I8J

.I WITH
CONSTRUCTION
HOLLOW STEEL

SECTIONS

Edited by: Comite International pour Ie Developpement et l'Etude

de la Construction Tubulaire
Authors: Bergmann, Reinhard, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany
Matsui, Chiaki, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Meinsma, Christoph, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany
Dutta, Dipak, Technical Commission of Cidect
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-Design guide for circular and rectangular hollow section joints under fatigue loading (in

preparation)
By means of these design guides CIDECT likes to inform and enlighten the architects,

constructors and designers as well as the professors and students of the technical

universities and engineering schools about the latest developments of design and

construction with hollow sections.

We are thankful to the two well known experts in the field of composite structures -

Dr. Reinhard Bergmann, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, and Prof. Chiaki Matsui,

Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, -whose collaboration made this design guide possible.

Further, we acknowledge gratefully the support of the CIDECT member firms.

Dipak Dutta

Technical Commission

CIDECT

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 Concrete filling procedure of structural hollow section columns on site.

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simplification as EC4. As the Australian design method for steel structures uses different
Column Curves than the European ones, it might be that these curves will also be the basis
for the design of composite columns. Fig. 2 shows the comparison of the Australian buckling
curve for hollow sections according to [12] with the European buckling curve a, which has to
be taken for hollow sections, concrete filled or unfilled. The Australian design rules for
composite columns are expected to be completed and published at the end of 1995.

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Fig. 1 -Composite steel and concrete sections covered by [7].

X=Nc,;Npl

1.0
AS100-1990

0.5

0.0
1.50 3.00 "");.

Fig. 2 -Comparison of the Australian and the European column curve "a".

10
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2 Design method according to Eurocode 4

2.1 General design method

The design of composite columns has to be carried out for the ultimate limit state. Under the
most unfavourable combination of actions, the design has to show that the resistance of the
section is not exceeded and that overall stability is ensured.
The analysis of the load bearing capacity shall include imperfections, the influence of
deflections on the equilibrium (second order theory) and the loss of stiffness if parts of the
section become plastic (partially plastic regions). For concrete, the stress-strain relationship
shall follow a parabolic rectangular curve, whereas for structural and reinforcing steel, a
bilinear curve is valid.
An exact calculation of the ultimate load of a composite column following all these
requirements can only be carried out by means of a computer program (FEM) [6] and is not
economical for the practical engineer. Therefore those computer programs should be used in
addition to tests to develop a simplified design method.
The design has to fulfil eqn. 1, where Sd is the combination of actions including the load
factors "fF and Rd is the combination of the resistances depending on the different partial
safety factors for the materials "fM.

S d~ R d = R
(--Lf f
..::!:o
f
)
"\I' "\I ' ..!'!:
"\I (1 )
, 'Ma 'c 's
Eurocode 3 uses an additional system safety factor in order to cover failure by stability
reason, which is applied to the complete resistance side of eqn. 1. For composite columns
this additional safety factor is only applied to the steel part of the section ("fMa). So for
composite columns which are endangered to fail by buckling, the steel strength has to be
divided by "fMa' alternatively by "fa according to table 1. The system factor "fMa may be taken
higher than "fa. Danger of stability failure may be considered as excluded if the columns are
compact, that means the relative slenderness )::doe~ not exceed 0.2, or if the design normal
force is very small, i. e. not greater than 0.1 Ncr (for A and Ncr' see chapter 3.4).
The safety factors in the current edition of Eurocode 4 [4] are boxed values, which expresses
that these values are recommended values which could be changed by national application
documents. The recommendation for "fMais the same as for "fa (table 1).

Table 1 -Partial safety factors for resistances and material properties for fundamental
combinations.

structural steel concrete reinforcement

"fa = 1.1 1c = 1.5 " 16 = 1.15 ,-'

The safety factors for the actions "fF have to be chosen according to Eurocode 1 or national
codes respectively. These values as well as the material factors for other than normal
conditions are not treated here. If the material factors given in table 1 are modified, they are
described in the relevant following clauses.

2.2 Material properties

For composite columns the materials may be used, which are included in Eurocode 2
(concrete structures) and Eurocode 3 (steel structures) respectively. Detailed informations
about the material properties are given in these codes.

12
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 In order to consider the influence of long time acting loads (not creep and shrinkage), the
concrete strength is reduced by the factor 0.85. For composite columns with concrete filled
hollow sections, this value need not be taken into account, because a more favourable
development of concrete strength is achieved in the steel tube and because peeling off of the
concrete is impossible. In the following text this factor will not be mentioned any more. The
influence of creep and shrinkage on the load bearing capacity has only to be considered if
significant. This will be treated in the simplified design method given in chapter 3.
For the reinforcing steel, the regulations of Eurocode 2 are valid. Most of the reinforcing steel
grades are characterized by their names, e.g. the name gives the value of the nominal
strength. A very common reinforcing steel is the grade 8500 with a nominal strength of
500 N/mm2. In Eurocode 2 the modulus of elasticity for the reinforcement is given by
Es = 200 000 N/mm2. For the sake of simple calculation, the same modulus of elasticity for
the reinforcing steel may be taken as for structural steel in composite construction: Es = Ea
= 210 000 N/mm2.
For the structural steel of composite sections, the common steel grades are given in table 3.
The sections may be hot rolled or cold formed. The values of table 3 are valid for material
thicknesses not higher than 40 mm. For material thicknesses between 40 mm and 100 mm
the strengths have to be reduced. High strength steel may be used, if the relevant
requirements for the ductility are observed as given in Eurocode 3 [13].

Table 3 -Nominal (characteristic) values of yield strengths and modulus of elasticity for
structural steel

steel grades Fe235 Fe275 Fe355 Fe460

yield s'trength fy [N/mm2] 235 275 355 460
modulus of elasticity Ea [N/mm2] 210 000

I',
For structural steel and for reinforcing steel the nominal strength may be taken as the
characteristic strength. The design strengths of the materials are obtained by using the partial
safety factors given in table 1.
fcd = fck / Yc for concrete (2)
fsd = fsk / Ys for reinforcement (3)
fyd = fy / YMa for structural steel (4)

14
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 For the structural steel grades given in table 3, the limit values for dlt or hit are shown in
table 4. These values consider that the buckling of the walls of concrete filled sections is only
possible in the outer direction. Compared with pure steel sections [5], a better behaviour
concerning buckling can be achieved. The limits shown in table 4 are found on the basis of
classifying the concrete filled sections in the class 2. The classification in class 2 means that
the internal forces are determined by following elastic analysis and are compared to the
plastic resistance of the section. Class 2 sections are assumed to have limited rotation
capacity, so that plastic analysis is not allowed, which takes moment redistribution by plastic
hinges into account. Detailed information is given in [5].

3.3 Resistance of a section to axial loads

The plastic resistance of the cross section of a composite column is given by the sum of the
components:
Npl.Rd = Aa fyd + Ac fcd + As fsd (8)
where
Aa, Ac and As are the cross sectional areas of the structural steel, the concrete and the
reinforcement,
fyd' fcd and fSd are the design strengths of the materials mentioned above.
Fig. 4 shows the stress distribution, on which eqn. 8 is based.

fcd fyd fsd

Fig. 4 -Stress distribution for the plastic resistance of a section

The ratio of reinforcement is limited to p = 4% of the concrete section. More reinforcement

may be necessary for the design against fire, but shall not be taken into account for the
design using the simplified method of Eurocode 4. No minimum reinforcement is necessary
for concrete filled sections; but if reinforcement shall participate in the load bearing capacity,
the minimum amount of reinforcement has to be p = 0.3%.
As a proportion of Npl.Rd the cross section parameter 0 may be determined:

A f
0 = -!!:-J.!}. (9)
NpI,Rd

Here NpI,Rd and fYd are to be determined taking "fMa = "fa'

This value has to fulfil the following requirement:
0.2$0$0.9 (10)
This check defines the composite column. If the parameter 0 is less than 0.2, the column shall
be designed following Eurocode 2 [14]; on the other hand when 0 is greater than 0.9, the
column shall be designed as a steel column according to Eurocode 3 [13].

16
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inclined.

18
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Table 6 -Increase in !.esistance to axial loads for different ratios of d/t, fyifck and selected values
for e/d and A due to confinement.

d/t = 40 d/t = 60 c' d/t = 80

f/fck f.;tCk f.;tck

:'):; e/d 5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15
0.0 0.00 1.152 1.238 1.294 1.114 1.190 1.244 1.090 1,157 1.207
0.01 1.1371.2151.2641.1021.171 1.2201.081 1;141 1.186
0.02 1.1221.1911.2351.0911.1521.1951.0721.1251.166

t .0.05
0.03
0.04
1.1071.1671.2061.0801.133 1.171 1.0631.1101.145
1.0911.1431.1761.0681.1141.1461.0541.0941.124
1.076 1.119 1.147 1.057 1.095 1.122 1.045 1.078 1.103
! 0.06 1.061 1.095 1.118 1.045 1.076 1.098 1.036 1.063 1.083
0.07 1.046 1.072 1.088 1.034 1.057 1.073 1.027 1.047 1.062
0.08 1.030 1.048 1.059 1.023 1.038 1.049 1.018 1.031 1.041
0.09 1.015 1.024 1.029 1.011 1.019 1.024 1.009 1.016 1.021
0.2 0.00 1.048 1.075 1.093 1.036 1.060 1.078 1.029 1.050 1.066
0.01 1.043 1.068 1.083 1.033 1.054 1.070 1.026 1.045 1.060
0.02 1.038 1.060 1.074 1.029 1.048 1.062 1.023 1.040 1.053
0.03 1.034 1.053 1.065 1.025 1.042 1;054 1.020 1.035 1.046
0.04 1.029 1.045 1.056 1.022 1.036 1.047 1.017 1.030 1.040
0.05 1.024 1.038 1.046 1.018 1.030 1.039 1.014 1.025 1.033
0.06 1.019 1.030 1.037 1.014 1.024 1.031 1.012 1.020 1.026
0.07 1.014 1.023 1.028 1.011 1.018 1.023 1.009 1.015 1.020
0.08 1.0101.0151.0191.0071.0121.0161.0061.0101.013
.0.09 1.005 1.008 1.009 1.004 1.006 1.008 1.003 1.005 1.007
~0.4
~ 0.00 1.005 1.008 1.010 1.004 1.007 1.009 1.003 1.006 1.008
-0.01 1.005 1.007 1.009 1.004 1.006 1.008 1.003 1.005 1.007
0.02 1.004 1.006 1.008 1.003 1.005 1.007 1.003 1.005 1.006
0.03 1.004 1.006 1.007 1.003 1.005 1.006 1.002 1.004 1.005
0.04 1.003 1.005 1.006 1.002 1.004 1.005 1.002 1.003 1.005
0.05 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.002 1.003 1.004
0.06 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.002 1.003 1.003 1.001 1.002 1.003
0.07 1.002 1.002 1.003 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.001 1.002 1.002
0.08 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.002
0.09 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.000 1.001 1.001

The values of X may be determined analytically by means of eqn. 18 or by an interpolation

based on table 7.

1
X= I_" ;-" (18)
«1»+.;<I>2-A2

with

<I>= 0.5 [ 1 + 0.21l i -0.2) + i2J (19)

The relative slenderness I is obtained by:

i = ~ (20)
~~
20 -
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0.8 Ecd Ic is the effective stiffness of the concrete section with

Ecd = Ecm / 1.35 (23)

with Ecm being the secant-modulus of concrete according to table 2.

The reduction of the concrete component in eqn. 22 by the factor 0.8 is a measurement to
consider cracking in the concrete caused by moment action due to second order effects. The
stiffness has to be determined using a safety factor of 1.35 (eqn. 23).
The simplified design method of Eurocode 4 has been developed with an effective stiffness
modulus of the concrete of 600 fck. In order to have a similar basis like EC2, the secant
modulus of concrete Ecm was chosen as reference value. The transformation led to the factor
0.8 in eqn. 22. This factor as well as the safety factor 1.35 in eqn. 23 may be considered as
the effect of cracking of concrete under moment action due to the second order effects. So, if
this method is used for a test evaluation of composite columns, which is typically done
without any safety factor, the safety factor for the stiffness should be taken into account
subsequently, i.e. the predicted member capacity should be calculated using (0.8 Ecm /1.35).
In addition, the value of 1.35 should not be changed, even if different safety factors are used
in the country of application.
The influence of the long-term behaviour of the concrete on the load bearing capacity of the
column is considered by a modification of the concrete modulus. Caused by the influence of
the deflections on the internal forces (second order theory) the load bearing capacity of the
columns may be reduced by creep and shrinkage. For a loading which is fully permanent, the
modulus of the concrete is half of the origin value. For loads that are only partly permanent,
an interpolation may be carried out:

Ec = ECd ( 1-0.5 ~
NG.Sd ) (24)

where

NSd is the acting design normal force

NG.Sd is the part of it, which is permanent.

This method leads to a redistribution of the stresses into the steel part, which is a good
simulation of the reality.
For short columns and/or high eccentricities of loads, creep and shrinkage need not be
considered. If the eccentricity of the axial load exceeds twice the relevant dimension of the
cross-section, the influence of the long-term effects may be neglected compared to the actual
bending moments.
Furthermore, the influence of creep and shrinkage is significant only for slender columns. If
the limit slenderness values of the following equations are observed, the influence of long-
term effects need not be taken into account.
For braced and non-sway systems:

~~ 8 (25)

For unbraced or sway systems:

~~ ~ (26)

with () according to eqn. 9.

22
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 (29)

is the distance of the bar to the relevant bending axis and

fsd is the design strength of the reinforcement
Depending on the position of the neutral axis of the stresses, this leads to very small
deviations from the exact values.

Concrete filled circular hollow section columns for the new VDEh-building in Dusseldorf. Germany.

24
 g~
GLOG"~ L9B~'~ 6L9~"~ 9BE~'~ BE~~"~ BOBO"~ G690"~ 6~EO'~ 9v66'0 9EE6"0 09~
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 Table 10 -Correction factor mo for rectangular hollow sections with h/b = 2.0

hit
10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100
It) C20 0.8564 0.9351 0.9787 1.0093 1.0334 1.0712 1.1009 1.1258 1.1659 1.1976
~ C30 0.8645 0.9503 1.0000 1.0356 1.0639 1.1082 1.1425 1.1705 1.2142 1.2473
~ C40 0.8722 0:9644 1.0191 1.0587 1.0900 1.1385 1.1753 1.2047 1.2494 1.2820
C50 0.8797 0.9776 1.0364 1.0790 1.1126 1.1638 1.2020 1.2319 1.2762 1.3077
It) C20 0.8540 0.9304 0.9721 1.0010 1.0236 1.0588 1.0867 1.1101 1.1483 1.1789
{\j C30 0.8610 0.9438 0.9910 1.0246 1.0512 1.0930 1.1256 1.1525 1.1951 1.2279
~ C40 0.8678 0.9563 1.0082 1.0456 1.0753 1.1215 1.1571 1.1858 1.2302 1.2632
C50 0.8743 0.9681 1.0240 1.0645 1.0965 1.1458 1.1831 1.2127 1.2574 1.2898
It) C20 0.8507 0.9240 0.9629 0.9894 1.0097 1.0412 1.0660 1.0869 1.1216 1.1500
~ C30 0.8563 0.9348 0.9784 1.0089 1.0330 1.0706 1.1002 1.1250 1.16511.1968
~ C40 0.8617 0.94510.99271.02681.05381.09601.12901.1561 1.19901.2319
C50 0.8669 0.9548 1.0061 1.0431 1.0725 1.1182 1.1534 1.1820 1.2262 1.2593
0 C20 0.8481 0.9189 0.9555 0.9798 0.9982 1.0262 1.0481 1.0666 1.0974 1.1231
~ C30 0.8525 0.9275 0.9679 0.9957 1.0173 1.0510 1.0775 1.0998 1.1366 1.1663
~ C40 0.8568 0.9357 0.9797 1.0106 1.0349 1.0729 1.1029 1.1280 1.1684 1.2002
CSO 0.8609 0.9437 0.99081.02431.05101.09261.12521.1521 1.19471.2275

Table 11 -Correction factor mo for circular hollow sections

J
d/t
10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100
C20 1.0294 1.04911.06691.08301.09761.12311.14471.1634 1.1943 1.2190
~ C30 1.0420 1.0685 1.0914 1.1115 1.1291 1.1589 1.1833 1.2037 1.2363 1.2615
C\I C40 1.0534 1.0853 1.1121 1.1348 1.1543 1.1866 1.2122 1.2333 1.2663 1.2913
~ CSO 1.0638 1.1003 1.1298 1.1545 1.1752 1.2089 1.2351 1.2564 1.2892 1.3137
C20 1.0255 1.0429 1.0589 1.0735 1.0868 1.1105 1.1309 1.1487 1.1785 1.2026
It) C30 1.0366 1.0604 1.0813 1.0998 1.1163 1.1445 1.1679 1.1878 1.2199 1.2450
{\j C40 1.0469 1.0758 1.1005 1.1217 1.1403 1.1713 1.1963 1.21711.25001.2751
~ CSO 1.0563 1.0896 1.1172 1.1405 1.1604 1.1931 1.2190 1.2402 1.2731 1.2980
C20 1.0201 1.0343 1.0475 1.0598 1.0712 1.0918 1.1100 1.1262 1.1538 1.1767
:g C30 1.0292 1.0488 1.0665 1.0826 1.0971 1.1225 1.1441 1.1628 1.1936 1.2182
C') C40 1.0377 1.0620 1.0833 1.1021 1.1188 1.1474 1..1710 1.1910 1.2233 1.2484
~ C50 1.0456 1.0739 1.0982 1.1191 1.1375 1.1682 1.1930 1.2138 1.2466 1.2718
C20 1.0158 1.0271 1.0379 1.0481 1.0576 1.0752 1.0911 1.1054 1.1305 1.1517
~ C30 1.0231 1.0391 1.0538 1.0674 1.0799 1.1023 1.1217 1.1389 1.1678 1.1915
v C40 1.0299 1.0500 1.0681 1.0844 1.0991 1.1249 1.1467 1.1655 1.1965 1.2212
~ CSO 1.0365 1.0602 1.0811 1.0995 1.1160 1.1442 1.1676 1.1874 1.2195 1.2447

3.6 Resistance of a section to bending and compression

The resistance of a section to bending and compression may be shown by the cross-section
interaction curve, which describes the relationship between the inner normal force NAd and
the inner bending moment MAd. The determination of the interaction curve generally requires
comprehensive calculation. The position of the neutral axis of the stresses in fig. 6 (with the
internal force equal to zero) is varied until it is the lowest border of the section and the inner
force is equal to Npl.Ad'

26
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 NRdNpl.Rd parameter:S= Aa
- fyd
1.0 Npl.Rd

0.45
O.B 0.4 0.35
0.3 0.275
0.250.225
0.6 0.2

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 O.B 1.0 1.2 1.4 MRdMpl.Rd

Fig. 9 -Interaction curve for rectangular sections with h/b = 2.0

For selected relations of sections, the figures 7 through 10 show interaction curves
depending on the cross-section parameter o. These may be used for a quick design to
estimate the sections. They have been determined without any reinforcement, but they may
be used also for reinforced sections, if the reinforcement is considered in the o-value and in
the values of NpI,Rdand Mpl,Rd'respectively

NRa'Npl.Rd ~= As
parameter: - fyd
1.0 Npl.Rd

0.45
0.8 0.4 0.35
0.3 0.275
0.250.225
0.6 0.2

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 MRa'Mpl.Rd

Fig. 10 -Interaction curve for circular sections

28
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+
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p~.:I"ldN ~ ~-- -:';.::~:;::..:::..:
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., ., -".'.':0::.. '..::.;";:;;:..' :
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0 0
P~.:>.ldN=P~.~N
p~"ld~=p~"~~ -t-.
~ ~~~=
::=- ~.::JR~~
.::~.."::';..:~';:.-:~..: -
ps! pA! P:I! @
0 0
P~ld~=P~"8~~ -+ ~ ;:~..::'::.;:';:::~"..~':
ps! p~ P:J! @
:~~: ::;":~o;::":.:~:":
p~"ldN ;;,:Y~~
.0."0:':..":':.:. ;
:,,:~::-.:"::..::':,:~:":
ps! pA! P:J! 0
 Concrete filled structural hollow section
columns at the University of Winnipeg,
Canada.

30
~£
"
(G£) (J -J -4 gO) (1L- V) (:J -E;J ~£ -(: OG -4) V OG -q) = :>dM
"p85ue4'.JX8
8Je q pue 4 SUO!SU8W!P 84J I! 'UO!J'.J8S 84J 10 S!xe-z 84~ ~noqe 5U!PU8q JOI p8!ldde 8q ogle
Aew S!Xe-A 84J ~noqe 5U!PU8q J8pUn SUO!J'.J8S Jeln5ue~'.J8J JOI ££ 45noJ4J G£ SUO!Jenb8 841.
"£ "5!110 suo!JeJou 84~ pue 9£ 45noJ4J G£ su0genb8 84~ 5u!MOIiOl
p8~eln'.Jle'.J 8q JO s81qeJ WOJI u8)jeJ 8q Aew SU09'.J8S Moll04 84J JOI snlnpow U09'.J8S '.J!~Seld 841.
(~£) P:>l :>v ~ = p~":>"ldN ~ = p~"aN
~ ~
"G J8Jde4'.J oJ 5u!pJo'.J'.Je S4J5U8JJS U5!S8P 84J 8Je PSI pue P:>l 'PAl
pue Ju8w8'.JJOlU!8J
84J pue 8J8J'.JUO'.J84J '188JS leJnJ'.JnJJs 84J 10 !Inpow U09'.J8S '.J9seld 84J 8Je sdM pue :>dM ,edM
8J84M
(0£) psI sdM + P:>l :>dM ~ + PAl edM = p~'xew~ = p~.a~
~
:p8Jeln'.Jle'.J 8q AI!Se8 Aew 'u09nq!J~S!P SS8JJS
S!4J oJ s5uol8q 4'.J!4M ,p~.a~ JU8WOW J8UU! 841. "J84Jo 4'.Je8 8JeSU8dwo'.J JU8W8'.JJOlU!8J 84J
U! S8SS8JJS 84J se 118M se 188JS leJnJ'.JnJJs 84J U! S8SS8J~S 84J 8sne'.J8q S! S!41. "p~':>"ldN U09'.J8S
84J 10 jJed 8J8J'.JUO'.J8Jnd 84J 10 8'.JueJS!S8J '.J!~Seld 84J 10 lle4 8q ~snw 8'.JJOI leWJOU J8UU!
5U91nS8J 84J Je4J P8'.J90U 8q ue'.J J! (~~ '5!1) a Ju!od 84J Je u09nq!JJs!P SS8JJS 84J 5U!AJ8sqO
"G ~ "5!1 pue ~ ~ "5!1 U! a ~u!od 84J se p8~eu5!S8p S! 'U09'.J8S SSOJ'.J84J 10 8U!1 8JJU8'.J 84J 4J!M
AI~'.Jex8 S8P!'.JU!0'.J s!xe leJJn8U 84J U84M p8U!eJqo S! 4'.J!4M '8AJn'.J u09'.JeJ8JU! 84J 10 Ju!od 841.
3 01 'v' SIU!od 94110 UO!I:>9UUO:>
leu05Alod e Aq p94:>eoJdde 9AJn:> UO!I:>eJElIUI
-G ~ "5!::I
p~'O~ ~"O~ P~"3~ P~"V~
P~"8~
PHV'4 P~.8N
a ~.aN
H":JN
H"3N
H"VN
P'dN
'U09'.J8S 84J 10 S8!jJ8dOJd
le'.J!JJ8WWAs-8Iqnop 84J 5u!sn P8U!WJ8~8p 8q AI!Se8 Aew JU8WOW J8UU! 84J pue 8'.JJOI
lewJOu J8UU! 84~ 8J84M 's!xe leJJn8u 84J 10 SU09!sod Jue'.J!I!u5!s SM04s ~ ~ "5!.:J "8U!1 8JJU8'.J
84J uo Aij'.Jex8 S8!1 s!xe leJJn8u 84J I! 'p8U!eJqo S! JU8WOW J8UU! 84J 10 8nlel\ wnw!xew 841.
 (r+t)2(4 -7t) (O.5h-t-r)

of the hollow section is exactly included. For slender rectangular

influence of the corner radius is so small that all parts of the equations 32

w -(d-2t ) 3
pc -
6

Wpa = d3
6 -Wpc

For the reinforcement, the following equation is derived:

n
W ps =.2. IAsi eil
1=1

where
Asi are the cross sectional areas of the reinforcing bars
and
ei are their distances to the centre line of the section transverse to the relevant bending
axis

Office building in Toulouse, France (architects: Starkier und Gaisne). Concrete filled square hollow sec-
tion columns with 250 mm and 300 mm widths.

Comparing the stress distributions of the point B, where the inner normal force is zero, and
the point D (fig. 11) the neutral axis moves over the distance of hn. So the inner normal force
of the point D, NO.Rd may be determined by the additional compressed parts of the section.
This can be used for the determination of the distance hn, because the force NO.Rd is
determined by eqn. 31. As for an example, for the rectangular section, it results in:

32
££
.0 ~u!od e4~ ~Ia~la4~10 enllaA e4~ e:>!M~
s! e:>JolllaWJOU Jeuu! e41 .~uewow Jeuu! e4~ eslaeJ:>u! ~ou op suo!~:>es pesseJdwo:> IlaUO!~!PPIa
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.u4 G 10 e:>ulalS!P
e4l U!4l!M ell 4:>!4M 'SJlaq 5u!:>JOIU!eJ es04l f.luo 5u!sn 9£ UO!llanbe e4~ 4~!M peU!WJelep S! usdM
(~p) ul/lG = uedM
G
(ap) USdM- ul/OG-q) = u:>dM
G
'p f.q q 5u!lnl!lsqns SUO!l:>es Jlaln:>J!:>JOI pesn eq osila UIa:>SUO!llanbe ese41 .~ p l/5noJl/l ap
suoijlanbe el/l f.q peU!lalqo eJIa ul/ G 10 l/ldep e4ll/l!M uoij:>es e4~ 10 !Inpow uoij:>es :>ijSlald e41
u4 G 10 uo!5eJ el/l U! luewe:>Jolu!eJ e4l
pUla eleJ:>uo:> e4~ 'Ieels IlaJnl:>nJlS el/llO !lnpoW uoij:>es :>ijSlald el/l eJIa usdM pUla u:>dM ,uedM
eJe4M
(6£) psI usdM+pol u:>dM ~+P~l uedM = p~'u~
~
.ul/ G 10 l/ldep e4~ 4l!M uoij:>es el/llo e:>ulalS!SeJ 5u!pueq el/l Sla peleJdJe~u! eq UIa:>p~'u~
(8£) p~'u~ -p~.a~ = P~.8~ = P~.ld~
'peU!lalqo S! p~"ld~
= P~'8~ e:>ulalS!SeJ 5u!pueq el/l ,p~'a~ wall pel:>laJlqns S! p~'u~ SlJlad esel/llo luewow Jeuu!
5uijinSeJ el/lll "0 lU!od e4llla Uo!~:>es e4~ 10 SlJlad pesseJdwo:> IlauOij!PPIa e4l SM04S £ ~ "5!::I
a lu!od aLjlle SaSSaJIS leUO!I!PPV -£ ~ .6!.:I
ps!~ pAJ~ P:>J
'%£ Ula4l Jelilaws S! uoijlaln:>lla:>
l:>laxe Ula Ol peJladwo:> uoijla!Aep e41 "suoij:>es Jlaln:>J!:>JOI UO!~law!xOJddla po05 4l!M pesn eq
UIa:> L£ uoijlanbe el/l 'p f.q q uo!suew!p e4l 5uijnlijsqns .ul/ 10 l/~dep el/l U! 4lP!M lUlalSUO:>uou
el/l 10 esnla:>eq pella:>!ldwo:> Je4llaJ S! suoij:>es Jlaln:>J!:> JOI u4 10 uoijlau!wJelep l:>laxe e41
"uoij:>es el/llo uo!5eJ S!l/~ U! sell ~uewe:>Jolu!eJ ou '( ~ ~ .5!1) eldwlaxe ues04:> e4l J°::l "e~Ia~S
el/l 110 5u!punoJ el/l f.luo SlUeseJdeJ L£ .ube e4l f.q peq!J:>sep usy lJlad luewe:>Jolu!eJ e41
(P:>l- P~IG) lP + POlqG U
(L£) po ps us p~.:>"ld = l/
( 1- IG) Y -N
 MS,Rd = MPl,Rd
(42)

2NO,Rd = Npl.c.Rd

.It is a point between the

points C and A of the polygonal interaction curve. For the determination of this point E, the
neutral axis should be assumed at a position which enables a simple determination of the
inner forces. The best point is just in the middle of the point C and A. The determination of the
point E shall be shown for the mean value of Npl.Rd and Npl.c.Rd (fig. 11).

N +N
N -pl.Rd pl.c.Rd
E.Rd -2

hE = hn + NpI,Rd -Npl,c,Rd -ASE (2fsd -fCd>

2bfcd + 4t (2fYd -fCd)

where

ASE is the sum of the cross sectional areas of the reinforcing bars at a distance between hE
and hno

The plastic section moduli may be determined according to the equations 40 and 41, if hn is
replaced by hE.
With the points A through E, the interaction curve has been well approximated (fig. 12).

Higher school of electronics, electricity and computer science in Marne la Vallee, France (architect:
Perrault). Circular concrete filled hollow section columns with 273 mm and 323.9 mm diameters.

34
g£
(6v) p~"ld A goO 5 PS A
"pell!!ln! s!
6v "ube !! 'peJep!suo:> eq lOU peeu SeSSeJlS lewJou e4l uo SeSSeJlS Jee4s e4l !O e:>uenl!u! e41
[( p~"ld A
(8v) ~ ~ -PSA"?; ) -~ ] l = l peJ
:l peJ sseu>t:>!4l pe:>npeJ e4l all sseu>t:>!4lluel\eleJ e4l 5u!5ue4:> Aq pesn eq Aew el\oqe uel\!5
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l p G = I\V :SUO!l:>es MOIIO4 Jeln:>J!:> -
l ( l -4 ) G = AV :suoq:>es MOIIO4 Jeln5uel:>eJ -
:ue>tel eq Aew seeJe )euoq:>es SSOJ:>5U!MOIIO! e4l Jee4S e4l 5u!Jeeq J°::l
"Jee4S Jeeq ue:> 4:>!4M 'uoq:>es leelS e4l!O eeJe leuoq:>es SSOJ:> e4l S! AV
pue Jee4S JO! uoq:>es leelS e4l!O e:>uelS!SeJ e4l S! p~"ldA
'e:>Jo! Jee4S u5!sep e4l !O lueuodwo:> leelS e4l S! pSA
eJe4M
(Lv) ~ AV = p~"ldA
pl.!
(9v) [(~ ~-~ P~"ld ) -~ ] AV = AV peJ
"(Lv '9v "sube) seeJe
leuoq:>es SSOJ:> lUel\eleJ e4l !O uoq:>npeJ e OlU! SeSSeJlS lewJou e4l !O uoq:>npeJ e4l wJO!SUeJl
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-
+
Pl.l paJ
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-
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se:>Jo! Jee4s !O e:>uenl!ul L"E
Residential building in Nantes, France (architects: Dubosc and Landowski). Concrete filled square
hollow section columns with 200 mm width.

36
L£
JO '9 ~ 'O!! u! e age::> "0 'e 'sluewow luelSUO::> JO~ '(0 < UX) se::>Jo! leWJOU 40!4 JO! peJep!suo::>
eq AIUO peeu UO!l::>eJjedw! e4l 'OS luewow wnw!xew e4l eA!O II!M luewow pue e4l 'se::>Jo!
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(09) ~ )!li -Pli = li
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uo!ssaJdwo::> pUB 6u!puaq IB!XB!Un ""0"£
uo!sseJdwo::> pUB 6u!puaq Ol Jaqwaw B !O a::>uBlS!Sa~ 0'£
lateral loads within the column length or for sway frames, the imperfection must always be
taken into account (Xn = 0), because the design point of the column will always lie within the
column length (fig. 16). For end moments, Xn may be determined according to:

Xn = x, 1-r
4 (51 )

where
r is the ratio of the larger to the smaller end moment (- 1 S r S +1)

a) Ff::::::=~~ ~ F b) F-:f':::~:~ :- F

I + I MF ~ :~ MF
I

I~---:
+ I

I Mf ~I +

~~;J:
+,

Mf

I ...T u- -I MF+Mf MF+ Mf

"""'---=_!~~.-/ Mmax

Fig. 16 -Influence of moments from eccentric loads MF combined with moments from imperfections Mf

By means of IJ, the capacity for combined compression and bending of the member is
checked:
MSd S 0.9 J.LMpl.Rd (52)

where
MSd is the design bending moment of the column according to chapter 3.9.

MSd
1 1 rMSd
Fig. 17 -Relation of the end moments (- 1 S r S + 1)

The additional reduction by the factor 0.9 covers the following assumptions of this simplified
design method:
-The interaction curve of the section is determined assuming full plastic behaviour of the
materials. No strain limitation needs to be observed.
-The calculation of the design bending moment MSd according to chapter 3.9 is carried out
with the effective stiffness according to chapter 3.4. The influence of the cracking of the
concrete on the stiffness is not covered for higher bending moments by the effective
stiffness alone.
Interaction curves of the composite sections always show an increase in the bending capacity
higher than Mpl.Rd. The bending resistance increases with an increasing normal force,
because former regions in tension are overpressed by the normal force (see chapter 3.6).
This positive effect may only be taken into account if it is ensured that the bending moment
and the axial force always act together. If this is not ensured and the bending moment and
the axial force result from different loading situations, the related moment capacity IJ has to
be limited to 1.0.

38
6£
.uwnl°:> JaMOI a4~ jO
a~eldpea4 a4~ uodn p!eIAldw!s s! weaq a41. .uwnl°:> JaMol a4~ o~ >j:>°lq laa~s al\!ssew e Aq pa:>npSUeJ~aJe
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 3.8.2 Biaxial bending and compression

The design of a member under biaxial bending and compression is based on its design under
uniaxial bending and compression. In addition to the chapter 3.8.1, the interaction curve of
the section and the moment factor ~ have to be determined also for the second main axis.
The influence of the imperfection needs only be taken into account for the axis, which is more
endangered to fail.

NRclfNpl.Rd NRclfNpl.Rd

1. 0 1.0 @
X

X Xd

Xn

0 0
0 Ilk ILd' Mz.RdlMpl.z.Rd 0 1.0 My.R<t'Mpl.y.Rd

My.sdiMpl.y.Rd 0.9
0 Y

Mz.sdiMpl.z.Rd
0.9
IL

z
Fig. 18 -Design of a member under combined compression and biaxial bending

Often the two main axes of a section have different effective lengths, so that the
determination of the axis, which is more endangered to fail, is evident. On the other hand, the
weak axis of the steel section may not be the same of the total section due to reinforcement.
Also different acting moments may influence the failure on the single axes.
The moment factor ~ should be determined for both main axes, so that the influence of
imperfection on the axes can be checked quickly and the relevant axis for the imperfection
can be determined clearly.
With the related capacities ~y and ~z a new interaction curve is drawn (fig. 18c). The linear
connection of ~y and ~z is cut at 0.9 ~y and 0.9 ~z' respectively, in order to cover small
bending moments (mainly uniaxial bending).
The design is successful if the vector from the bending moments of the two axes lies within
the new interaction curve. This can also be expressed by means of the following equations:

M y.Sd + M z.Sd ~ 1.0 (53)

Ily Mpl.y.Rd Ilz Mpl.z.Rd

M
y.Sd ~ 0.9 (54)

Ily Mpl.y.Rd

M z.Sd ~ 0.9 (55)

Ilz Mpl.Z.Rd
40
~v
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PU8 GG .ube o~ 5U!pJO:J:J8 peu!wJe~ep S! 8(13) eJe4M
(6g) ~
~~ 1£ = ~
~~ I = 3
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3 UIS PS
(Bg) [~3U!SJ + (~3-3) U!S] ps;H- = (~) L/IJ
VII
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For this case of loading, eqn. 60 may be used in order to check whether the end moment
MR.Sd is the maximum bending moment or if the effect of the application of the second order
theory leads to a greater moment within the column length.

NSd
N ~
( arccos
7t
)
r 2
;::} Mmax.Sd = MR.Sd (60)
cr

otherwise:

M
Mmax.Sd = ~ Jr2 -2r cos E + 1 (61)

q
t! !!!!!!~~!~~

Fig. 20 -Uniform lateral loading

-E~=~~~]
For uniform lateral loading (fig. 20), the moments may be determined according to eqn. 62.

MSd (E,) = ~2'"[ COS(~-EE,)1 } (62)

E cos§
2

with E according to eqn. 59.

The position of the maximum moment within the column length due to uniform lateral loading
is E,= 0.5.

t F

t ;.~r -1- t
e:!1 I
Fig. 21 -Single lateral load

For a single lateral load (fig. 21), eqns. 63 and 64 lead to the moment distribution over the
column length following the second order theory.
.sin (E-aE) sin EE,
region 1: M Sd (E,) = FI .
E sin E (63 )

.
region. 2 . M Sd ( ) "" -.
- FI sin Ea sin EE, (64)
E sin E

where a is the position of the single lateral load according to fig. 21.
For the combination of loadings (end moments and lateral loads), these formulae can be
superposed, if the axial load is the same in all cases. So the moment distribution and the
maximum moment due to practically any loading may be determined. On the other hand,
these formulae seem to be complicated because of the trigonometrical functions in them, so
that they might only be used using a computer.

42
£17
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3.9.3 Simplified method for the determination of bending moments
For a quick and simple hand calculation, the maximum design bending moment for a
composite column may be determined by multiplying the maximum first order bending
moment by a correction factor k according to eqn. 65.

k =~ ~ 1.0
1-~ (65)
Ncr
where NSd is the design normal force,
Ncr is the buckling load according to eqn. 21
and
B is a factor considering the first order moment distribution according to the
eqn. 66.
~ = 0.66 + 0.44 r but ~ ~ 0.44 (66)

The formula for ~ (eqn. 66) has been derived by comparing the results of the calculation with
the linear formula of eqn. 66 with the results from the exact formula (eqn. 61). For the
relationship of the end moments r = 1, the value of ~ becomes 1.1. This is exactly the factor ~
for NSd/Ncr = 0.4, which may be taken as the upper value for the common applications. The
comparison led to higher discrepancies for the values of ~ less than 0.44. Therefore ~ = 0.44
has been taken as the lower limit value. For columns with lateral loads, the value of ~ has
always to be taken as ~ = 1.0.

44
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distribution for Mpl.Rd. The sum of the components is again equal to the total bending moment
(eqn. 71).

~ NSd.o
/~ MSd.o
fcd r---=-l

fydL=~==~~t~~~

!1~rl~~f! ' !i.MSd

.:::::::::,':::::~;:::.: ~) lvSd
i~;llf~ll !
fcd I -I

[~~~~~~===~~=f+

~~ MSd.u=MSd.o+!i.MSd

i NSd.u=NSd.o+
VSd
Fig. 22 -Difference of forces in a load introduction region -plastic stress distribution

~M = ~M and Mc+s.Sd = Mc.Rd +M s.Rd (70)

MSd Mpl.Rd MSd Mpl.Rd
Mpl.Rd = Ma.Rd + Mc.Rd + Ms.Rd (71)

Generally, the combinations of the internal forces and moments NSd and MSd act on the
column, so that the interaction between Npl.Rd and Mpl.Rd has to be observed. The
components of the cross-sections may be determined for any combination of NRd and MRd'
In the case of introducing the forces from the steel to the concrete part (the most common
way of a connection) the maximum differences of forces may be taken for the design of the
bond area, which lies on the safe side. The maximum difference of normal forces results at
the interaction point -Npl.Rd -(eqn. 68, 69), while the maximum difference of bending
moments occurs at the point of the maximum bending moment resistance -Mmax.Rd -(eqn.
72). These values may be determined easily as shown in the chapters 3.5 and 3.6.

46
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Example for the behaviour of buildings with reinforced concrete columns under the South Hyogo Earth.
quake of January 17, 1995 in Japan. The building collapsed up to the third storey.

Typical collapse of a building with reinforced concrete columns in the South Hyogo Earthquake in Japan.
One mid-story is totally destroyed.

48
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f f f f f f f f f fc,Sd<fu1.Rd

.--=J ts

Fig. 26 -Design proposal for connections with inserted plates

50
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View of the buildings after carthquake on the road with the bank office building shown in page 53.

5.4 Special concrete

Only a few investigations are known with columns filled with special concrete. Steel fibre
reinforced concrete has been used in some of them. This is of small advantage, because the
compression strength is comparable to that of normal weight concrete. The higher tension
capacity of the concrete is not necessary for the concrete filled sections in normal design
situations. The tests under fire situations demonstrated higher resistances when steel fibre
reinforced concrete was used.
The use of high strength concrete in the steel hollow sections is now under investigation. The
general investigation with high strength concrete has shown that the tension capacity of the
concrete is not enlarged in the same way as the compression capacity. For the concrete filled
hollow sections, the tension problem is not so important, as the concrete cannot split away.
So the full advantage of the high compression strength can be obtained from these concrete
filled sections. Design proposals are not yet available. In [10] the results of 23 stub-column
tests and also of 23 tests on slender columns are given. All specimens in this case are
concrete filled rectangular hollow sections. The evaluation of these tests with the method of
Eurocode 4 confirms that the EC4-method is on the safe side for hollow sections filled with
high strength concrete. Similar results have been found in a CIDECT research program [11],
where the confinement effects in concrete filled circular hollow sections could be verified also
for high strength concrete. Additionally it could be shown that the design method for the load
introduction according to eqn. 75 does also work for high strength concrete.

52
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~
6 Design for seismic conditions

Strong earthquakes are rare events. When they occur, the yield strength of a typical frame
structure is often exceeded and plastic mechanisms form (e.g.: rotating plastic hinges). In a
sophisticated earthquake resistant design, two questions are taken into consideration and
need to be checked.
1. Is the structure able to resist the earthquake loading or does it collapse, because the
ductility capacity (or supply) is smaller than the ductility demand?
2. Is the maximum deformation during the earthquake response sufficiently small, so that an
adequate degree of reliability against unacceptable damage can be ensured?
The consideration of these two aspects, which are denoted as strength and ductility and
limitation of deformation in the following, are of basic importance in the course of each
earthquake resistant design.
Most structural damages are due to the use of an unsuitable structural type or to the use of
non-ductile materials, probably of a poor quality. Furthermore, a proper detailing plays an
important role. As for the aspect of strength and ductility, the structural layout should strictly
follow the principles of the "capacity design method", a method which is also mentioned in
Eurocode 8 [16]. Thus, a basic requirement for an optimum overall energy dissipation, mainly
by means of hysteretic energy due to plastic reversal stressing, is guaranteed. The "capacity
design method" can be characterized as follows ([17], [18]): "In a structure, the plastified
regions are deliberately chosen, and correspondingly designed and detailed, so that they are
sufficiently ductile. The other regions are given a higher structural strength (capacity) than the
plastified ones, in order that they always remain elastic. In this way it is guaranteed that the
chosen mechanisms, even in the case of large structural deformations, always remain
functional for energy dissipation."
In order to meet the requirements of a reasonable limitation of deformation, a sufficient load
carrying capacity, but above all a high structural stiffness needs to be provided.
For each type of frame structure, the formation of plastic hinges in the columns should be
avoided as far as possible and other mechanisms, such as plastic hinges in the beams or
plastic shear mechanisms in eccentric braced frames, should mainly contribute to the overall
energy dissipation. The importance of complying with the "weak beam-strong column-
concept" is demonstrated by the example of the multi-storey moment resisting frame shown
in fig. 28. On the one hand, it can be seen that many plastic hinges in the ("weak") beams
lead to a good-natured behaviour combined with an excellent energy dissipation (fig. 28a).
On the other hand, it can be observed that the dangerous "soft-storey-mechanism" with only
four plastic hinges in the ("weak") columns leads to a poor energy dissipation and a much
higher ductility demand (62» 61) with the same maximum displacement vmax (fig. 28b).

@ @
Vmax

I
I
I
I 82»61
I
6

Fig. 28 -Comparison of a favourable with an unfavourable hinge-mechanism [17]

54
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5uOJ~s -weeq >teeM" e4~ 4~!M Se!ldwo~ ~nof.elleJn~~nJ~s e4~ eJe4M ese~ e4~ U! ueJ\e 'JeJ\eMoH
7 References

[1] CIDECT Monograph No.1: Concrete filled hollow section steel columns design manual,
British edition, Imperial units, CIDECT, 1970 .

[2] CIDECT Monograph No.5 -Calcul des Poteau x en Profiles Creux remplis de Beton,
Fascicule 1 -Methode de Calcul et Technologie de mise en ceuvre, Fascicule 2 -
Abaque de calcul, CIDECT, 1979.

[3] Twilt, L., Hass, R., Klingsch, W., Edwards, M., Dutta, D.: Design guide for structural
hollow section columns exposed to fire, CIDECT series "Construction with hollow steel
sections", ISBN 3-8249-0171-4, Verlag TOV Rheinland, K6In,1994.

[4] Eurocode No.4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Part 1.1: General
Rules and Rules for Buildings, ENV 1994-1-1: 1992.

[5] Rondal, J., WOrker, K.-G., Dutta, D., Wardenier, J., Yeomans, N.: Structural stability
of hollow sectios, CIDECT series "Construction with hollow steel sections", ISBN
3-8249-0075-0, Verlag TOV Rheinland, K6In,1992.

[6] Roik, K. and Bergmann, R.: Composite Columns, Constructional Steel Design: An
International Guide, Chapter 4.2, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, UK, 1990.

[7] AIJ Standards for Structural calculation of Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures,
Architectural Institute of Japan, 1987.

[8] Canadian Standards Association, CAN/CSA-S16.1-94, Limit States Design of Steel

Structures, Toronto, 1994.

[9] Bridge, R.O., Pham, L., Rotter, J.M.: Composite Steel and Concrete Columns -Design
and Reliability, 10th Australian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and
Materials, University of Adelaide, 1986.

[10] Grauers, M.: Composite Columns of Hollow Sections Filled with High Strength
Concrete, Chalmers University of Technology, G6teborg, 1993.

[11] Bergmann, R.: Load introduction in composite columns filled with High strength
concrete, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Tubular Structures,
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 1994.

[12] Australian Standard AS4100-1990, Steel Structures, 1990.

[13] Eurocode No.3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for
Buildings, ENV 1993-1-1: 1992.

[14] Eurocode No.2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1: General Rules and Rules for
Buildings, Final Draft 1990.

[15] Packer, J.A.: Concrete-Filled HSS Connections, Journal of Structural Egineering, Vol.
121, No.3, March 1995.

[16] Eurocode No.8: Structures in Seismic Regions, Design, Part 1 -General and Building,
1988.
[17] Bachmann, H.: Earthquake Actions on Structures, Bericht Nr.195, Institut fOr Baustatik
und Konstruktion, ETH ZOrich, 1993.

[18] Paulay, T., Bachmann, H., Moser, K.: Erdbebenbemessung von Stahlbetonhoch-
bauten, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel/Boston/Berlin, 1992.

56

.c"~"~_C
L9
(O~ 'ube) 6'0> S£"O = ~ 'Gg~L/O'gG' O"O~~ = g > G'O
(S 'ube) N>t G9~L = O"G" ~"S£~~ + g"£v' ~'6v + O"gG" O'O~~ = P~'ldN
%v ~ %~"v = (O"O~~ -v/c:vg"Ov ,u)/~ "6v = d
c:w~~"S£~~=~'6v-0"0~~-v/c:vg"OV"u= :JV
c:w~ ~'6v = ~6"v " o~ = Sv
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:(u6!sep ell! JO!) OijtJJ Juewe~Jo!u!eJ 0
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:stJeJtJ ItJuo!~~es SSOJ~ 0
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0 check of local buckling:

~ = ~ = 46.2<60 (table 4)

0 confinement effects:

1110=4.9-18.5.0.15+17.0.152=2.508 (eqn.14)
1120= 0.25. (3 + 2.0.15) = 0.825 (eqn.15)

e Mmax.Sd 60. 100

a = -N";;;-d = 6000.40.64 = 0.025 (eqn.16)

111 = 2.508. (1 -10.0.025) = 1.881 (eqn.12)

112 = 0.825 + (1 -0.825) .10.0.025 = 0.869 (eqn.13)

Npl.Rd = 110.0. 25.0 .0.869 + 1138.1 .2.0 (1 + 1.881 ~ ~)

+49.1.43.5 = 7651.6kN (eqn.11)

increase in the bearing capacity caused by confinement: 7651.6/716.1 = 1.07 = 7%

8.2 Concrete-filled rectangular hollow section with eccentric loading

29 20 F1 F2

Fe 235 180
C40
8500

140

0 assumptions for the analysis:

F1 =1000kN
F2 = 300 kN
MSd = 0.18 .300 = 54 kNm
permanent load = 70% of the total load

0 strengths:
fYd = 235.0/1.1 = 213.6/Nmm2 = 21.4 kN/cm2
fsd = 500.0/1.15 = 434.8/Nmm2 = 43.5 kN/cm2
fcd = 40.0/1.5 = 26.7/Nmm2 = 2.67 kN/cm2

0 cross sectional areas:

Aa = 47.8 cm2
As = 12.6 cm2
Ac = (26.0 -2 .0.63) (14.0 -2 .0.63) -12.6 = 302.6 cm2 (neglecting the roundings off)

0 squash load:
Npl.Rd = 47.8.21.4 + 302.6.2.67 + 12.6 .43.5 = 2379.0 kN (eqn.8)

58
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.check for the strong axis (compression and bending):

0 determination of X
0 effective stiffness:

(EI) e = 21000 (4260 + 954) + 0.8 ~15122 = 140.9.106 kN cm2 (eqn.22)

0 buckling load:

N cr =140.9.106.7t6=8691.4kN
4002 (eqn. 21)

0 relative slenderness:
j;, = 47.8.23.5 + 3~~~1..~.0:t 19.6. 50.0 = 0.584 < j;,lim (eqn.20)

0 buckling curve a:

X = 0.896 (table 7)

0 cross-section interaction curve:

0 plastic section moduli (neglecting the roundings off)

Wps = 12.6.8.7 = 109.6 cm3 (eqn.36)

Wpc = 12.74 ~24.742 -109.6 = 1839.8 cm3 (eqn.32)

Wpa = 1.1~~~-1839.8-109.6=416.6cm3 (eqn.33)

0 interaction point D:

MO.Ad = 416.6.21.4+2 1 1839.8.2.67+109.6.43.5= 16138.9kNcm (eqn.30)

NO.Ad = 1
2302.6.2.67 = 404.0 kN (eqn.31)

0 interaction point C and B:

NC.Ad = 2 NO,Ad = Npl.c.Ad = 808.0 kN

it is assumed that no reinforcement lies within the region of 2 hn (Asn = 0.0)

hn = 2.14.0.2.67+4.0.63 808.0 (2.21.4-2.67) = 4.59cm (eqn.37)

the assumption for Asn is verified

0 plastic section moduli of the cross sectional areas in the region of 2 hn = 9.18 cm:

Wpsn = 0.0

Wpcn = (14.0 -2.0.63) .4.592 = 268.4 cm3 (eqn.40)

Wpan = 2.0.63.4.592 = 26.5 cm3 (eqn.41)

Mn.Ad = 26.5.21.4 + 1
2 268.4.2.67 = 925.4 kNcm (eqn. 39)

60
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eAJn:> UO!l:>eJelU! leUO!SUeW!p-UOU 0
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~
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34 G 4ldep e4l 4l!M UO!l:>es e4l WOJ! !lnpOW UO!l:>es :>!lSeld
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 0 internal forces according to first order theory
NSd = 1300 kN; max MSd = 54 kNm

0 check for the second order theory

--
Alim = 0.2 (2 -r) = 0.4 < A = 0.584 (eqn. 56; r = 0)

NSd = 86"91-:4
~ 1300.0 = 0.15> 0.1 (eqn.57)

0 k-factor for the second order theory:

k = 0.66 = 0.77 < 1.0 with r = 0 => fi = 0.66
1- ~ (eqn.65)
8691.2
the end moment is the maximum moment (k = 1.0)

0 check for compression and uniaxial bending

Xn = X 1-r
4 1-0
= 0.90 ~ = 0.22 (eqn.51)

1300.0 = 0.55
Xd = 237M

NRcYNpl.Rd

1.0
X=0.90

0.75

Xd = 0.90

L- ~ = 0.64i ---4
,
o. ~, .

Xn=0.22 I I
0.17 t t
, B I , MRcY
Mpl.Rd

0.0 0.49 1.0 1.06

from the interaction curve:

~ = 0.64

MSd = 54 kNm < MRd = 0.9.0.64. 152.14 = 87.6 kNm

0 shear (it is assumed that the shear is borne by the steel section alone)

V Sd = MSd
-= 54.0
-= 13.5 kN
I 4.0
62
E:9
WN>l9'B~ ~ = v"9v~ .06'0' 6"0 = P~VIj > wN>I v9 = PSVIj
06'0 = GG"0-06"0 9G'O-E:0"~ = ~ >111-P11 = 11
GG"O -99"0 Ux -Px
E:O" ~ = P11 PUg 9G"0 = >111 ~ E:v"O = g JO! os
00' ~ = P11 PUg 9G"0 = >111 ~ 9v"0 = g WOJ!
BO" ~ = P11 PUg LG"O = >111 ~ v"O = g WOJ!
:GG"O = Ux ~99"0 = Px ~E:v"O = g :06"0 z 96B'0 = X LIl!M
:6 "5!!!0 SUEew f.q r1 !O UO!lEU!WJelep 0
wN>I v"9v~ = L"vv+L"~O~ = P~.ldVlj
wN>I L'vv = w:>N>I 9"E:L VV = (L9"G -Bv"E:v) .L"B " 9"G ~ = P~ldVljV
~ =!
(p:>! -ps!) 'e !Sv 'I = P~'ldVljV
U
:luewe:>Jo!u!eJ eLll !O uoqnq!Jluo:>
WN>I L" ~O~ = w:>N>I E:"OL~O~ = 9E:' ~G' L9"9~v" E:v~" ~ = P~ldVlj
(LG "b
U e ) "'" I 7
9 c.." V
(E:9'0"G-0'V~)c:(E:9"0"G-0'9G)-0'v~"c:0"9G- -LIJJ --P~ldVlj
E:v = l/Ll JO! E:v ~ .~ = Ow ~ 09 = l/Ll JO! E:9L ~ "~ = Ow PUg Ov = l/Ll JO! 9BE: ~ "~ = Ow
:Ov~ PUg 9E:Ge::l JO!
E:"~v =! '0"Gz9B"~ = Q.t! = 9
LI" 09G LI
:0 ~ elqEl!O SUEew f.q P~ldVlj !O uoqEU!WJelep 0
:sWEJ5E!P !O esn eLll f.q pe:>EldeJ S! eAJn:> uoq:>EJelU! eLll
!O uoqEln:>IE:> eLll 'e/\oqE ue/\!5 e>l!llnO pe!JJE:> eq Ol SEll PSVIj PUg X !O UO!lEU!WJelep eLll
selqEl
PUg SWEJ5E!P !O SUEeW f.q 5u!pueq PUg Uo!sseJdwo:> peU!qwo:> JO! UO!lnIOS e/\qEUJellE 0
f.l!:>EdE:> 5U!JEeq eLll uo JEeLlS !O e:>Uenl!U! ou
N>I L" L6 ~ = ~» N>I 9"E: ~ = /\
/\
(Lv "ube) N>I v"96E: = p~-¥o~ = P~ld /\
e:>uElS!SeJ JEeLls :>qsEld 0
c:w:> O"GE: = E:9"0 (E:9"0 -0"9G) G = I\V
EeJE JEeLls 0
 9 Notations

forces and moments

F force
N internal normal force
M internal bending moment
V internal shear force
indices combined with forces and moments (more than one are separated by a dot):
a concerning the steel hollow section
c concerning the concrete part
cr critical, buckling load of a member
F due to forces
f due to initial deformations (imperfections)
pi plastic
p plastic
R acting at the top or bottom of the column
Rd design resistance
s concerning the reinforcement
Sd design action
y concerning the y-axis of a section
z concerning the z-axis of a section

cross section properties

A area
b width of a section (dimension in the direction of the bending axis)
h depth of a section (dimension transverse to the direction of the bending axis)
d diameter of a circular hollow section
t wall thickness of the hollow section
r corner radius of rectangular or square hollow sections
I moment of inertia
Wp plastic section modulus
indices combined with cross section properties (more than one are separated by a dot):
a concerning the steel hollow section
c concerning the concrete part
s concerning the reinforcement
n concerning a special region of a section
1 concerning the area below an inserted plate
V concerning the area for shear transfer

strengths and stiffnesses

E stiffness modulus (Young's modulus)
(EI)e effective stiffness
f strength
indices combined with strengths and stiffnesses (more than one are separated by a dot):
a concerning the steel hollow section
c concerning the concrete part
cub cube
cyl cylinder
d design situation
e effective

64

-
99
/io !>I>lnnJe~ne~
doJneqnl
'P~l .0:) '&' s~:JnpoJd le~eVlj lee~s uodd!N
9'v' e>lJeM-ueJLlQJuuewseuueVlj
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:ep!n5 S!LI~u! pesn SLldeJ50~OLld
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:s4deJ6otO4d JoJ tuawa6paIMOU>j:J'v'
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uo!~:Je S
e:Jue~s!seJ ~
e e/\Jn:J 5u!I>I:Jnq ueedoJn3 e
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uo!~:Jes e 10 s!xe-z eLl~ 5u!uJe:>uo:J z
UO!~:Jes e 10 s!xe-/i eLl~ 5u!uJe:Juo:J /i
~uewe:JJolu!eJ eLl~ 5u!uJe:Juo:J s
~ed e~eJ:Juo:J eLl~ 5u!uJe:Juo:J :J
UO!~:Jes MOIIOLllee~s eLl~ 5u!uJe:Juo:J e
:(JoP e A"q paJeJedas aJe auo uel/J aJow) SJOI.?ej pue SIUa!.?!jjao.? l/1!M paU!qwo.? sa.?!pU!
uwnl°:J eLl~ 5uole e~eu!pJoo:J pe~eleJ ~
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SSeUJepUelS eJ\!~eleJ "(
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O!~eJ UO!~nq!J~uo:J ~uewe:JJOIU!eJ d
JO~:Jel UO!~:JnpeJ 5u!I>I:Jnq X
(O!~eJ UO!~nq!J~uo:J lee~S) Je~eweJed UO!~:Jes g
JO~:Jel /i~eles ,t
~Ue!:J!lleo:> ~uewow 9
f.JoeLl~ JepJO puo:Jes eLl~ o~ 5u!pJo:>:Je ~uewow JOI ~ue!:J!lleo:J >I
SJot:JeJ pue Stua!:JIJJao:J
eJ\!~:Jelle e
:(IOP e A"qpaleJedas aJe auo uel/l aJow) Sa!I!.?!Jlua.?:>a
pue Sl//6ua/l/I!M pau!qwo:> sa.?!pu!
uwnl°:> eLl~ 10 LI~5uel 5u!I>I:Jnq J
uwnl°:J eLl~ 10 LI~5uel I
/i~!:J!J~ue:J:Je e
salt!:JIJtua:J:Ja pue S4t6ual
~uewe:JJOlu!eJ eLl~ 5u!uJe:Juo:J s
enleJ\ :J!~s!Je~:JeJeLl:J >I
~ ComiteInternational
pourIe Developpement
et l'Etude8,50nstruction
Tubuliare

International Committee
for the Development and Study
of Tubular Structures

CIDECT, foundet 1962 as an international association, joins together the research

resources of major hollow steel section manufacturers to create a major force in the
research and application of hollow steel sections worldwide.

The objectives of CIDECT are:

0 to increase knowledge of hollow steel sections and their potential application by

initiating and participating in appropriate researches and studies

0 to establish and maintain contacts and exchanges between the producers of the
hollow steel sections and the ever increasing number of architects and
engineers using hollow steel sections throughout the world.

0 to promote hollow steel section usage wherever this makes for good engineering
practice and suitable architecture, in general by disseminating information,
organizing congresses etc.

0 to co-operate with organizations concerned with practical design recommen-

dations, regulations or standards at national and international level.

Technical activities

The technical activities of CIDECT have centred on the following research aspects
of hollow steel design:
0 Buckling behaviour of empty and concrete-filled columns
0 Effective buckling lengths of members in trusses
0 Fire resistance of concrete-filled columns
0 Static strength of welded and bolted joints
0 Fatigue resistance of joints
0 Aerodynamic properties
0 Bending strength
0 Corrosion resistance
0 Workshop fabrication

The results of CIDECT research form the basis of many national and international
design requirements for hollow steel sections.

66
L9
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 Present members of CIDECT are:
(1995)

0 British Steel PLC. United Kingdom

0 EXMA, France
0 ILVAForm, Italy
0 IPSCO Inc., Canada
0 Laminaciones de Lesaca S.A., Spain
0 Laminoirs de Longtain, Belgium
0 Mannesmannr6hren-Werke AG, Federal Republic of Germany
0 Mannstadt Werke GmbH, Federal Republic of Germany
0 Nippon Steel Metal Products Co. Ltd., Japan
0 Rautaruukki Oy, Finland
0 Sonnichsen AlS, Norway
0 Tubemakers of Australia, Australia
0 Tubeurop, France
0 VOEST Alpine Krems, Austria

Cidect Research Reports can be obtained through:

Mr. E. Bollinger
Office of the chairman of the CIDECT Technical Commission
c/o Tubeurop France
Immeuble Pacific
TSA 20002
92070 La Defense Cedex
Tel.: (33) 1/41258181
Fax: (33) 1/41258800
Mr. D. Dutta
MarggrafstraBe 13
40878 Ratingen
Germany
Tel.: (49) 2102/842578
Fax: (49) 2102/842578

'1

Care has been taken to ensure
cal values are accurate. To the
at the time of publication.
CIDECT, its members and the
tion of the information contained
that all data and information herein is factual and that numeri-
best of our knowledge, all information in this book is accurate
authors assume no responsibility for errors or misinterpreta-
in this book or in its use.

68