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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Solid waste1 management remains a major challenge in the

Philippines especially in urban areas like Metro Manila. Improper wastes

disposal, inefficient wastes collection and lack of disposal facilities are

among the dominant concerns in the country’s solid waste management.

Unless, these are addressed the wastes generated from various sources

will continually lead to health hazards and serious environmental impacts

such as ground and surface water contamination, flooding, air pollution and

spread of diseases. Republic Act No. 9003 otherwise known as the

“Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, enacted on January 26,

2001, aims to address the growing problem on solid wastes in the country.

It provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive,

and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure

protection of public health and the environment. It also provides for the

necessary institutional mechanisms with the creation of the National Solid

Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) which shall oversee the

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implementation of solid waste management plans and prescribe policies as

well as incentives to achieve objectives of the Act [1]

According to DENR in one day 2,000 truck with capacity load of 20

tons were collect across the city. The 450 are here in Metro Manila.

Approximately 40,000 tons of waste are collected in the country in one

single day. [2]

“Of the 42,000 barangays nationwide, 70 percent do not yet have a material

recovery facility. That's why, in rivers and streams, waste is dumped," Eligio

Ildefonso, director of the DENR Solid Waste Management unit, said in a

statement. [2]

According to Aguda, John Darell (2018) When the waste is

segregated into its respective streams such as wet, dry, and metallic, the

waste has a higher prospective of recovery and therefore, recycled and

reused. [3]

Even though there are public and private sectors that segregate

waste, it is always better to have it sorted from its source. This way, a higher

quality of the material is retained which means that more value can be

recovered from waste [4]. Another benefit is occupational hazard for waste

workers is minimized. Time can also be saved since the segregated waste

can be directly sent to the recycling and processing plant.

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In Philippines every barangay has a schedule of collecting wastes.

Sometimes the said schedule was not followed. It caused the waste to

decomposed. Some residents didn’t separate their garbage they will just put

in a sack or throw it while the rain is falling. Sometimes they will just dump

it in the river or dump it anywhere. Sometimes garbage collectors separate

the recycle materials and the rest go straight to the garbage truck. After that

they will send it to dumpsite. Due to lack of proper segregation methods, a

large amount of untreated waste is dumped at landfills.

An Automated Waste Segregator segregates the waste and put it in

their respective bins. The purpose of this study is to develop a device which

can identify the type of wastes and put them in different bins accordingly

and automatically. And can detect if the bin is full.

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Statement of the Problem

Waste disposal is a big factor for a clean environment. People

nowadays just put trash anywhere. That causes to contamination, flooding,

air pollution, water pollution etc. They don’t separate biodegradable, non-

biodegradable and recycle materials. Also garbage collectors didn’t

separate bio-degradable and non-biodegradable but they separate the

recycle materials.

Specific Problems

 Is waste segregated properly?

 Are segregating bins provided?

 Is wastes collect regularly?

Objective of the Study

To develop a machine that can help to segregate the waste. That

helps to improve and maintain the cleanliness of the community. And also

lessen the waste and minimize the work of garbage collectors.

Specific Objectives of the Study

 To segregate the wastes accordingly and automatically.

 To discipline the residents in segregating wastes.

 To minimize the wastes and prevent the pollution.

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Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the existing development

of Automated Waste Segregator on the Automated Waste Segregator using

Arduino Uno with CPS.

Conceptual Framework

Fig. 1.0 Block Diagram

In this figure 1.0 shows the flow of an Automated Waste Segregator

using Arduino Uno with CPS. The develop program is stores in the

microcontroller Arduino Uno board and ready to be executed when needed.

The metal detector (capacitive sensor), wet sensor (capacitive sensor),

paper and plastic detector (capacitive sensor), LED, buzzer and motor

driver. The program and hardware parts of the proposed project are

combined together to perform the functionality. For the input, if the wet

sensor detects wet wastes. The wet bin lid will open and the waste material
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will dispose there. Just like the wet sensor, if metal sensor detects metal

waste it will go to metal bin. If paper and plastic detects paper or plastic

waste it will go to paper and plastic bin. If any of this sensor did not sense

anything the waste will go directly to the last bin. Each bin has a LED and

buzzer that will beep once if the waste falls. And if it is full the LED and

buzzer on continuously.

Significance of the Study

This project is a big help to the environment and also to our

health.

To Garbage Truck Collectors

To garbage truck collectors will just have to wait to full the bin

before they take it to the dumpsite or the recycling center.

To the Residence

To the residents they are disciplined in segregating wastes and they

will prevent the diseases.

To the proponent

As Computer Engineering students this study will help us enhance

our skills and knowledge in programming and technical.

To the future researchers

It will give ideas that will help them to improve the project they will create.
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Scope and Delimitations

This study is focused in the design and development of an

Automated Waste Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS that shall help

in segregating wastes in recycle materials, non-biodegradable and

biodegradable. After the wastes detected the lid will automatically open and

the waste will fall and you will hear a beep sound indicates that your waste

is inside the bin. And if the bin is full the alarm will on. The bin will be color

coded according to its category. Also the benefits of this project is to prevent

the increasing of waste materials. Also the residents will discipline in

segregating waste, and also it will help garbage collectors to easier their

work, time can also be saved since the waste is segregated.

The proposed project delimited the following:

 Glass bottles are not allowed.

 If the waste is in bundle the first layer will be the one to be

detected.

 You can just throw waste one at a time.

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Definition of Terms

Capacitive proximity sensors can detect both metallic and non-

metallic targets in powder, granulate, liquid, and solid form.

Arduino Uno is a popularly used open-source micro-controller

board that runs on ATmega 328P micro-controller. This board is developed

by Arduino.cc which is an Italy based hardware company. This board

contains a set of digital and analog I/O data pins that are used to interface

this board with other electronic components. Arduino Uno consists of 14

digital pins and 6 analog pins.

Servo motor is a linear or rotary actuator that provides fast precision

position control for closed-loop position control applications.

L293D is a motor driver circuit that is connected with a motor

when the required current for a motor is more than what is specified. Hence,

motor drivers act as a current amplifier. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can

control two DC motors simultaneously.

Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells

with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as

flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars.

Buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short).

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Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that

emits light when current flows through it.

Light Dependent Resistor or Photoresistor which is a passive

electronic component, basically a resistor which has a resistance that

varies depending of the light intensity.

Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch

electronic signals and electrical power.

Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from

plant or animal sources, which may be degraded by other living organisms.

Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste as

green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics.

Non-Biodegradable material can be defined as a kind of substance

which cannot be broken down by natural organisms.

Recycle materials waste that can recreate to a useful one.

Waste are unwanted or unusable materials.

Solid waste refers to all discarded household, commercial waste,

non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings,

construction debris, agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic

waste (RA No. 9003).

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Literature

In a year-end Solid Waste Management (SWM) report conducted by

the Senate Economic Planning Office (SEPO) in 2017, solid waste

management remains a main challenge in the Philippines especially in

the urban areas, majority in Metropolitan Manila. Improper waste

disposal, inefficient waste collection and deficiency in facilities for waste

disposal are among the leading matters in the country’s waste

management. It continues to rise as the population, living standards,

rapid economic growth and industrialization increases throughout the

years. [5] This is supported by the records of the National Solid Waste

Management Commission (NSWMC). The Commission calculated that

from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s waste generation

gradually increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average

per capita waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per day for both urban

and rural. The National Capital Region (NCR) generated the largest

volume yield for the past five years. With an estimated population of 12

million people, Metro Manila produced 9,212.92 tons per day of wastes

in 2016. It is followed by Region 4A with waste generation of 4,440.15

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tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70

%). At a global level, during 2016, the total amount of municipal solid

waste (MSW) reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual

increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market Report 2016).

It is also estimated that between 2011 and 2016, global generation of

municipal waste will rise by 37.3%, equivalent to roughly 8% increase

per year. [6] On the other hand, the government sought to provide a long

term solution to this growing problem through a stricter implementation

of the Republic Act 9003 (RA9003) or the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000. RA 9003 provides extensive measures of

waste minimization including waste reduction at sources, reuse,

recycling, and composting while it requires collaborative efforts of all the

relevant stakeholders, i.e. government, business, non-government

organizations (NGOs), and citizens under the leadership of local

government unit (LGU), who holds the primary responsibility for SWM to

achieve this common goal. [7]

Foreign Literature

Around the world, waste generation rates are rising. In 2016, the

worlds’ cities generated 2.01 billion tons of solid waste, amounting to a

footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person per day. With rapid population
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growth and urbanization, annual waste generation is expected to

increase by 70% from 2016 levels to 3.40 billion tones in 2050.

Compared to those in developed nations, residents in developing

countries, especially the urban poor, are more severely impacted by

unsustainably managed waste. In low-income countries, over 90% of

waste is often disposed in unregulated dumps or openly burned. These

practices create serious health, safety, and environmental

consequences. Poorly managed waste serves as a breeding ground for

disease vectors, contributes to global climate change through methane

generation, and can even promote urban violence.

Managing waste properly is essential for building sustainable and

livable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries

and cities. Effective waste management is expensive, often comprising

20%–50% of municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal

service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and

socially supported. [8]

Local Studies

According to Ang F., et al. (2018) recycling centers in Philippines do

manual labor to properly segregate wastes which may lead to sickness. The

researchers of the said study created an automatic waste segregating

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machine and a mobile garbage collector robot. The robot’s role is to collect

the wastes from three bins. The robot will only move when a button is

pushed and the robot will track down a line which will lead to the desired

bin. After collecting, the robot will place the collected wastes in the

Automated Waste Sorter (AWS). AWS’ design consists of the following:

magnet motor, neodymium magnets attached onto the shaft of the rotating

motor that will sort out steel wastes, a TDA0161 detector circuit that will sort

out aluminum wastes, and a tunable capacitive sensor to sort out glass, and

plastic bottles would be dispensed to the end of the conveyor belt. The

Mobile Robot Waste Deliver System (MRWDS) activates through a radio

frequency signal triggered by a button. MRWDS’ was designed according

to the principle of line follower robots with certain modifications.

The arm of MRWDS consists of a DC wiper machine and switches

at the bottom and top. The switches act as limiters. Top limit switch indicates

for the arm to stop rising. Bottom limit switch indicates that the trash bin is

placed properly and indicates for the robot to reverse to go back to its

original position. The result of their study shows that 15 out of 16 items were

sorted. The said study recommends to use other sorting methods like image

processing, X-ray imaging, and infrared scanning. Multiple conveyor belts

and sensors is recommended to use for faster sorting process. Modifying

the process of dispensing can also be an improvement for the sorting

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process. For the robot, adding sensors like a proximity sensor to avoid

collisions and improving the interaction between the robot and the sorter.

[9]

In relation to the study of A.M.Rubio and J.P.Lazaro, Solar

Powered Reverse Trash Vendo Machine was developed to help lessen

the improper waste disposal practices of Filipino citizens, to encourage

recycling, and to apply the idea of green engineering. The project was

capable of detecting the scanned materials either a plastic bottle or

aluminum can, with a respective monetary value of compensation each.

The Gizduino X ATMega 1281 controls the entire process along with the

Gizduino 644 microcontroller board. The Gizduino was used from

determining the input and the outputs of the LCD display, to the crushing

of the input, to the dispensing of equivalent monetary value of the inputs,

and up to the communication between the device and the owner through

the GSM shield and the Android messaging application. The proponents

successfully integrated the concept of trash bin and reverse vending

machines into a device that is economic and environmental friendly. [10].

A study was conducted by Elfasakhany A. et al., about automated

waste segregation. The aim of the proponents was to design, build and test

an autonomous system capable of sorting common recyclable materials,

namely ferrous and nonferrous metals, plastics and glass into distinct waste
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containers. The system was designed with an aluminum chassis, loading

carrier maneuvered by a geared motor and a rubber band, sensors (INEX-

type metal sensor, DFRobot Ambient Light Sensor, and Ultasonic sensor),

control board, air fan for blowing the plastic bottles, DC motor to drive the

sorted material, and containers for the storage of sorted materials.

Electromagnetic sensor was used to distinguish different metals because of

its electrical and magnetic properties. Air fan and light sensor were also

used to distinguish between plastics and glass materials. Arduino

microcontroller was used to control all the system actions by merging the

interfaces of all the system components by means of programming. Diverse

iterations were used for distinguishing different trash materials. The system

has been successfully implemented and was able to sort trash materials of

different shape, size, weight and color without being affected by dust,

coatings or other impurities covering the trash materials. The project can be

endorsed to household up to small and medium industries with the

advantages of low power consumption and inexpensive. [11]

Foreign Studies

On the Study of Amrutha Chandramohan et. al. states there is no

such system for segregation of wastes into categories such as dry, wet

and metallic wastes at the household level. An Automated Waste

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Segregator (AWS) can be used at the household level so that the waste

can be sent directly for processing. The AWS employs inductive sensors

to identify metallic items, and capacitive sensors to distinguish between

wet and dry waste depending upon the threshold values set. However,

it cannot segregate ceramic into dry waste because it has the higher

relative dielectric constant as compared to other dry wastes that are

segregated. By increasing accuracy and overall efficiency, we can

eliminate noise.

The limitations of this system are it can segregate only one type

of waste at a time with an assigned priority for metal, wet and dry waste.

Thus, buffer spaces can be used to segregate a mixed type of waste.

Since the time for sensing metal objects is low the entire sensing module

can be placed along a single platform where the object is stable to

ensure better results. [12]

In the paper presented by M.K.Pushpa et al., the proposition of

an automated waste segregating machine is highly feasible. The 8051

microcontroller is the heart of the system. It controls the working and

timing of all the subsections including the sensors that will detect the

properties of the materials. An open-close mechanism was used to

regulate the flow of the waste. An inductive sensor detects if the object

is metallic or non-metallic. If it is, the conveyor will transport the object

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to the bin assigned to metallic objects. If it’s not, the high speed blower

will determine if it is wet or dry based on its weight. The prototype yields

an almost perfect result but is only limited in metallic, wet and dry

segregation. It also lacks identification if the dry waste is plastic or paper.

The segregation also takes an approximate of one minute to identify the

object. In the design, the object sizes are only limited to the size of the

open-close mechanism [13].

Moreover, in the study conducted by Suwon Shin and Kaiyuan

Fan, the trash bin lid is integrated to automatically open when a user is

nearby. An indicator is also added to specify the content status of the

trash bin. A capacitive proximity sensor was used to identify the non-

metallic objects. An Arduino microcontroller was used to operate all of

the added procedures. The separation of metallic and non-metallic

objects (i.e. paper, plastic, etc.) is more accurate but consumes too

much power. Each bin is connected to different power supply thus

considered as not economical for everyday use. [14]

On the study of Rashmi M. Kittali et. al. says that even PLC can be

used for AWS. It has an advantage of reduced manpower, improved

accuracy and speed of management of waste. It also avoids the risk of

working in hazardous places. This work can be implemented by making use

of a robotic arm in the future to pick and place certain materials which can
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be re-used. The bins can be unloaded by placing limit sensors at the top of

each bin.

Depending upon the above survey we will be implementing an AWS

using Arduino UNO with a feedback system which will be implemented

using an Ultrasonic Distance Measure Sensor, and as the garbage reaches

the sensor level which is attached in the bin an interrupt is sent to the

microcontroller and a message is displayed on LCD saying bin is full and

the microcontroller enters low power mode till it is not reset.

We had proposed a standing model for the system to be

implemented but to improve the accuracy and feasibility of the system and

to make the system cost effective we chose to make a system using a

conveyer belt and mounting different sensors at the sides of the belt so as

to segregate waste. [15]

Synthesis

Due to the rapid evolution of technology, different researchers

around the globe integrate diverse ways in segregating waste. With the

same aim, to minimize waste production, combinations of distinct

sensors, microcontrollers, and image processors were utilized. With

these, the researchers were able to come up with a study that integrates

all the various technology to be able to create a machine that is both

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efficient and effective. The proponents propose a device an Automated

waste segregating machine equipped with sensors. This will be

implemented using an Arduino. The studies mentioned in local and

foreign studies shows that four studies are somehow similar to the

proposed project Automated Waste Segregator using Arduino Uno with

CPS. Also the studies mentioned above mostly used Arduino Uno as

their microcontroller.

The differences between the studies from the above similarities

wherein most projects mentioned in is after the wastes detected it will

fall in to the respective bin. The proposed project is when the waste is

detected the bin will automatically open and it will fall down. And if the

waste is fall you will hear a beep sound. Also you will hear a continuous

beep indicates that the bin is full and the LED will on. Also the

proponents use capacitive proximity sensor for detecting metals, paper,

plastic and wet wastes.

As a summary, based on the above-mentioned studies and

literatures, most of the related studies are somehow focused only on

segregating the wastes. The propose project of Automated Waste

Segregator using Arduino Uno with CPS is not only focusing on

segregating wastes but also in the bins.

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Chapter 3

Project Design and Methodology Used

Project Design

This section shows the design of the proposed project.

Fig. 2.0 Automated Waste Segregator Flowchart

In this figure 2.0 shows the flow of the proposed project Automated

Waste Segregator. If the user drops waste material. Is the waste detected

as metal? If yes, the motor 1 and 2 will on and motor 3 and 4 is off. If no it

will ask if the waste detected as wet? If yes motor 1 and 3 is on while motor

2 and 4 is off. If it will ask if the waste detected as plastic and paper? If yes
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motor 1 and 4 will on and motor 2 and 3 will off. If no motor 1 is on but motor

2, 3 and 4 is off.

Fig. 2.1 Trash Bin Monitoring Flow Chart

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In this fig. 2.1 shows the flow of the trash bin monitoring. If the waste

falls the buzzer will beep and the LED will on once. If the buzzer beeps

continuously and the LED continuously on that means is full.

Fig. 3.0 Schematic Diagram

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Fig. 4.0 Dust Bin Schematic Diagram

Fig. 5.0 Block Diagram

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Methodology Used

The proponents used Engineering Design Method, that identifies the

flow of operation.

Engineering Design is the process of devising a system, component,

or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision-making process (often

iterative), in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and the engineering

sciences are applied to convert optimally to meet these needs.

- Accreditation Board for Engineering

and Technology (ABET)

Phase 1: Idea

Identify the problem: The proponents use interviews, questionnaires

and observations to identify the problems and the needs of the residents.

Phase 2: Concept

The proponents conceptualize the project. Also the proponents list

all the possible materials and made sketches about the project.

Phase 3: Planning

The proponents plan how the device woks, the components to used,

sketch the layout and schematic of the project.

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Phase 4: Design

After canvassing the materials and finishing the plans. The proponents

design the output of the project (schematic diagram, layout, flowchart).

Phase 5: Development

The proponents build the project. Also the proponents run a test to

identify the errors and fix it.

Project Instrument

The proponents construct and conduct an interview questionnaire,

survey and observation to collect data for this study. The proponents

gathered important information about waste segregation. The questions

relating to waste segregation were asked to gather information to this study

while conducting interview the problems were also mentioned.

Project Formulation

The proponents use this tools to solve the survey.

Slovin's formula

- is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N)

and a margin of error (e).

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- it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size

-It is computed as 𝒏 = 𝐍 / (𝟏 + 𝐍𝐞𝟐 ).

whereas:

n = no. of samples

N = total population

e = error margin / margin of error

ANOVA (Analysis of variance) – compares the means of the

comparison groups and conducted using 5 steps. H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3. ANOVA

was developed by statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher. It is

s test that compares 3 or more variables its’ conducted with 5 steps.

2
∑𝑛𝑗 (𝑋̅𝑗 −𝑋̅ )
𝑘−1
𝐹= 2
∑∑(𝑋−𝑋̅𝑗 )
𝑁−𝑘

where:

𝑛𝑗 = the sample size in the jth group

𝑥̅𝑗 = is the sample mean in the jth group

𝑥̅ = is the overall mean

x = individual observation

k = represents the number of independent groups

N = represents the total number of sample of observations in the analysis.

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Table 1.0 ANOVA Tool

Degree of Mean
Source of
Sums of Squares Freedom Squares F
Variation
(df) (MS)

Between 𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑀𝑆𝐵

̅𝑗 – X
SSB = ∑n𝑗 (X ̅) 2 𝐾−1 𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 𝐹=
Treatments 𝑘−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸

Error (or 𝑀𝑆𝐸

SSE = ∑∑(X – X̅𝑗 )2 𝑁−𝑘 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
Residual) 𝑁−𝑘

Total ̅) 2
SST = ∑∑(X – X 𝑁−1

Project Cost Estimation

The following figures shows the approximately amount of cost and

benefit to the system. So the proponents show the approximately amount

of the costs.

Table 1.0 Cost Estimation

Units/Hrs./Q Cost/Unit Subtotals Totals

ty. /Hr.
1. Project Manager ₱9,900.00
 Project Manager 80 80 ₱6,400.00
 Project Team ₱3,500.00
Members 50 70
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2. Hardware ₱ 2,668.00

 Handheld Devices

Soldering Iron 1 ₱100.00

Capacitive Proximity 4 ₱ 330.00 ₱1,320.00

Sensor

Arduino Uno 1 ₱ 495.00

DC Motor 4 ₱ 250.00 ₱1,000.00

L293D 1 ₱ 60.00

Buzzer 1 ₱ 60.00 ₱ 240.00

LED 4 ₱ 2.00 ₱ 8.00

3. Software
Sketch Up 1 Open Open
Source Source
Arduino IDE 1 Open Open
Source Source
4. Testing **** **** **** ₱3,000.00

5. Training and support ₱ 190.00

 Trainer cost
2 Hrs. ₱ 50.00 ₱ 100.00
 Travel cost
2 Hrs. ₱ 45.00 ₱90.00
6. Total Project Cost ₱ 15,758
Estimate
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Project Development/Construction

The proponents made a plan in order to achieve the proposed project.

First procedure is planning of the functionality, and the purpose of the

proposed project. Next is planning of design. The proponents draw the

project layout, schematic and flowchart of the proposed project. After

planning of design, is building the project. And last is execution, after

building the device the proponents will start to execute or test the device

and determine the flaws and error during trial. And after evaluating the

errors, the proponents will re-test it again to make sure it will be ready to

present.

1. Capacitive Proximity Sensor – it will detect the wastes that fall or

pass in sensor.

2. Motor – it will open and close the.

3. Dustbin – where the waste will fall after detection.

4. Led- the light will on if the waste is fall in the bin also if it is full.

5. Buzzer- it will beep once if the waste is fall or continuous beep if the

bin is full.
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Computer Engineering Department

Fig. 6.0 Project Design

Fig. 6.1 Project Design

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1996

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Excellence
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Computer Engineering Department

Fig. 6.2 Project Design

Fig. 6.3 Project Design