspirated
sounds /ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅊ/ by mixing with /ㅎ/
/ㅎ/ + /ㄱ/ → [ㅋ]
/ㅎ/ + /ㄷ/ → [ㅌ]
/ㅎ/ + /ㅈ/ → [ㅊ]
/ㄲ/ The sound of /ㄲ/ is [k‘] for the first sound of a syllable, while its sound is [k] for final
consonants in words or in front of a consonants.
꼬마가 토끼 꿈을 꿉니다.
아버지는 밖에서 잔디를 깎습니다.
/ㄸ/ For the first sound of a syllable, the sound of /ㄸ/ is [tʼ].
제 동생은 참 똑똑합니다.
동전이 땅에 또 떨어집니다.
/ㅃ/ The sound /ㅃ/ is [pʼ] for the first sound of a syllable.
빨래가 빨리 마릅니다.
그 양은 뿔이 참 예뻤습니다.
/ㅆ/ The sound of /ㅆ/ is [s‘] for the first sound of a syllable, while in front of a consonants, its sound
is [t].
쌀 값이 비싸지 않습니다.
쌍둥이 형제가 쓰레기통을 같이 씁니다.
/ㅉ/ The sound /ㅉ/ is [tsʼ] for the first sound of a syllable.
짜다 [tsʼada], 찍다 [tsʼiktʼa], 찌르다 [tsʼirɨda], 일찍 [iltsʼik], 쪽지 [tsʼoktsʼi], 짝사랑
[tsʼaksʼɧ]
비빔밥이 조금 짭니다.
저쪽으로 가서 사진을 함께 찍읍시다.
된소리 되기 (Tensification)
In cases where a syllable ends with [ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ] and the first sound of the following syllable is /ㄱ/,
the latter /ㄱ/ is pronounced as the tensed sound [ㄲ].
And if the first sound /ㄱ/ in a verb-ending, follows either of the Patchim /ㄴ, ㅁ/ of a verb-stem, it is
also pronounced /ㄲ/.
When a syllable sound ends with [ㄱ,ㄷ,ㅂ] and the following syllable begins with /ㅅ/, the sound of /
ㅅ/ changes to the tensed sound [ㅆ].
In addition, in case where a word is derived from Chinesse, /ㅅ/ which follows Patchim /ㄹ/ is also
pronounced [ㅆ].
말살(抹殺) [말쌀] 일제시대에 일본은 민족말살정책을 펼쳤다.
일시(一時) [일씨] 어려움이 일시에 해결되었다.
몰상식(沒常識) [몰상씩] 학교에서 가끔 몰상식한 일들이 일어났다.
When a syllable sound ends with [ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ] and the following syllable begins with /ㄷ/, the sound
of /ㄷ/ changes to the tensed sound [ㄸ].
In addition, in case where a word is drived from Chinese, /ㄷ/ which follows Patchim /ㄹ/ is also
pronounced [ㄸ].
When a syllable sound ends with [ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ] and the following syllable begins with /ㅈ/, the sound
of /ㅈ/ changes to the tensed sound [ㅉ].
In addition, in case where a word is drived from Chinese, /ㅈ/ which follows Patchim /ㄹ/ is also
pronounced [ㅉ].
갈증(渴症) [갈쯩] 더운 날씨에 갈증이 심해진다.
물질(物質) [물찔] 물질보다 정신이 중요하다.
발전(發展) [발쩐] 한국의 발전은 놀랍다.
When a syllable sound ends with [ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ] and the following syllable begins with /ㅂ/, the sound
of /ㅂ/ changes to the tensed sound [ㅃ].
/ㅊ/ /ㅊ/ is a sound made by compounding /ㅈ/ and /ㅎ/. For the first sound of a syllable, its sound is
[tsʰ], and as the final consonant of a word or in front of a consonant, its sound is [t].
/ㅋ/ /ㅋ/ is a sound made by compounding /ㄱ/ and /ㅎ/. For the first sound of a syllable, its sound is
[kʰ], and as the final consonant of a word or in front of a consonant, its sound is [k].
/ㅌ/ /ㅌ/ is a sound made by compounding /ㄷ/ and /ㅎ/. For the first sound of a syllable, its sound is
[tʰ], and as the final consonant of a word or in front of a consonant, its sound is [t].
/ㅍ/ /ㅍ/ is a sound made by compounding /ㅂ/ and /ㅎ/. For the first sound of a syllable, its sound is
[pʰ], and as the final consonant of a word or in front of a consonant, its sound is [p].
The syllable-final consonants /ㄷ, ㅌ/, changed to the palatal sounds [ㅈ, ㅊ] in real pronounciation,
if the following syllable begins with the vowel /ㅣ/.
맏이 [마지] 저는 맏이입니다.
해돋이 [해도지] 해돋이가 멋있습니다.
같이 [가치] 같이 갈까요?
끝이 [끄치] 바다는 끝이 없습니다.
햇볕이 [핻벼치] 햇볕이 따뜻합니다.