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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes and discuss how the researchers gathered the

necessary data and information that used in the entire study. This shows the

research design, population and sampling, respondents of the study, data-

gathering procedure, instrumentation, validation of the instrument, ethical

consideration and treatment of quantitative data.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive method of research because it seeks to

determine through an evaluation process, the respondents level of awareness to

the 4Ps program.

According to Calderon (2012) descriptive method involves the description,

recording, analysis and interpretation of the present nature, composition or

processes of phenomena which focuses on prevailing conditions, or how a

person, group or thing behaves or functions in the present. It often involves some

type of comparison or contrast. In other words, descriptive research maybe

defined as a purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating

data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends and cause
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effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about

such data with or without the aid of statistical methods.

Descriptive research is a purposive process, classifying and tabulating

data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processed and cause-effect

relationship in order to answer question about current status or topic of the study.

It uses formal instruments to study preferences, attitudes, concerns, or interest

and satisfaction of a sample.

Therefore, this method is absolutely appropriate since the focus of the

study is based on the level of awareness of the beneficiaries on its program.

For primary data, basic information about the respondents, the personal

profile was included and for rating their responses, a Likert’s scale was used.

For secondary data, these were obtained through documentary analysis

with the use of pertinent published books, foreign and local literatures, related

studies and other relevant documents.

This strategy was considered by the researchers as the most appropriate

method for this study as it aimed to know the level of awareness of the 4Ps

beneficiaries to the program.

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Population and Sampling

There is no sampling technique used to the study because the study used

total population to gather the necessary information. On the other hand, the total

population of beneficiaries in Barangay Masili, Calamba City, Laguna is equal to

108.

Respondents of the Study

The research respondents are the 4Ps beneficiaries from Brgy. Masili,

Calamba City. There are 108 respondents in this study with different

demographic profile. The researchers determine the total number of 4Ps

beneficiaries in Brgy. Masili by asking the Barangay Chairman. The Barangay

Chairman instructed the researchers to go to the Barangay Secretary to have the

list of 4Ps beneficiaries.

Data-gathering procedure

The researchers secured a permission from the Barangay Captain of

Barangay Masili to conduct a research and asked the secretary to have a list of

the beneficiaries in the said barangay. The secretary is also one of the parent

leader of 4Ps in Barangay Masili. She accompanied the researchers to conduct a

survey.
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Instrumentation

The research instrument used in this study is a survey questionnaire. A

questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of series of questions and other

prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.

The survey questionnaire was approved by the research adviser and

anchored to the study’s theoretical framework. The researchers used the Likert

scale in survey questionnaire with the level of awareness; 1 – Highly not aware; 2

– Not aware; 3 – Aware; 4 – Highly aware.

Validation of the Instrument

The researcher asked two research instructors from Laguna State

Polytechnic University and one teacher from Saint Benilde International School to

validate the entire questionnaire. The researchers still ask the validator to

validate the questionnaire even it is already used in other studies. The first part of

the questionnaire consist of questions about the demographic profile of the

respondents in term of age, highest educational attainment, source of income,

number of children and years as beneficiary. The second part of the

questionnaire consist of: History (3 questions), Objectives of the program (3

questions), Selection and qualifications of the beneficiaries (5 questions),

Benefits of the program (4 questions), Conditions of the program (3 questions)

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and Effects of the program (4 questions).

Ethical Consideration

The following ethical guidelines were put into place for the research period:

1. The dignity and well being of the 4Ps beneficiaries was protected at all times.

2. The research data will be remained confidential throughout the study and the

researcher obtained permission from the Regional Social Services Department to

use 4Ps beneficiaries as the primary subject matter.

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Treatment of Quantitative Data

To achieve the fundamental thrust of the study, the following statistical

tools were utilized for quantitative data analysis.

1. The mean and the 4 point Likert scale was used to identify the level of

awareness of 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) beneficiaries in

Barangay Masili, Calamba CIty, Laguna.

Scale Verbal Interpretation

43.50-4.00 Highly Aware

2.50-3.49 Aware

2.50-3.49 Not Aware

11.00-1.49 Highly Not Aware

The following are the statistical tool that used in the study together with

corresponding formula:

1. The profile of the respondents was determined by using percentage.

Percentage

P= X 100
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Where:

P= percentage

F= frequency

N= total population of the respondents

2. The process of finding the “weighted mean” which is referred to as the

central tendency was used the formula given below:

3. Anova

Where,
F = Anova Coefficient
MST = Mean sum of squares due to treatment
MSE = Mean sum of squares due to error.
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Where,

SST = Sum of squares due to treatment

p = Total number of populations

n = The total number of samples in a population.

Where,

SSE = Sum of squares due to error

S = Standard deviation of the samples

N = Total number of observations.

Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is strong statistical technique that is used

to show difference between two or more means or components through

significance tests. It also shows us a way to make multiple comparisons of

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several population means. The Anova test is performed by comparing two types

of variation, the variation between the sample means, as well as the variation

within each of the samples.