Volume-2 - Worked Examples - 04-11-19 PDF

IAStructE DOCUMENT No.
XXXX/01
DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR

DISCUSSION
(October 2019)
PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS AND

COMMENTARY (WITH WORKED
EXAMPLES) FOR IRC:6-2017
TITLED “STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE
OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES – SECTION II :
LOADS & LOAD COMBINATIONS (SEVENTH
REVISION)”
VOLUME 2 OF 2 :
ILLUSTRATIVE WORKED
EXAMPLES
Published by
INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS
 This document is still under development by Indian
Association of Structural Engineers (IAStructE).
 The first draft of this document is prepared by :
o Mr Alok Bhowmick
o Mr Rajiv Ahuja
With assistance from :

o Mr Jatin Singla
o Mr Sanjay Kumar Jain
o Mr Harpreet Singh
 The document is circulated as a “DRAFT FOR

COMMENTS” only.
 Comments and feedback may please be

forwarded to : Mr Alok Bhowmick, President,
IAStructE at email ID :
bsec.ab@gmail.com; iastructe@gmail.com
Page 1 of 90
About this guideline
Like many current national codes in India, the IRC code on Loads and Load Combinations
(namely IRC:6-2017) is a code without a published commentary. For any structural design
code, it is important for the practicing structural engineers to have a thorough understanding
of the principles, the true interpretation and background of the codal clauses, which will
ensure better compliance of the code. It is often found that many of the clauses presented
in the code presents difficulty to some designers at least initially for its correct application.
For young engineers particularly, the unfamiliarity with the codal clauses poses huge
problems in ensuring correct interpretation and application of the code. This is the backdrop
to the publication of this guideline, titled ‘Proposed Modification and Commentary for IRC:6-
2017” by the Indian Association of Structural Engineers (IAStructE). The association
recognised this need and set up a task group to prepare two documents :
a. Volume - 1 : Commentary
b. Volume - 2 : Illustrative Worked Examples.
The 1st document captures the background to the code and also includes proposed
modifications required in the code. The 2nd document further illustrates the practical
application of the code and should promote understanding. Both these documents were
prepared by a team led by Mr Alok Bhowmick (MD, B&S Engineering Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
and President, IAStructE) and Mr Rajiv Ahuja (Independent Consultant and GC Member,
IAStructE). The document is also peer reviewed by some of the eminent engineers (Mr A K
Banerjee, Convenor of B-2 Committee; Prof. Mahesh Tandon, MD of Tandon Consultants
Pvt. Ltd. and Mr T Viswanathan, Independent Consultant. This publication will assist
practicing bridge and structural engineers in building confidence in the code, which offers
tools for the design of economic and innovative bridge structures. The document is rich in
theoretical explanations and draws on much experience of the authors. Worked examples
further illustrate the application of the code and should promote better understanding.
As conveners of the Task Group, we would like to thank all the authors, peer reviewers and
members of the joint Task Force for working efficiently and effectively in producing these
documents. The Commentary and the Worked Examples will prove an authentic companion
to IRC:6-2017 and deserves every success.
Mr Alok Bhowmick, Mr Rajiv Ahuja,

FNAE & Int PE (India), President, IAStructE, GC Member, IAStructE &
Managing Director, Independent Consultant
B&S Engineering Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Noida (U.P)
Page 2 of 90
Disclaimer / Copyright : Indian Association of Structural Engineers.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Indian Association of
Structural Engineers (IAStructE).
The opinions reflected in this document are those of the authors and the IAStructE cannot
be held liable for any view expressed therein. All advice or information from the IAStructE is
intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and take
responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including for negligence) for any loss
resulting from such advice or information is accepted.
Readers should note that all codes and standards published by the Indian Roads Congress
are subject to revision from time to time and therefore this guideline is applicable and
relevant to the latest publication of the code available at the time of publication of this
document. Readers must ensure that they are in possession of the latest version of the code
for practical application.
Page 3 of 90
INDEX
EXAMPLE
S.NO. EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
NO.
204 DESIGN FORCES DUE TO CARRIAGEWAY LIVE LOADS :
1 204-1 FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPAN SUPER-STRUCTURE
205 REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON BRIDGES :
2 205-1 FOR BRIDGES CARRYING THREE TRAFFIC LANES
3 205-2 FOR BRIDGES CARRYING FOUR TRAFFIC LANES
206 HOR. LOADS IN RAILING / KERB & VERT. LOAD ON FOOTPATH :
4 206-1 HORIZONTAL LOAD ON PEDESTRIAN RAILING & FOOTWAY KERB
5 206-2 VERTICAL LOAD ON FOOTPATH FOR A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE
6 206-3 VERTICAL LOAD ON FOOTPATH FOR A CONTINUOUS BRIDGE
208 CALCULATION OF IMPACT FACTOR ON VARIOUS BRIDGE TYPES :
7 208-1 SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPAN BRIDGE
8 208-2 CONTINUOUS SPAN BRIDGE
9 208-3 CANTILEVER ARM BRIDGE (WITHOUT SUSPENDED SPAN)
10 208-4 CANTILEVER ARM BRIDGE WITH SUSPENDED SPAN
11 208-5 IMPACT FACTOR FOR VARIOUS BRIDGE COMPONENT
12 208-6 IMPACT FACTOR FOR HANGERS IN BOWSTRING GIRDER BRIDGE
210 CALCULATION OF WATER CURRENT FORCES ON VARIOUS TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURES:
13 210-1 PIER WITH WELL FOUNDATION
14 210-2 PIER WITH WELL FOUNDATION IN SKEW
15 210-3 BRIDGE HAVING OPEN FOUNDATION ON PUCCA FLOOR
16 210-4 PIER WITH PILE FOUNDATION
211 CALCULATION OF LONG. FORCES DUE TO FRICTION, BRAKING, SHRINKAGE & TEMPERATURE ON BRIDGES :
DERIVATION FOR HORIZONTAL FORCES IN BEARINGS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CONTINUOUS SPAN
17 211-1
BRIDGES
18 211-2 CALCULATION OF FORCES IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK WITH 'FIX' & 'FREE' BEARINGS
CALCULATION OF FORCES IN INTERMEDIATE PIER FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK WITH 'FIX' & 'FREE'
19 211-3
BEARINGS ON ADJACENT SPANS
CALCULATION OF FORCES IN INTERMEDIATE PIER FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK WITH 'FIX' & 'FREE'
20 211-4
BEARINGS ON ONE SPAN & ELASTOMERIC BEARING IN ANOTHER SPAN
CALCULATION OF FORCES FOR CONTINUOUS SPANS SUPPORTED THROUGH 'FIX' BEARING AT
21 211-5
INTERMEDIATE PIER AND 'FREE' BEARINGS AT REMAINING PEIRS.
212 CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ON BRIDGES :
22 212-1 CALCULATIONS FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED CURVED BRIDGE
23 212-2 CALCULATIONS FOR CONTINUOUS CURVED BRIDGE
213 BUOYANCY CALCULATIONS FOR STRUCTURES
24 213-1 CALCULATION OF BUOYANCY FORCES FOR AN UNDERPASS
214 CALCULATION OF EARTH PRESSURE :
25 214-1 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE UNDER NON-SEISMIC CONDITIONS
26 214-2 "AT REST" EARTH PRESSURE UNDER NON-SEISMIC CONDITIONS
27 214-3 PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE UNDER NON-SEISMIC CONDITIONS
28 214-4 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE
29 214-5 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
30 214-6 PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
31 214-7 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO UNIFORM SURCHARGE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
32 214-8 PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO UNIFORM SURCHARGE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS
33 214-9 ACTIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO SUBMERGED EARTHFILL UNDER SESIMIC CONDITIONS
34 214-10 PASSIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO SUBMERGED EARTHFILL UNDER SESIMIC CONDITIONS
35 214-11 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR COHESIVE SOIL UNDER NON SEISMIC CONDITIONS
Page 4 of 90 1 of 2
EXAMPLE
S.NO. EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
NO.
215 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BRIDGES :
FORCES INDUCED DUE TO TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE IN THROUGHT DEPTH OF THE SIMPLY SUPPORTED
36 215-1
BRIDGE
220 BARGE IMPACT ON BRIDGES :
37 220-1 CALCULATION FOR BARGE IMPACT FORCES FOR A BRIDGE
221 SNOW LOAD ON BRIDGES :
38 221-1 CALCULATION FOR SNOW LOAD & CARRIAGEWAY LOAD IN A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE
222 VEHICLE COLLISION LOAD ON BRIDGE PIERS :
39 222-1 TYPICAL CALCULATION OF VEHICLE COLLISSION LOAD ON BRIDGE PIERS
Page 5 of 90 2 of 2
PROPOSED MODIFICATION & COMMENTARY - IRC: 6-2017
ILLUSTRATIVE WORKED EXAMPLES
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
204 - DESIGN FORCES DUE TO CARRIAGEWAY LIVE
DESIGN CALCULATIONS LOADS
WORKED EXAMPLE NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:
FIND OUT BENDING MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE AT VARIOUS SECTIONS
204-1 i.e (1, 2, & 3) IN 2 LANES SIMPLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE OF EFFECTIVE
SPAN LENGTH 30 METER FOR I.R.C LIVE LOADINGS
CL
1 2 3
30.0 M
0.75 M 15.0 M 0.75 M
7.5 M
15.0M
a) CLASS 70R (WHEELED) VEHICLE 17OKN
17OKN
17OKN
17OKN
12OKN
12OKN
8OKN
2.130
1.520
1.370
1.370
3.960 3.050
b) CLASS 70R (TRACKED) VEHICLE
700KN
4.570
c) CLASS ‘A’ TRAIN OF VEHICLE

114KN
114KN
27KN
27KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
1.100
1.200
3.200 4.300 3.000 3.000 3.000
d) SPECIAL VEHICLE
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
60KN
95KN
95KN
1.370
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
3.200 5.389
Page 6 of 90 1 of 4
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM-SECTION-1

SHEAR FORCE BENDING MOMENT
10KN
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
1. CLASS 70R (WHEELED) LOADING
10KN 170KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
120KN
120KN
80KN
1.37 3.05 3.96

2.13
1.52
1.37
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
2. CLASS 70R (TRACKED) LOADING
10KN
(700KN/4.57m)
700KN
4.57
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
3. CLASS A LOADING
10KN
68KN
114KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

1.2
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
4. SPECIAL VEHICLE LOADING
10KN
180KN
180KN 180KN 180KN 180KN
1.50 1.50 (TYP.) 1.50
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
S. NO. LOAD DESCRIPTION IMPACT FACTOR SHEAR FORCE (KN) BENDING MOMENT (KNm)
1. CLASS 70R (W) 1.125 932 -143 ALL DIMENSIONS
2. CLASS 70R (T) 1.1 711 -47 ARE IN METER AND
3. CLASS A 1.125 910 -114 KILONEWTON
4. SPECIAL VEHICLE 1 1889 -136
Page 7 of 90 2 of 4
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM-SECTION-2

56.25KN
7.5KN
7.5
7.5
0.75 -2.5KN 30.0 0.75

0.75 30.0 0.75

56.25KN
7.5KN
7.5
120KN
120KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
8OKN
120KN
120KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
80KN
3.05 3.96
2.13
1.52
1.37
1.37
3.05 3.96
2.13
1.52
1.37
1.37
-2.5KN 0.75 30.0 0.75

0.75 30.0 0.75

56.25KN
7.5KN
700KN
700KN
1.14 3.43
4.57
-2.5KN
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
3. CLASS A LOADING
56.25KN
7.5KN
114KN
114KN
114KN
114KN
27KN
27KN
27KN
27KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
3.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

1.10
1.20
1.1 1.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

-2.5KN
0.75 30.0 0.75
0.75 30.0 0.75

7.5KN 56.25KN
5x180KN 5x180KN 6x180KN

C.G
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
1.50 (TYP.)
-2.5KN 1.50 1.50 (TYP.)

0.75 30.0 0.75
0.75 30.0 0.75
1. CLASS 70R (W) 1.125 651 5010 ALL DIMENSIONS
2. CLASS 70R (T) 1.1 518 4001 ARE IN METER AND
3. CLASS A 1.125 614 5062 KILONEWTON
4. SPECIAL VEHICLE 1 1076 10125
Page 8 of 90 3 of 4
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM-SECTION 3

75KN
5KN
15.0
-5KN
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

75KN
5KN
170KN
120KN
8OKN
120KN
120KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
170KN
80KN
3.96 3.05
1.52
2.13
1.37
1.37
-5KN
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

75KN
5KN
700KN
4.57
700KN
4.57
-5KN
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
3. CLASS A LOADING
5KN 75KN
114KN
114KN
27KN
27KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
114KN
114KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
68KN
27KN
27KN
1.1 3.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

-5KN 1.2
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

75KN
5KN
15.0 5x180KN 5x180KN
C.G
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
180KN
1.50 (TYP.)
1.50 (TYP.)
-5KN
0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75
1. CLASS 70R (W) 1.125 370 6613 ALL DIMENSIONS
2. CLASS 70R (T) 1.1 326 5355 ARE IN METER AND
3. CLASS A 1.125 302 6201 KILONEWTON
4. SPECIAL VEHICLE 1 492 13500
Page 9 of 90 4 of 4
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
205 - REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON BRIDGES

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

FIND OUT REDUCED BENDING MOMENT AND SUPPORT REACTION FOR
205-1 INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED BRIDGE CARRING THREE LANES OF TRAFFIC.
Live Loading
A B
30 m
Longitudinal Direction
a) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 3-LANES OF

CLASS-A LOADING.
SOLUTION :
0.45 m 9.6 to 13.1 m 0.45 m
0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.8 m
CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A
Peir Cap
3-Lanes Structure ,Transverse Direction
BENDING MOMENT REACTION

Max. B.M at Centre of
= 9302.0 KNm Max. Reaction at Support = 1408.3 KN
Span
% of Reduction in
= 10 % of Reduction in Longitudinal Effects = 10
Longitudinal Effect
Reduced B.M at
= 8371.8 KNm Reduced Reaction at Support = 1267.5 KN
Centre of Span
Page 10 of 90 1 of 9
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

b) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER1-LANE OF

CLASS A & 2-LANES OF CLASS 70R-(W) LOADING.
SOLUTION :
0.45 m 12.5 m 0.45 m
0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.93 m 1.2 m
CLASS A CLASS 70 R(W)
Peir Cap
3-Lane Structure ,Transverse Direction
CLASS
DESCRIPTION CLASS A TOTAL
70R(W)
Max. B.M at Centre of Span = 3100.67 KNm 6612.98 KNm 9713.65 KNm
Max. Reaction at Support = 469.43 KN 960.99 KN 1430.42 KN
% of Reduction in Longitudinal Effect = 10 10
Reduced B.M at Centre of Span = 2790.60 KNm 5951.68 KNm 8742.28 KNm
Reduced Reaction at Support = 422.49 KN 864.89 KN 1287.4 KN
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

C) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 1-LANE OF

CLASS A & 2-LANES OF CLASS 70R-(T) LOADING.
SOLUTION :
0.45 m 12.5 m 0.45 m
0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 2.06 m 1.2 m
CLASS A CLASS 70 R(T)
Peir Cap
DESCRIPTION CLASS A CLASS 70R(T) TOTAL

Hence
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

d) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER SPECIAL

VEHICLE LOADING AT CENTRE OF DECK.
SOLUTION :
0.45 m 5m 0.45 m 0.45 m 7.5 m 0.45 m
SPECAL VEHICLE CLASS 70R(W)

3.0 m 1.93 m
Peir Cap
CLASS
DESCRIPTION SV TOTAL
70R(W)
TABLE : 1 :- REDUCED BENDING MOMENTS AND REACTIONS IN 3-LANE STRUCTURE
LIVE LOAD COMBINATION REDUCED B.M (KNm) REDUCED REAC. (KN)

a) 3-Lanes of Class A = 8371.81 = 1267.46
b) 1-Lane of Class A and 2-Lanes of Class 70 R(W) = 8742.28 = 1287.37
c) 1-Lane of Class A and 2-Lanes of Class 70 R(T) = 7610.23 = 1079.31
d) Special Vehicle and 2-Lanes of Class 70 R(W) = 20112.98 = 2940.87
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
205 - REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON
DESIGN CALCULATIONS BRIDGES
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.
TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:
FINDOUT REDUCED BENDING MOMENT AND SUPPORT REACTION FOR

205-2 BRIDGE CARRING FOUR LANES OF TRAFFIC,
Live Loading
A B
30 m
a) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 4-

LANES OF CLASS A LOADING.
SOLUTION :
2-Lanes Carriageway-A 2-Lanes Carriageway-B
0.5 m 16.5 m 0.5 m
1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m
CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A
Peir Cap Peir Cap
Carriageway-A Carriageway-B
DESCRIPTION
CLASS A CLASS A
Max. B.M at Centre of Span = 6201.34 KNm 6201.34 KNm
Max. Reaction at Support = 938.86 KN 938.86 KN
Reduced B.M at Centre of Span = 6201.34 KNm 6201.34 KNm

Reduced Reaction at Support = 938.86 KN 938.86 KN
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.

b) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 2-

LANES OF CLASS A & 2-LANES OF CLASS 70 R(W) LOADING.
SOLUTION :
0.5 m 15 m 0.5 m
0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.93 m 1.2 m
CLASS 70 R(W)
CLASS A CLASS A
Peir Cap
DESCRIPTION CLASS A TOTAL

CLASS 70R(W)
Hence
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.

C) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 4-

LANES OF CLASS 70 R(W) LOADING.
SOLUTION :
0.5 m 15 m 0.5 m
1.2 m 1.93 m 1.2 m 1.93 m 1.2 m
CLASS 70 R(W) CLASS 70 R(W)
Peir Cap
DESCRIPTION TOTAL
CLASS 70R(W) CLASS 70R(W)
Hence
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.

d) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 2-

LANES OF CLASS A & 2-LANES OF CLASS 70 R(T) LOADING.
SOLUTION :
0.5 m 15 m 0.5 m
0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 2.06 m 1.2 m
CLASS 70 R(T)
CLASS A CLASS A
Peir Cap
DESCRIPTION CLASS A CLASS 70R(T) TOTAL

Hence
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.

e) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER

SPECIAL VEHICLE PLACED AT CENTRE OF DECK.
SOLUTION :
2-Lanes Carriageway-A 2-Lanes Carriageway-B
0.5 m 16.5 m 0.5 m
1.8 m 1.8 m 3m
CLASS A CLASS A SPECAL VEHICLE
Peir Cap Peir Cap
Carriageway-A Carriageway-B
DESCRIPTION
CLASS A SV
Max. B.M at Centre of Span = 6201.34 KNm 13500.00 KNm
Max. Reaction at Support = 938.86 KN 1979.88 KN
Reduced B.M at Centre of Span = 6201.34 KNm 13500.00 KNm

Reduced Reaction at Support = 938.86 KN 1979.88 KN
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
206 - FOOT OVER BRIDGE, FOOTWAY, KERB, RAILING,
DESIGN CALCULATIONS PARAPET AND CRASH BARRIERS
FIND OUT HORIZONTAL LOADS ON PEDESTRIAN RAILING.
206-1 (Clause 206.5)
1.8 m
0.5 m
Horizontal
Rails 1.5 m
0.15 m
.
Vertical Post Kerb 0.1 m
Part Elevation, in Longitudinal Direction

Barrier
Railing
Crash
7.5kN/m Kerb
0.375 m 1.5 m 0.45 m 9.5 m 0.45 m 1.5 m 0.375 m
14.15 m
Both sided footpath & Railing ,Transverse Direction
SOLUTION :
PRELIMINARY DATA:
C/c of Vertical Post = 1.8 m
Height of vertical Posts = 1.5 m
Horizontal load on horizontal railing = 1.5 kN/m
Vertical load on Horizontal railing = 1.5 kN/m
Horizontal load at top of vertical post = 1.5 X 1.8
= 2.7 kN
1.5 KN/m
1.5 KN/m 2.7 KN 1.5 KN/m
1.5 m
1.5 KN/m
Loading on Railing
Loading on Solid Parapet Loading on Post
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
VERTICAL LOADS ON FOOTHPATH FOR A SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPAN
206-2 OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M.(Clause 206.3)
UDL = 9 KN/m (from both footpath)
A B
30 m
0.75 m 0.75 m
Barrier
Crash
Railing
Footpath
0.375 m 1.5 m 0.45 m 9.5 m 0.45 m 1.5 m 0.375 m
Both sided footpath,Transverse Direction
SOLUTION :
Overall Span Length = 31.5 m

Effective Span Length = 30 m
Width of Footpath = 1.5 m
2
Loading (P') = 4 kN/m
For effective spans of over 7.5 but not exceeding 30 m, the intensity of load
shall be determined according to the equation(Clause 206.3(b)) :
P = P' - 40L - 300 KN/m2

900
For L = 30 m
P = 3 kN/m2 (Load Intensity on one footpath)
UDL on Span = 2x1.5x3 (From both footpath)

= 9 KN/m
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
VERTICAL LOADS ON FOOTHPATH FOR A CONTINUOUS SUPPORTED
206-3 DECK OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTHS 7 M, 30 M, 45 M. (Clause 206.3)
UDL FROM BOTH FOOTHPATH
12 KN/m 9 KN/m 7.4 KN/m
A B C D
0.75 m 7m 30 m 45 m 0.75 m
Barrier
Crash
Railing
Footpath
0.375 m 1.5 m 0.45 m 9.5 m 0.45 m 1.5 m 0.375 m
Both sided footpath,Transverse Direction

SOLUTION :
DATA:
SPAN-I SPAN-II SPAN-III
Effective Span Length (L)] = 7 30 45 m
Width of Footpath (W) = 1.5 m
Loading (P') = 4 KN/m2
Span-I :
For effective span Length of 7.5 m or less the intensity of load shall be
(Reference Clause : 206.3(a)) :
2
P = 4 KN/m (Load Intensity on one footpath)
UDL on Span = 2x1.5x4 (from both footpath)

= 12 KN/m
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
VERTICAL LOADS ON FOOTHPATH FOR A CONTINUOUS SUPPORTED
206-3 DECK OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTHS 7 M, 30 M, 45 M. (Clause 206.3)
Span-II :
For effective spans of over 7.5 but not exceeding 30 m, the intensity of load
shall be determined according to the equation(Reference Clause 206.3 (b))
P = P' - 40L - 300 kN/m2

900
p = 3 kN/m2 (Load Intensity on one footpath)
UDL on Span = 2x1.5x3 (from both footpath)

= 9 KN/m
Span-III :
For effective spans of over 30 m, the intensity of load shall be determined

according to the equation(Reference Clause 206.3 (c)):
P = P' - 2.6 + 48 16.5 - W kN/m2

L 15
For both side loaded footh path W = 3.0 m

For L = 45 m
p = 2.22 KN/m2 (Load Intensity on one footpath)
UDL on Span = 2x1.5x2.47 (from both footpath)

= 6.66 KN/m
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS 208 - IMPACT FACTOR FOR VARIOUS BRIDGE TYPES

FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR A SIMPLY SUPPORTED RCC/PSC
208-1 BRIDGE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M. (Clause 208.5)
LIVE LOADING
A B
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
SOLUTION :
CLASS-A/CLASS-B LOADING TRACKED (CLASS-AA/CLASS-70R) LOADING

Effective Span Effective Span
= 30 m = 30 m
Length(Leff.) Length(Leff.)
Impact Factor
Impact Factor 4.5
= = 10 %
Equation (6+Leff.)
(Graph)
Impact Factor = 1.125 Impact Factor = 1.1
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR A CONTINUOUS STEEL BRIDGE OF
208-2 EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTHS 30 M & 20 M. (Clause 208.5)
Case-I : Longer span loaded
LIVE LOADING
A B C
0.75 m 30 m 20 m 0.75 m
CLASS-A/CLASS-B LOADING WHEELED (CLASS-AA/CLASS-70R) LOADING

= 30 m = 30 m
Impact Factor 9 Impact Factor 9

= =
Equation (13.5+Leff.) Equation (13.5+Leff)
Case-II: Shorter span loaded LIVE LOADING
A B C
0.75 m 30 m 20 m 0.75 m

= 20 m = 20 m
Impact Factor 9
= Impact Factor = 25 %
Equation (13.5+Leff.)
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR A CONTINUOUS STEEL BRIDGE OF
208-2 EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTHS 30 M & 20 M. (Clause 208.5)
Case-III: Both spans loaded

LIVE LOADING
A B C
0.75 m 30 m 20 m 0.75 m

For Live Load portion on Longer Span : For Live Load portion on Longer Span :
= 30 m = 30 m
Impact Factor 9 Impact Factor 9

= =
Equation (13.5+Leff.) Equation (13.5+Leff.)
For Live Load portion on Shorter Span : For Live Load portion on Shorter Span :
= 20 m = 20 m
Impact Factor 9
= Impact Factor = 25 %
Equation (13.5+Leff.)
Impact Factor values calculated above are as per IRC guidelines, but for simplification, consider the
smaller span for calculation of impact factor when both spans are loaded.
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

WORKED EXAPLES NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:
FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR A STEEL BRIDGE HAVING CANTILEVER
208-3 ARMS WITHOUT SUSPENDED SPAN. (Clause 208.5)
Case-I : Cantilever span loaded
Cantilever arms
LIVE LOADING LIVE LOADING
A B E C D
Hinge
0.75 m 50 m 20 m 20 m 40 m 0.75 m
Main Span Cantilever Span
WHEELDED (CLASS-AA/CLASS-70R)
CLASS-A/CLASS-B LOADING
LOADING
Cantilever Span (BE)/(EC) Cantilever Span (BE)/(EC)
Over all Length (L) = 20 m Over all Length (L) = 20 m
Effective Span 20 x 0.75 Effective Span 20 x 0.75
= =
Length(Leff.) 15 m Length(Leff.) 15 m
Impact Factor 9 Impact Factor

= = 25.0 %
Equation (13.5+Leff.) Equation
MAIN SPAN (AB) MAIN SPAN (AB)

= 50 m = 50 m
Impact Factor = 15.4 % Impact Factor = 15.4 %
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR A RCC/PSC BRIDGE HAVING
208-4 CANTILEVER ARMS WITH SUSPENDED SPAN. (Clause 208.5)
Case-I : Cantilever span loaded
LIVE LOADING LIVE

LIVE LOADING LOADING
A B E F C D
0.75 m 40 m 10 m 20 m 10 m 40 m
0.75 m
Main Span Suspended Cantilever

Span Span
CLASS-A/CLASS-B LOADING WHEELDED (CLASS-AA/CLASS-70R) LOADING

SUSPENDED SPAN (EF) SUSPENDED SPAN (EF)

= 20 m = 20 m
Impact Factor 4.5 Impact Factor 4.5

= =
Equation (6+Leff.) Equation (6+Leff.)
MAIN SPAN (AB) MAIN SPAN (AB)

= 40 m = 40 m

= =
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR A RCC/PSC BRIDGE HAVING
208-4 CANTILEVER ARMS WITH SUSPENDED SPAN. (Clause 208.5)
CANTILEVER SPAN (BE)/(FC) CANTILEVER SPAN (BE)/(FC)

Over all Length(L) = 10 m Over all Length(L) = 10 m
Effective Span 10 + (20/2) Effective Span 10 +(20/2)

= =
Length(Leff.) 20 m Length(Leff.) 20 m

= =
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

WORKED EXAMPLES NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF IMPACT FACTOR FOR VARIOUS
208-5 BRIDGE COMPONENTS. (Clause 208.7)
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT IMPACT FACTOR FOR HANGERS IN A BOWSTRING GIRDER
208-6 BRIDGE. (Clause 208.8)
HANGER
6.5 m
52 m
ELEVATION OF BOWSTRING GIRDER BRIDGE
MAIN GIRDER DIRECTION OF

TRAFFIC
12 m
CROSS BEAM 2.67 m
BOTTOM FLOOR PLAN
SOLUTION :
Effective Span Length for calcuation of impact factor for hangers (Leff) = 12 m
WHEELDED (CLASS-AA/CLASS-70R)
CLASS-A/CLASS-B LOADING
LOADING
= 12 m = 12 m
Impact Factor 9 Impact Factor

= = 25.0 %
Equation (13.5+Leff.) Equation
PROPOSED MODIFICATION & COMMENTARY - IRC: 6-
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS 210 - HORIZONTAL FORCES DUE TO WATER CURRENTS
FIND OUT HORIZONTAL FORCES ON CIRCULAR BRIDGE PIER HAVING
210-1 WELL FOUNDATION , DUE TO WATER CURRENTS (Clause 210.2)
SUPER STRUCTURE ABOVE
DIRECTION OF
TRAFFIC
DIRECTION OF
CIRCULAR PIER WATER CURRENT
RIVER BELOW
PLAN
HFL = 201 m
CIRCULAR PIER
2m
WELL CAP TOP = 189 m
CIRCUALR
Well CAP
WELL CAP BOTTOM = 188.6 m
CIRCULAR
WELL
MAX. SCOUR LEVEL = 181 m
6m
CIRCULAR PIER IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC
Page 31 of 90 1 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-1 CIRCULARWELL PIER IN TRANSVERSE
FOUNDATION DIRECTION
, DUE TO WATER OF(Clause
CURRENTS TRAFFIC210.2)
Preliminary Data :
Width of Circluar Pier = 2 m
Width of Circular Well cap = 7 m
Width of Circualar WELL = 6 m
Heightest Flood Level (HFL) = 201 m
Well Cap Top Level = 189 m
WellCap Bottom Level = 188.6 m
Max. Scour Level (MSL) = 181 m
Max. Mean Velocity (V) = 2 m/sec
Max. Velocity at free surface,at HFL (V2 = 2V 2) = 8 m/sec
2 2
Max. Velocity at Top of Well Cap (U = v x 8 / 20) = 3.2 m/sec
2 2
Max. Velocity at Bottom of Well Cap(U = v x7.6 / 20) = 3.04 m/sec
k For Circular Pier , Well Cap, Well = 0.66
SOLUTION :
Free Surface of Water
8 m/sec
HFL = 201 m
12 m
WELL CAP TOP = 189 m 3.2 m/sec
3.04 m/sec 0.4 m 20 m

7.6 m
Velocity Distribution
Page 32 of 90 2 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
On Piers parallel to the direction of the water current , the intensity of pressure shall be calculated from
the following equation:
P = 52KV2
where,
P = Intensity of Pressure due to water current, in Kg/m2
V = Velocity of the Current (m/sec)
K = Constant, having values for different shapes of Pier
Pressure Intensity KN/m2

HFL = 201 m 2.75 KN/m2
P = (52 x 0.66 x 8)/100 = 2.75
12 m
PIER BOTTOM 1.10 KN/m2

= 189 m P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.2)/100 = 1.10
WELL CAP TOP 1.10 KN/m2 P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.2)/100 = 1.10

= 189 m
0.4 m
1.04 KN/m2 P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.04)/100 = 1.04
WELL CAP
BOTTOM = 188.6 m
WELL TOP
1.04 KN/m2
P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.04)/100 = 1.04
= 188.6 m
7.6 m
MAX. SCOUR
LEVEL = 181 m
Pressure Distribution
Page 33 of 90 3 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
Force KN
HFL = 201 m
Total Force on Pier
46.13
46.13 KN 12 m F = 0.5x(21.96+3.51)x12x2 =
PIER BOTTOM
= 189 m
WELL CAP TOP

= 189 m Total Force on Well Cap
3.00 KN 0.4 m 3.00
WELL CAP F = 0.5x(3.51+3.17)x0.4x3 =
BOTTOM = 188.6 m
WELL TOP
= 188.6 m
Total Force on Well
23.79 KN 23.79
7.6 m F = 0.5 x 3.17 x 7.6 x 6 =
MAX. SCOUR
LEVEL = 181 m
Force Distribution
Page 34 of 90 4 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-2 WELL FOUNDATION IN SKEW WITH WATER CURRENTS (Clause 210.4)
a= 100
DIRECTION OF
RIVER BELOW
PLAN
HFL = 201 m
CIRCULAR PIER
2m
WELL CAP TOP = 189 m
CIRCUALR
Well CAP
CIRCULAR
WELL
6m
Page 35 of 90 5 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-2 CIRCULARWELL PIER IN TRANSVERSE
FOUNDATION DIRECTION
IN SKEW WITH OF TRAFFIC
WATER CURRENTS (Clause 210.4)
Preliminary Data :
Width of Circular Well cap = 7 m
Width of Circualar WELL = 6 m
Well Cap Top Level = 189 m
WellCap Bottom Level = 188.6 m
Max. Velocity at free surface,at HFL (V2 = 2V 2) = 8 m/sec
2 2
Max. Velocity at Top of Well Cap (U = v x 8 / 20) = 3.2 m/sec
2 2
Max. Velocity at Bottom of Well Cap(U = v x7.6 / 20) = 3.04 m/sec
k For Circular Pier , Well Cap, Well = 0.66
Skew Angle (a) = 10 deg
SOLUTION :
8 m/sec
HFL = 201 m
12 m
WELL CAP TOP = 189 m 3.2 m/sec
3.04 m/sec 0.4 m 20 m

7.6 m
Page 36 of 90 6 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
P = 52KV2
where,

HFL = 201 m 2.75 KN
P = (52 x 0.66 x 8)/100 = 2.75
12 m
PIER BOTTOM 1.10 KN

= 189 m P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.2)/100 = 1.10
WELL CAP TOP 1.10 KN P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.2)/100 = 1.10

= 189 m
0.4 m
1.04 KN P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.04)/100 = 1.04
WELL CAP
BOTTOM = 188.6 m
WELL TOP
1.04 KN
P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.04)/100 = 1.04
= 188.6 m
7.6 m
MAX. SCOUR
LEVEL = 181 m
Page 37 of 90 7 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
Force KN
HFL = 201 m
Total Force on Pier
46.13
46.13 KN 12 m F = 0.5x(21.96+3.51)x12x2 =
PIER BOTTOM
= 189 m
WELL CAP TOP

= 189 m Total Force on Well Cap
3.00 KN 0.4 m 3.00
WELL CAP F = 0.5x(3.51+3.17)x0.4x3 =
BOTTOM = 188.6 m
WELL TOP
= 188.6 m
Total Force on Well
23.79 KN 23.79
7.6 m F = 0.5 x 3.17 x 7.6 x 6 =
MAX. SCOUR
LEVEL = 181 m
Force Distribution
To provide against possible variation of the direction of the current from the direction assumed in the
design, allowance shall be made in the design of components for an extra variation in the water current
direction of 20 degree(Clasue 210.5)
Total Water current force in Transverse Direction = F sin2f

Total Water current force in Longitudinal Direction = F cos2f
f = 20 + a
= 20 + 10
= 30 deg
Transverse Direction Longitudinal

Description
(KN) Direction (KN)
Total Force on Pier = 23.06 39.95
Tota Force On Well Cap = 1.50 2.60
Total force on Well = 11.89 20.60
Page 38 of 90 8 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-3 OPEN FOUNDATION ON PUCCA FLOOR (Clause 210.6)
DIRECTION OF
TRAFFIC
DIRECTION OF
RIVER BELOW
PLAN
HFL = 201 m
h = 0.25 m
CIRCULAR PIER
10 m
PUCCA FLOOR
(INERODIBLE BED)
3m
PFL = 191 m
CURTAIN
WALL
OPEN
FOUNDATION
Page 39 of 90 9 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
Preliminary Data :
Pucca Floor Level (PFL) = 191 m
Max. Velocity at free surface, at HFL (V2 = 2V 2) = 8 m/sec
k For Circular Pier = 0.66
Difference of head b/w opp. Faces of Piers (h) = 0.25 m
Unit Weight of Water (g) = 10 KN/m3
8 m/sec
HFL = 201 m
10 m
PUCCA FLOOR LEVEL = 191 m
P = 52KV2
where,
2
P = Intensity of Pressure due to water current, in Kg/m
Page 40 of 90 10 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
HFL = 201 m 2.75 KN/m2 2.5 KN/m2
10 m 10 m
PUCCA FLOOR
LEVEL = 191 m
Water Current Pressure Static Pressure due to Head
Pressure Intensity
P = (52 x 0.66 x 82)/100 = 2.75 KN/m2
P = (g x 0.25) , where g =10 = 2.5 KN/m2
Total Force on Pier Due to Water Currents :
P = 0.5 x 2.75 x 10 x 3
= 41.18 KN
Total Static Force due to Head Difference b/w opposite faces of Piers :
P = 2.5 x 10 x 3
= 75.00 KN
The Force due to water currents is less than that of Static Force due to difference of head of 250 mm
between the opposite faces of a pier , therefore static force(i.e p = 75kN) will be considered for design
of the pier.
Page 41 of 90 11 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-4 PILE FOUNDATION DUE TO WATER CURRENTS (Clause 210.7)
DIRECTION OF
TRAFFIC
DIRECTION OF
RIVER BELOW
PLAN
HFL = 201 m
CIRCULAR PIER
3m
PIER CAP TOP = 189 m
RECTANGULAR
PILE CAP
PIER CAP BOTTOM = 188.6 m
CIRCULAR
PILE
1m 2.5 m
Page 42 of 90 12 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-4 CIRCULAR PIER IN TRANSVERSE
PILE FOUNDATION DIRECTION
DUE TO WATER CURRENTSOF TRAFFIC
(Clause 210.7)
Preliminary Data :
Width of Rectangular Pile cap = 7 m
Width of Circular Pile = 1 m
Number of piles in a row in Longitudinal Direction = 3
Number of piles in a row in Transverse Direction = 3
c/c Spacing bewteen Piles = 2.5 m
Pile Cap Top Level = 189 m
Pile Cap Bottom Level = 188.6 m
Max. Velocity at free surface (V2 = 2V 2) = 8 m/sec
2 2
Max. Velocity at Top of Pile Cap (U = v x 8 / 20) = 3.2 m/sec
2 2
Max. Velocity at Bottom of Pile Cap(U = v x7.6 / 20) = 3.04 m/sec
k For Circular Pier = 0.66
k For Rectangular Pile cap = 1.5
k For Piles (c/c spacing b/w piles < 3 x widh of pile) = 1.25
8 m/sec
HFL = 201 m
12 m
PILE CAP TOP = 189 m 3.2 m/sec
3.04 m/sec 0.4 m 20 m

PILE CAP BOTTOM = 188.6 m
7.6 m
2
P = 52KV
where,
Page 43 of 90 13 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-4 PILE FOUNDATION DUE TO WATER CURRENTS (Clause 210.7)

HFL = 201 m 2.75 KN/m2
P = (52 x 0.66 x 8)/100 = 2.75
12 m
PIER BOTTOM 1.10 KN/m2

= 189 m P = (52 x 0.66 x 3.2)/100 = 1.10
PILE CAP TOP 2.50 KN/m2 P = (52 x 1.5 x 3.2)/100 = 2.50

= 189 m
0.4 m
2.37 KN/m2 P = (52 x 1.5 x 3.04)/100 = 2.37
PILE CAP
BOTTOM = 188.6 m
1.98 KN/m2
PILE TOP
P = (52 x 1.25 x 3.04)/100 = 1.98
= 188.6 m
7.6 m
MAX. SCOUR
LEVEL = 181 m

Force KN
HFL = 201 m
Total Force on Pier
69.19
69.19 KN 12 m F = 0.5x(21.96+3.51)x12x3 =
PIER BOTTOM
= 189 m
PILE CAP TOP Total Force on Pile Cap

= 189 m 6.81
6.81 KN 0.4 m F = 0.5x(7.99+7.21)x0.4x7 =
PILE CAP
BOTTOM = 188.6 m
PILE TOP
Total Force on Pile
= 188.6 m 45.05 KN 45.05
F = 0.5 x 6.01 x 7.6 x 6 =
7.6 m
MAX. SCOUR
LEVEL = 181 m
Force Distribution
Page 44 of 90 14 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
210-4 Force
PILE Distribution
FOUNDATION DUE TO WATER CURRENTS (Clause 210.7)
To provide against possible variation of the direction of the current from the direction assumed in the
design, allowance shall be made in the design of components for an extra variation in the water current
direction of 20 degree(Clasue 210.5)
Fsin f
2
Total Water current force in Transverse Direction =
Total Water current force in Longitudinal Direction = Fcos2f
f = 20 deg
Transverse Direction Longitudinal Direction

(KN) (KN)
Total Force on Pier = 23.66 65.02
Tota Force On Pile Cap = 2.33 6.40
Total force on pile = 15.41 42.34
Page 45 of 90 15 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
211 - LONGITUDINAL FORCES DUE TO FRICTION, BRAKING,
DESIGN CALCULATIONS SHRINKAGE & TEMPERATURE
DERIVE EXPRESSIONS FOR HORIZONTAL FORCES IN BEARINGS OF SIMPLY
211-1 SUPPORTED SPAN & CONTINUOUS SPAN ON UNYIELDING SUPPORTS. (Clause
211.5.1 & 211.5.2)
a) SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPAN WITH 'FIXED' & 'FREE' BEARINGS.(Clause 211.5.1.1)
Live Loading
A B
Fix Free
Rga = D.L Reaction at 'A' Rgb = D.L Reaction at 'B'
+ +
Rqa = L.L Reaction at 'A' Rqb = L.L Reaction at 'B'
SOLUTION :
FRICTIONAL FORCE DUE TO TEMPERATURE FALL = m(Rgb + Rqb)
Due to Temperature Fall,deck will undergo an contraction, Free Bearing will resist will resist movement upto a force of
m( R gb +R qb ), and equal & opposite force will be generated at Fixed Bearing.
A B
m(Rgb + Rqb) m(Rgb + Rqb)
FRICTIONAL FORCE DUE TO HORIZONTAL FORCES ON THE DECK ALONG WITH TEMPERATURE EFFECT :
Case-I: Fh & m(Rgb+Rqb) are acting in opposite direction
The Free Bearing will not move till it is subjected to a force of 2 m (R gb +R qb ) in the oppsite direction.Till that time it will
act as Fixed Bearing.Thus both Bearings will share equally the applied force F h .
Fh
A B

Fh/2
upto a max of m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-II: Fh & m(Rgb+Rqb) are acting in same direction
The Free Bearing would not be able to take any further force & the full F h is transferred to the Fixed Bearing.
Fh
A B

Fh
TOTAL FORCE AT FIXED PIER 'A' :

Fixed bearing (A) Free bearing(B)
Case-I Fh/2+m(Rgb + Rqb)
m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-II Fh - m(Rgb + Rqb)
Page 46 of 90 1 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
211.5.1 & 211.5.2)
b) SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPAN WITH IDENTICAL 'ELASTOMERIC' BEARINGS.(Clause 211.5.1.3)
Live Loading
A B
SOLUTION :
FRICTIONAL FORCE DUE TO TEMPERATURE, SHRINKAGE & CREEP = Vrltc
Where
Vr = (GAc / hc)
G = Shear modulus in Mpa
Ac = Plan area of elastomeric bearing
hc = Height of elastomeric bearing
ltc = Movement of deck above bearing, other than due to applied force(i.e
temperature,creep,shrinkage,elastic shortening)
A B
Vrltc Vrltc
FRICTIONAL FORCE DUE TO HORIZONTAL FORCES ON THE DECK ALONG WITH TEMPERATURE, SHRINKAGE &
CREEP EFFECT
Case-I: Fh in direction (A → B) with inward Temperature forces
Fh
A B
Vrltc Vrltc
Fh/2 Fh/2
Case-II: Fh in direction (B → A) with inward Temperature forces
Fh
A B
Vrltc Vrltc
Fh/2 Fh/2
TOTAL FORCE AT BEARINGS :

BEARING (A) BEARING (B)
Case-I Fh/2 + Vrltc Fh/2 - Vrltc
Case-II Fh/2 - Vrltc Fh/2 + Vrltc
Fh/2 + Vrltc , this Force at each Bearing is to be considered.
Page 47 of 90 2 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
211.5.1 & 211.5.2)
c) CONTINUOUS SPAN SUPPORTED THROUGH 'FIXED' BEARING AT INTERMEDIATE PIER & 'FREE'
BEARINGS AT REMAINING PIERS.(Clause 211.5.2)
Live Loading
A B C D E
Free Fixed
SOLUTION :
Following calculations for Horizontal Forces on the supports are due to Expansion of Bridge Deck only, similar
procedure can be followed for Contraction of Bridge Deck also.
Case-I: Fh is in direction (A → E)
(i) If Fh /(1+ nL) x (nL) ≤ 2mL

Forces on Deck
Fh
A B C D E
Temp. Force
mR
mL mL mR
Horiz. Force
Fh/(1+nL) X (nL) Fh/(1+nL)
Net Force
upto mL Fh/(1+nL)+(mL- mR) mR
(ii) If Fh /(1+ nL) x (nL) ≥ 2mL
Forces on Deck
Fh
A B C D E
mR
mL mR
Temp. Force mL
Horiz. Force
Fh-2mL
2mL
Net Force
mL Fh - (mL+mR) mR
Page 48 of 90 3 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
mL
211.5.1 & 211.5.2) h
Case-II: Fh is in direction (E → A)
(i) If Fh /(1+ nR) x (nR) ≤ 2mR

Forces on Deck
Fh
A B C D E
mR
Temp. Force mL mL mR
Horiz. Force
Fh/(1+nR) Fh/(1+nR) X (nR)
Net Force
mL Fh/(1+nR)-(mL - mR) upto mR
(ii) If Fh /(1+ nR) x (nR) ≥ 2mR

Forces on Deck
Fh
A B C D E
mR
Temp. Force mL mL mR
Horiz. Force
Fh-2mR 2mR
Net Force
mL Fh - (mL+mR) mR
TOTAL FORCE AT FIXED BEARING 'C' :

Case-I Case-II
(i) Fh/(1+nL) + (mL-mR) Fh/(1+nR) - (mL-mR)
(ii) Fh - (mR+mL)
Whichever is greater
Where,
nL and nR = Number of bearings to the left and right of the fixed bearing
respectively.
mR = Total Horizontal force developed on the free bearings to the right of
the fixed bearing
mL = Total Horizontal force developed on the free bearings to the left of the
= fixed bearing
Fh = Horizontal force applied on the Bridge.
Page 49 of 90 4 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
211.5.1 & 211.5.2)
d) FRICTIONAL FORCES AT INTERMEDIATE PIER SUPPORTING SIMPLE SPANS FROM ITS RIGHT (R) AND LEFT
(L) SIDES THROUGH ELASTOMERIC BEARING BEARINGS & 'FIXED', 'FREE' BEARINGS RESPECTIVELY ON
UNYIELDING SUPPORTS
Case-I : When Vehicles are moving from left to right on the Bridge
FhL FhR
A B C D
Vrltc Vrltc
Fh/2 Fh/2
FhL
Case-II : When Vehicles are moving from rigth to left on the Bridge
If FhL < 2mR
FhL FhR
A B C D
Vrltc Vrltc
Fh/2 Fh/2
FhL/2 max 2m(Rgb + Rqb)
If FhL > 2mR
FhL FhR
A B C D
Vrltc Vrltc
Fh/2 Fh/2
FhL- 2m(Rgb + Rqb) 2m(Rgb + Rqb)
FIXED SUPPORT (A) INDERMEDIATE SUPPORT (B-C) SUPPORT (D)

Case-I FhL - m(Rgb + Rqb) m(Rgb + Rqb)+ FhR/2 - Vrltc FhR/2 + Vrltc
Case-II FhL/2+m(Rgb + Rqb) m(Rgb + Rqb) + FhR/2 + Vrltc FhR/2 - Vrltc

Page 50 of 90 5 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
FIND OUT MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL FORCES AT 'FIXED' & 'FREE' END FOR SIMPLY
211-2 SUPPORTED DECK WITH 'FIXED' AND 'FREE' BEARINGS ON UNYIELDING SUPPORTS.
(Clause 211.5.1)
a) SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 m UNDER CLASS 70 R(W) LOADING (Clause
211.5.1.1)
Preliminary Data:
Overall Span Length (L, c/c exp. gap) = 31.5 m
Effective Span Length (Leff.) = 30 m
Dead Load of the Deck (UDL) = 200 KN/m (say)
Max. Reaction at Support 'B' due to Dead
= 3150 KN
Load, (Rgb)
CLASS 70 R(W) Weight (without impact) = 1000 KN
CLASS 70 R(W) Weight (with impact) = 1125 KN
Max. Reaction at Support 'B' due to Live
= 960.98 KN
Load, (Rqb)(with Impact)
Coefficient of Friction between Teflon & 0.03
= (Whichever governs)
Stainless steel (m) 0.05
SOLUTION :
C.G OF CLASS 70 R(W)
A B
Fix Free
Rgb = 3150 KN
4.38 m +
Rqb = 961 KN
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
31.5 m
Step 1 : Total D.L + L.L Reaction at Free end 'B'

= 4110.98 KN
(Rgb +Rqb)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force on the Deck on the (20 % of 1000 KN
= 200 KN
span under consideration (Fh) i.e Class 70R(W))
Step 3 : Horizontal forces at the Fixed & Free-ends, in
the longitudinal direction, shall be as follows :
FIXED BEARING (A) FREE BEARING (B)

Fh/2+m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-I m(Rgb + Rqb)
305.55 KN
Fh - m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-II 205.55 KN
76.67 KN
DESIGN
305.55 KN 205.55 KN
FORCE
Page 51 of 90 6 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
(Clause 211.5.1)
b) SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 m UNDER 2-LANES OF CLASS A LOADING
(Clause 211.5.1.1)
Preliminary Data:
= 3150 KN
Load, (Rgb)
1-Lanes of Class A, Weight (The train
= 554 KN
loads in one lane only is considered)
2-Lanes of Class A, Weight (With impact) = 1246.50 KN

= 938.93 KN
Load, (Rqb)
SOLUTION :
C.G OF CLASS A
A B
Fix Free
Rgb = 3150 KN
4.05 m +
Rqb = 938.9 KN
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
31.5 m

= 4088.93 KN
(Rgb +Rqb)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force on the Deck on the (20 % of 554 KN
= 110.8 KN
span under consideration (Fh) i.e 1-Class A)
Step 3 : Horizontal forces at the Fixed & Free -end, in

Fh/2+m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-I m(Rgb + Rqb)
259.85 KN
Fh - m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-II 204.45 KN
-11.87 KN
DESIGN
259.85 KN 204.45 KN
FORCE
Page 52 of 90 7 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
(Clause 211.5.1)
c) SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 m UNDER SPECIAL VEHICLE LOADING
(Clause 211.5.1.1)
Preliminary Data:
= 3150 KN
Load, (Rgb)
Special Vehicle Weight = 3850 KN
= 1978.2 KN
Load, (Rqb)
SOLUTION : C.G OF S.V
A B
Fix Free
Rgb = 3150 KN
+
14.89 m Rqb = 1978.2 KN
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
31.5 m

= 5128.2 KN
(Rgb +Rqb)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force on the Deck on the Braking Forces not to
= 0 KN
span under consideration (Fh) be considered
Step 3 : Horizontal forces at the Fixed & Free -end, in

DESIGN
256.41 KN 256.41 KN
FORCE
Comparison between Horizontal Forces developed in 2-Lanes Simply Supported Bridge of

30 m span under various I.R.C Class Loadings :
S.No. CLASS OF VEHICLE FIXED BEARING 'A' FREE BEARING 'B'
1 CLASS 70R (W) 305.55 KN 205.55 KN
2 CLASS A 259.85 KN 204.45 KN
3 SPECIAL VEHICLE 256.41 KN 256.41 KN
Page 53 of 90 8 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
211 - LONGITUDINAL FORCES DUE TO FRICTION, BRAKING, SHRINKAGE &
DESIGN CALCULATIONS TEMPERATURE
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.
FIND OUT MAXIMUM FRICTIONAL FORCES AT INTERMEDIATE PIER SUPPORTING SIMPLE
211-3 SPANS FROM ITS RIGHT (R) AND LEFT (L) SIDES THROUGH 'FIXED' & 'FREE' BEARINGS
RESPECTIVELY ON UNYIELDING SUPPORTS. (Clause 211.5.1)
a) TWO SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECKS OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M AND 40 M UNDER CLASS 70 R(W)
LOADING (Clause 211.5.1.1)
Preliminary Data:
Span Description Left Span Right Span
Overall Span Length (L) c/c
= LL0 31.5 m LR0 41.5 m
exp. Gap
Effective Span Length(Leff.) = LL 30 m LR 40 m
Dead Load of the Deck = (UDL)L 200 KN/m(say) (UDL)R 220 KN/m(say)
Max. Reaction due to (D.L) at

Free Support = B (Rgb) 3150 KN D (Rgd) 4565 KN
Live Load on the Deck (Without CLASS CLASS

= 1000 KN 1000 KN
Impact) 70 R(W) 70 R(W)
Case-I : Reaction due to (L.L) at
= B (Rqb) 282.26 KN D (Rqd) 969.75 KN
Free Support( D→A)
Case-I: Reaction due to (L.L) at
Free Support(A→D) = B (Rqb) 164.14 KN D (Rqd) 880.31 KN
Case-II : Reaction due to (L.L) at

Free Support(A→D) = B (Rqb) 772.99 KN D (Rqd) 880.31 KN
Coefficient of Friction, Teflon on 0.03

Stainless Steel (m) 0.05
Width of Expansion Joint = 40 mm
SOLUTION : For this Problem, two cases with both directions will govern maximum frictional forces at intermediate
pier as follow:
Case-I :
(i) Vehicles are moving from A→D
C.G OF CLASS 70 R(W) C.G OF CLASS 70 R(W)
A B C D
Fix Free
7.52 m
4.38 m
Rgb = 3150 KN Rgd = 4565 KN
+ +
Rqb = 164.1 KN Rqd = 880.3 KN
30 m 0.75 m 40 m 0.75 m
0.75 m 0.75 m
Left Span Right Span
D
Step 1 : Total D.L + L.L Reaction at Free end = B (Rgb+Rqb) 3314.14 KN 5445.31 KN
(Rgd+Rqd)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force on the
= FhL 100 KN FhR 200 KN
Deck, on span under consideration (Fh)
Page 54 of 90 9 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
WORKED EXAMPLE NO.
211-3 SPANS FROM ITS RIGHT (R) AND LEFT (L) SIDES THROUGH 'FIXED' & 'FREE' BEARINGS
RESPECTIVELY ON UNYIELDING SUPPORTS. (Clause 211.5.1)
a) TWO
(ii) SIMPLY SUPPORTED
Vehicles DECKS
are moving OFD→A
from EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M AND 40 M UNDER CLASS 70 R(W)
LOADING (Clause 211.5.1.1)
A B C D
Fix Free
4.38 m
7.52 m
Rgb = 3150 KN Rgd = 4565 KN
+ +
Rqb = 282.3 KN Rqd = 969.75 KN
30 m 0.75 m 40 m 0.75 m
0.75 m 0.75 m
D
(Rgd+Rqd)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force on the Deck

on the span under consideration (Fh)
Case-II :
(i) Vehicles are moving from A→D
A B C D
Fix Free
9.37 m 7.52 m
Rgb = 3150 KN Rgd = 4565 KN

+ +
Rqb = 773 KN Rqd = 881 KN
30 m 0.75 m 40 m 0.75 m
0.75 m 0.75 m
D
(Rgd+Rqd)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force on the Deck
,on span under consideration (Fh)
INDERMEDIATE SUPPORT (B-C) DIRECTION LOAD

A → D 322.84 KN
Case-I FhR+hL/2+m(Rgd + Rqd - Rgb - Rqb)
D → A 323.77 KN
Case-II FhR - m(Rgd + Rqd - Rgb - Rqb) A → D 208.25 KN
DESIGN FORCE ON INTERMEDIATE PIER = 323.77 KN
Page 55 of 90 10 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
211-4 SPANS FROM ITS RIGHT (R) AND LEFT (L) SIDES THROUGH 'ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS' AND
'FIXED' & 'FREE' BEARING RESPECTIVELY.
Preliminary Data:
Over all Span Length = L 31.5 m L 41.5 m
Effective Span Length = LL 30 m LR 40 m
Dead Load of the Deck = (UDL)L 200 KN/m (UDL)R 220 KN/m
Max. Reaction due to (D.L) at
Free Support = B (Rgb) 3150 KN D (Rgd) 4565 KN
Live Load on the Deck CLASS CLASS

= 1000 KN 1000 KN
(Without Impact) 70 R(W) 70 R(W)
Max. Reaction due to (L.L) at
= B (Rqb) 939.49 KN D (Rqd) 969.75 KN
Free Support(with impact)
Coefficient of Friction, Teflon 0.03
on Stainless Steel (m) 0.05
Shear Rating if elastomeric
= 1.5 kN/mm (for 300 x 300 x 60) mm Bearing
Bearing
Movement of Deck Above
= 10 mm (Assume)
Bearing
SOLUTION :
CLASS 70R (W) CLASS 70R (W)
A B C D
Rgb = 3150 KN Rgd = 4565 KN

+ +
Rqb = 939.5 KN Rqd = 969.8 KN
0.75 m 30 m 40 m 0.75 m

Step 1 : Total D.L + L.L Reaction D
= B (Rgb+Rqb) 4089.49 KN 5534.75 KN
at Free end (Rgd+Rqd)
Step 2 : Applied horizontal force
on the Deck on the span under = FhL 200 KN FhR 200 KN
consideration (Fh)
Step 3 : Horizontal forces at the deck-ends, in the bridge
longitudinal direction, shall be as follows :
FIXED SUPPORT (A) INDERMEDIATE SUPPORT (B-C) SUPPORT (D)

FhL - m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-I m(Rgb + Rqb)+ FhR/2 + Vrltc FhR/2 + Vrltc
77.32 KN
FhL/2+m(Rgb + Rqb)
Case-II 319.47 KN 115.00 KN
304.47 KN
DESIGN FORCE AT INTERMEDIATE PIER = 319.47 KN
Page 56 of 90 11 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
FIND OUT MAXIMUM FRICTIONAL FORCES AT INTERMEDIATE PIER SUPPORTING CONTINUOUS
211-5 DECK OF (4 X 30 M) SPANS SUPPORTED THROUGH 'FIXED' BEARING AT INTERMEDIATE PIER
AND 'FREE' BEARING AT REMAINING PEIRS RESPECTIVELY.
Preliminary Data:
Max. Reaction at Support 'A' & 'E' due to
= 3151.8 KN
Dead Load, (Rga) & (Rge)
Max. Reaction at Support 'B' & 'D' due to
= 5998.2 KN
Dead Load, (Rgb) & (Rgd)
Number of Free Bearings to the Left of
= 2
Fixed Bearing(nL)
Number of Free Bearings to the Right of
= 2
Fixed Bearing(nR)
1-Lane of Class 70-R(W) , Weight = 1000 KN
1-Lane of Class 70-R(W) , (impact) = 1125 KN
Case - I : Left of the Fixed bearing spans are loaded
A B C D E
Rga = 3151.8 KN Rgb = 5998.2 KN Rgd = 5998.2 KN Rge = 3151.8 KN

+ + + +
Rqa = 833.4 KN Rqb = 878.5 KN Rqd = -115.3 KN Rqe = 19.2 KN
0.75 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 0.75 m
Reaction at Support 'A' due to Live

= 833.43 KN
Load, (Rqa)
Reaction at Support 'B' due to Live Load,
= 878.51 KN
(Rqb)
Reaction at Support 'D' due to Live
= -115.31 KN
Load, (Rqb)
Reaction at Support 'E' due to Live Load,
= 19.22 KN
(Rqb)
Page 57 of 90 12 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
Left of Fixed Bearing Right of Fixed Bearing

D
= A (Rga+Rqa) 3985.23 KN 5882.89 KN
(Rgd+Rqd)
Step 1 : Total D.L + L.L Reaction
at Free end
= B (Rgb+Rqb) 6876.71 KN E (Rge+Rqe) 3171.02 KN

on the Deck on the span under = FhL 300.00 KN FhR 0.00 KN
consideration (Fh)
Case - II : Right of the Fixed bearing spans are loaded
A B C D E

+ + + +
Rqa = 19.2 KN Rqb = -115.3 KN Rqd = 878.5 KN Rqe = 833.4 KN
0.75 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 0.75 m
Max. Reaction at Support 'A' due to Live

= 19.22 KN
Load, (Rqa)
= -115.31 KN
Load, (Rqb)
Max. Reaction at Support 'D' due to Live
= 878.51 KN
Load, (Rqb)
Max. Reaction at Support 'E' due to Live
= 833.43 KN
Load, (Rqb)

D
= A (Rga+Rqa) 3171.015 KN 6876.71 KN
(Rgd+Rqd)
at Free end

consideration (Fh)
Page 58 of 90 13 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
Case - III : Both of the Fixed bearing spans are loaded
A B C D E

+ + + +
Rqa = 753.93 KN Rqb = 701.43 KN Rqd = 283.67 KN Rqe = 706.51 KN
0.75 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 0.75 m
Max. Reaction at Support 'A' due to Live

= 848.17 KN
Load, (Rqa)
= 789.11 KN
Load, (Rqb)
Max. Reaction at Support 'D' due to Live
= 319.13 KN
Load, (Rqb)
Max. Reaction at Support 'E' due to Live
= 794.82 KN
Load, (Rqb)

D
= A (Rga+Rqa) 3999.97 KN 6202.02 KN
(Rgd+Rqd)
at Free end

consideration (Fh)
TOTAL FORCE AT FIXED BEARING 'C' :

Case-I Case-II
FhR-mR + FhL/(1+nL) +mL FhL-mL + FhR/(1+nR) +mR
(i)
371.48 KN 371.48 KN
FhR+FhL - (mR+mL)
(ii)
-647.76 KN
Design Force = -647.76 KN
Page 59 of 90 14 of 14
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
212 - CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ON BRIDGES
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON INTERMEDIATE PIER, SUPPORTING ADJACENT SIMPLE
212-1 SPANS.(Clause 212.2)
Preliminary Data:
Deck Length = LL 30 m LR 45 m
= 1000 KN 1000 KN
= B (Rqb) 855.8 KN C (Rqc) 182.8 KN
Intermediate Support
Radius of Curvature(R) = 1600 m
Design Speed of Vehicle(V) = 120 Km/hr
SOLUTION :
C.G OF CLASS 70R (W) C.G OF CLASS 70R (W)
A B C D
37.48 m
4.38 m
Rqb = 855.8 KN Rqc = 182.8 KN
30 m 45 m
0.75 m 0.75 m
0.75 m Expansion Joint 40 mm
Super Structure- Profile
The Centrifugal Force shall be determined from the following equation :
WV2
C = KN
127R
Total Vertical Reaction due to Live Load at Intermediate Peir From

= 1038.6 KN
both the spans (W)
Centifugal force at Intermediate Peir = 1038.6 X 1202

127 X 1600
= 73.60 KN
This force acts at 1.2m above deck level and causes transverse moment in the pier and the
reactions on bearings should be calculated for the same.
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
212 - CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ON BRIDGES
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON INTERMEDIATE PIER, SUPPORTING CONTINUOUS SPAN.
212-2 (Clause 212.2)
Preliminary Data:
Deck Length = LL 30 m LR 45 m
= 1000 KN 1000 KN
= B (Rqb) 1221.6 KN
Intermediate Support
Radius of Curvature (R) = 1600 m
Design Speed of Vehicle (V) = 120 Km/hr
SOLUTION :
C.G OF CLASS 70R (W) C.G OF CLASS 70R (W)
A B D
12.98 m 30.42 m
Rqb = 1221.6 KN
0.75 m 30 m 45 m
0.75 m
Super Structure- Profile
The Centrifugal Force shall be determined from the following equation :
WV2
C = KN
127R
Total Vertical Reaction due to Live Load at Intermediate Peir From

= 1221.6 KN
both the spans (W)
Centifugal force at Intermediate Peir = 1221.6 X 1202

127 X 1600
= 86.57 KN
This force acts at 1.2m above deck level and causes transverse moment in the pier and the
reactions on bearings should be calculated for the same.
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
213 - APPLICATION OF BUOYANCY ON BRIDGES

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

BUOYANCY EFFECT ON SUBMERGED U-TYPE RETURN WALL OF VEHICULAR
213-1 UNDERPASS.(Clause 213.2)
RL=110.65 m
h1 t1 WL=110.27 m
H
B
PCC Surface
h2 t4
Outer Intermediate
t2 Slab
wall
h3 Plum concrete
t3 t5
h4 Heel
FL=110.27 m
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
Bottom Slab
Cross Section of U-Wall
SOLUTION :
Dimensions of U-Wall
h1 = 2.50 m b1 = 1.20 m t1 = .30 m Where :
h2 = 4.55 m b2 = 1.00 m t2 = .30 m t1-Wall
h3 = 2.60 m b3 = 5.50 m t3 = 2.30 m Thickness at top
h4 = 1.00 m b4 = 5.50 m t4 = .53 m
t2-
b5 = 1.20 m t5 = 1.00 m
Intermediate slab t3-
Plum Concrete
H = 10.65 m B = 23.20 m t4- Thickness of
Design Data
Top level of U-Wall/construction joint = 110.65 m
Founding Level = 100 m
Total height from top of wall to founding level = 10.65 m
Normal Water level = 110.267 m
Seismic Water Level, (1.5m below N.W.L) = 108.767 m
Unit weight of concrete c = 25.00 KN/m3
Unit weight of water w = 10.00 KN/m3
Unit weight of PCC pcc = 22.00 KN/m3
SEISMIC CALCULATIONS
Zone factor for seismic zone IV, Z Z = 0.24
Acceleration coefficient Sa/g = 1.0
Importance Factor I = 1.2
Response Reduction Factor, R R = 1
Ah = (Z/2) x (I/R) x (Sa/g) AH = 0.144
Av = 2/3x Ah AV = 0.096
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
213 - APPLICATION OF BUOYANCY ON BRIDGES

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

BUOYANCY EFFECT ON SUBMERGED U-TYPE RETURN WALL OF VEHICULAR
213-1 UNDERPASS.(Clause 213.2)
TOTAL VERTICAL LOAD ACTING DOWNWARD DIRECTION
Normal Vertical
Breadth Weight Seismic
Component of U-Wall Nos Area (m2) V olume (m3) force(KN)
(m)
(KN) W WxAv
Outer Walls 2 1 6.308 12.615 315.38 30.28
Bottom Slab 1 1 25.200 25.2 630.00 60.48
Intermediate Slab 1 1 6.960 6.96 174.00 16.70
Heel 2 1 1.200 2.4 60.00 5.76
PCC filling carriageway 1 1 12.296 12.296 307.40 29.51
Plum concrete fill 1 1 53.360 53.36 1334.00 128.06
Soil fill over heel 2 1 14.92 29.845 746.13 71.63
Total Weight (Concrete+Soil) = 3566.90 342.42
Total Factored Downward Weight (Wx0.9) = 3210.21

Total Factored Weight (Wx0.9)-(WxAv) = 2867.79
TOTAL BUOYANCY WATER FORCE(Upward Direction)

Water Pressure B (m) H (m) w (KN/m3) Upward Force (KN)
Normal case 27.60 m 10.27 m 10.00 = 2833.69
Normal Case Seismic Case

FACTOR OF SAFETY, AGAINST FLOATING 1.133 1.012
OK OK
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS 214 - APPLICATION OF EARTH PRESSURE
N.G.L SITUATED IN ZONE-IV

0.3 m
β
B C
Earth Pressure
for B.M & S.F for
a 3.5 m
Stem
Ha = 5.82 m
N.G.L 5.0 m
β
Backfill
2.25 m 1.25 m 1.2 m
1.5 m
1.95m
A 0.5 m
Heel Toe 0.3 m
4m
Active earth pressure for Passive
bearing pressure,base design Fig : 1- R.C.C Retainig wall earth
& stability checks
For Non Cohesive Soi:

Angle of internal friction of soil f = 35 deg
Angle which earth face of the wall makes with the vertical a = 2.437 deg
Slope of earth fill (For Examples 2 to 11) b = 0 deg
Angle of friction between the earth and earth fill
should be equal to 2/3 of f subjected to a maximum d = 20 deg
of 22.50 for dry earth fill
3
Unit Weight of Dry Soil gD = 18 KN/m
Unit Weight of Saturated Soil gS = 20 KN/m3
Unit Weight of Water gW = 10 KN/m3
3
Buoyant unit weight of soil gB = 10 KN/m
Horizontal Seismic Coefficient (Z/2) for zone-IV AH = 0.12
Vertical Seismic Coefficient(AH X 2/3 X 30%) AV = 0.024
For Bearing pressure,base design & stability checks Za = 5 m
Foundation Depth Zp = 1.5 m
For Stem Design H = 4.7 m
Submerged Height from base of Wall h = 2 m
Page 64 of 90 1 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'ACTIVE' EARTH PRESSURE UNDER NON-SEISMIC CONDITIONS,
214-1 FOR NON-COHESIVE SOIL. (Clause 214.1.1.1)
SOLUTION :
For b = 20
Ha = 5.82 m
3
gD = 18 KN/m
Ka = 0.347
For Bearing pressure, base design & stability

For Stem Design
Checks
Active earth pressure Active earth pressure

Ha = 4.7 + 2.25tan20 = 5.82 m H = 4.7 m
p = Ka g Za p = Ka g H
= 36.30 KN/m2 = 29.32 KN/m2
Force due to active earth pressure : Force due to active earth pressure :
Pa = 1/2 Ka g Ha2 Pa = 1/2 Ka g H2
= 105.64 KN/m = 68.90 KN/m
PaR = Horizontal Force PaR = Horizontal Force

= Pa cos(d+a) = Pa cos(d+a)
= 97.65 KN/m = 63.68 KN/m
PaV = Vertical force PaV = Vertical force

= Pa sin(d+a) = Pa sin(d+a)
= 40.32 KN/m = 26.30 KN/m
Point of Application: The centre of pressure exerted by the back fill is located at
an elevation of 2.44 m (0.42H) above the base of the wall.
Page 65 of 90 2 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

WORKED EXAMPLES NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:
FIND OUT 'PASSIVE' EARTH PRESSURE UNDER NON-SEISMIC
214-2 CONDITIONS, NON-COHESIVE SOIL.(Clause 214.1.1.2)
SOLUTION :
Kp = 7.48
Passive earth pressure
pp = Kp g Zp
= 201.87 KN/m2
Force due to active earth pressure :

Pp = 1/2 Kp g Zp2
= 151.40 KN/m
PpR = Horizontal Force

= Pa cos(d)
= 7.03 KN/m
PpV = Vertical force

= Pa sin(d)
= 2.56 t/m
Point of Application: The centre of pressure exerted by the back fill is located at an
elevation of 0.5 m (0.33H)above the base of the wall.
Page 66 of 90 3 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'AT REST' EARTH PRESSURE UNDER NON-SEISMIC
214-3 CONDITIONS.(Clause 214.1.3)
5m
Fig : 2- R.C.C Box
SOLUTION :
K0 = 1-sinF
K0 = 0.43
H = 5 m
gD = 18 KN/m3
Static earth pressure :
P0 = K0 g H
= 38.38 KN/m2
Force Due to static Pressure :

P0 = 1/2 K0 g H2
P0 = 95.95 KN/m
Point of Application: The centre of pressure exerted by the back fill is located at
an elevation of 1.67 m (0.33H)above the base of the wall.
Page 67 of 90 4 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

214-4 FIND OUT LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE.(Clause 214.1.1.3)
SOLUTION :
For b = 20
heq = 1.2 m
gD = 18 KN/m3
Ka = 0.347
The increase in active horizontal pressure due to live load surcharge :
= 7.49 KN/m2
Formation Width
Retaining
Retaining
CL Carriaageway
wall
wall
Earthen Earthen
shoulder shoulder
5.0 m
1m 1.5 m 8.5 m 1.5 m 4.0 m
Fig : 3- Cross Section of road
Page 68 of 90 5 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

214-4 FIND OUT LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE.(Clause 214.1.1.3)
Left Side retaining wall (figure-3) Right Side retaining wall (figure-3)
Distance from edge of earthen

Distance from edge of earthen shoulder =1m =4m
shoulder
Live load surcharge need not to be taken
Live load surcharge is to be taken because retaining
because retaining structure is beyond 3 m
structure lies within 3 m from edge of formation width.
from edge of formation width.
Live Load Actve Earth Pressure
Actve Earth Pressure
Surcharge due to retained soil
due to retained soil
5.82 m 5.82 m
36.4 7.49 36.4
b = 20 b = 20
Za = 5.82 m Za = 5.82 m
gD = 18 KN/m3 gD = 18 KN/m3
Ka = 0.347 Ka = 0.347
Active Earth Pressure = KagZa = KagZa
2 Active Earth Pressure
= 36.30 KN/m
= 36.30 KN/m2
2 2
Total base pressure = 36.3 + 7.49 KN/m Total base pressure = 36.30 KN/m
2
43.79 KN/m
Page 69 of 90 6 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'ACTIVE' EARTH PRESSURE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS,NON-
214-5 COHESIVE SOIL.(Clause 214.1.2.1)
SOLUTION :
Case-I : If Av is positive Case-II : If Av is negative

-1
l = tan AH l = tan-1 AH
1+Av 1-Av
= 6.68 = 7.01
Ca = 0.344 Ca = 0.332
Ca = 0.344
Total dynamic force due to dynamic active earth pressure:
2
(Paw)dyn = 1/2 wh Ca
where,
h = 5 m
(Paw)dyn = 77.46 KN/m
Static active earth pressure :
Obtained by puttting AH = AV = l = 0
Ca = 0.262
(Paw)static = 1/2 wh2Ca
(Paw)static = 59.01 KN/m
Dynamic increment in active earth

= (Paw)dyn - (Paw)static
pressure
= 18.449 KN/m
Point of Application: The Static component of the total active earth pressure i.e
58.9 KN/m will act 1.67 m (h/3) from base of the wall and the point of application
of the dynamic increment i.e 18.78 KN/m shall be assumed to be at 2.5 m (h/2) of
the wall
Page 70 of 90 7 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'PASSIVE' EARTH PRESSURE UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS,
214-6 NON COHESIVE SOIL.(Clause 214.1.2.2)
SOLUTION :
CP =

-1 -1
l = tan AH l = tan AH
1+Av 1-Av
= 6.68 = 7.01
CP = 6.952 CP = 6.592
Whichever is less
CP = 6.592
Total dynamic force due to dynamic passive earth pressure:
(PPw)dyn = 1/2 wh2Ca
where,
h = 1.5 m
(PPw)dyn = 133.50 KN/m
Static passive earth pressure :

CP = 7.48
(Ppw)static = 1/2 wh2Cp
= 151.40 KN/m
Dynamic decrement in passive earth

= (Ppw)static - (PPw)dyn
pressure
= 17.905 KN/m
Point of Application: The Static component of the total passive earth pressure i.e
171.2 KN/m will act 0.5 m (h/3) from base of the wall and the point of application
of the dynamic decrement i.e 20.93 KN/m shall be assumed to be at 0.75 m (h/2)
of the wall
8 of 15
Page 71 of 90
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'ACTIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO UNIFORM SURCHARGE
214-7 UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS (Clause 214.1.2.3)
SOLUTION :
The active earth pressure against the wall due to a uniform surcharge of intensity
q per unit area of the inclinde earthfill shall be :
q = 1.2 x 18
= 21.6 KN/m2 (Uniform Surcharge intensity , g = 18KN/m3)
a = 2.437
h = 5 m
b = 0
Ca = 0.34
(paq)dyn = 37.18 KN/m
Point of Application: The Dynamic increment in active pressure due to uniform

surcharge i.e 37.3 KN/m shall be applied at an elevation of 3.3 m (0.66H)above the
base of the wall while the static component i.e 58.9 KN/m shall be applied at 2.5 m
(H/2) of the wall
Page 72 of 90 9 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'PASSIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO UNIFORM SURCHARGE

214-8 UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS.(Clause 214.1.2.4)
SOLUTION :
The passive earth pressure against the wall due to a uniform surcharge of intensity
q per unit area of the inclinde earthfill shall be :
q = 1.2 x 18
= 21.6 KN/m2 (Uniform Surcharge intensity , g = 18KN/m3)
a = 2.437
h = 1.5 m
b = 0
Cp = 6.59
(ppq)dyn = 213.59 KN/m
Point of Application: The Dynamic decrement in passive pressure due to uniform

surcharge i.e 240.4 KN/m, shall be applied at an elevation of 0.99 m (0.66H)above
the base of the wall while the static component i.e 171.2 KN/m shall be applied at
0.75 m (H/2) of the wall.
Page 73 of 90 10 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'ACTIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO SUBMERGED EARTHFILL

214-9 (Clause 214.1.2.5)
SOLUTION :

-1 -1
l = tan Ws AH l = tan Ws AH
x x
WS - 1 1+ Av WS - 1 1- Av
= 13.19 = 13.81
Ca = 0.439 Ca = 0.452
Where
Ws = 20.0 KN/m3
Ca = 0.452 (d = 22.5/2 =11.25 for dry soil)
Total dynamic force due to dynamic active earth pressure:
(Paw)dyn = 1/2 wh2Ca
Where,
h = 5 m
3
w = 10 KN/m
(Paw)dyn = 56.48 KN/m
Static active earth pressure :
Ca = 0.248
2
(Paw)static = 1/2 wh Ca
Page 74 of 90 11 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT 'ACTIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO SUBMERGED EARTHFILL

214-9 (Clause 214.1.2.5)
Where,
h = 5 m
3
w = 10 KN/m
(Paw)static = 30.97 KN/m
Dynamic increment in active earth

= (Paw)dyn - (Paw)static
pressure
= 25.512 KN/m
Point of Application: The Static component of the total active earth pressure i.e
32.7 KN/m will act 1.67 m (H/3) from base of the wall and the point of application
of the dynamic increment i.e 25.57 KN/m shall be assumed to be at 2.5 m (H/2) of
the wall
Page 75 of 90 12 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT DYNAMIC DECREMENT IN 'PASSIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO

214-10 SUBMERGED EARTHFILL (Clause 214.1.2.5)
SOLUTION :
CP =

-1 -1
l = tan Ws AH l = tan Ws AH
x x
WS - 1 1+ Av WS - 1 1- Av
= 13.19 = 13.81
CP = 4.246 CP = 4.388
Whichever is less
CP = 4.388 (d = 22.5/2 =11.25 for saturated soil)
Total dynamic force due to dynamic passive earth pressure:
(PPw)dyn = 1/2 wh2Ca
Where,
h = 1.5 m
w = 10 KN/m3
(PPw)dyn = 548.50 KN/m
Static passive earth pressure :
CP = 7.48
(PPw)static = 1/2 wh2Ca (h = 1.5 m)
Where,
h = 1.5 m
w = 10 KN/m3
(PPw)static = 84.11 KN/m
Page 76 of 90 13 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT DYNAMIC DECREMENT IN 'PASSIVE' EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO

214-10 SUBMERGED EARTHFILL (Clause 214.1.2.5)
Dynamic decrement in passive earth

= (Ppw)static - (PPw)dyn
pressure
= -464.388 t/m
Point of Application: The Static component of the total passive earth pressure i.e
95.1 KN/m will act 0.5 m (H/3) from base of the wall and the point of application of
the dynamic decrement i.e 45.74 KN/m shall be assumed to be at 0.75 m (H/2) of
the wall
Page 77 of 90 14 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

FIND OUT LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR COHESIVE

214-11 SOIL UNDER NON SEISMIC CONDITIONS (Clause 214.1.4)
SOLUTION :
a) Active earth pressure
Ka = 0.262
3
g = 18 KN/m
Za = 5m
C = 1.32
Pa = 22.253 KN/m2
b) Passive earth pressure
Kp = 7.477
3
g = 18 KN/m
Za = 1.5 m
C = 1.32
Pa = 209.088 KN/m2
Page 78 of 90 15 of 15
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
215 - TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BRIDGES

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

FIND OUT FORCES INDUCED IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED CONCRETE
215-1 BRIDGE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 5 M DUE TO TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE WITHIN SUPERSTRUCTURE.(Clause 215.3)
A B
0.75 m 5m 0.75 m
Sketches shown below for differential Temp. rise:
Step 1 : Assume that the deck is rigidly restrained.
MT T1 MT
h1
h2 T2
FT h FT
h3
T3
Step 2 : The strain at each depth where the temperature changes, and consequently the
stress, can be calculated as :
aTT1 EaTT1
aTT2 EaTT2
aTT3 EaTT3
Stain Distribution Restrained Stresses
Step 3 :
The axial restraint FT & Moment restraint MT are removed, stress of (FT / A ) & (MT/Z) is
released from the restrained stresses, the remaining restrained (locked in) stresses are :
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

FT/A EaTT1 MT/Z

EaTT2
+ + =
EaTT3
Axial Stress Restrained Bending Stress Locked in
Released Stresses Released Stresses
These final locked in stresses are often referred to as self-equilibrating stresses and need to be added
to the stresses resulting from permanent and traffic loading when combinations including temperature
effects are considered.
Preliminary Data:
Overall Span Length(L) = 6.5 m

Coefficient of thermal expansion (aT) = 0.000012 /0C
instantaneous Young's Modulus (E) = 33000000 KN/m2

Depth of the deck (h) = 0.3 m
Width of the deck (B) = 1 m
Cross Sectional Area of Deck (A) = 0.3 m2
Depth of neutral axis (x) = 0.15 m
CASE : I
To calculate the effects when the top surface of the deck is hotter than the core of the deck
(known as ‘positive temperature difference’ or ‘heating temperature difference’)
T1 = 17.8° h1 = 0.09 m
T2 = 4.0° h2 = 0.1 m
T3 = 2.1° h3 = 0.09 m
Restraining Force( FT) :
FT = EaTB {[h1(T1+T2)/2]+[h2T2/2]+[h3T3/2]}
FT = 505.10 KN
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Restraining Moment ( MT) :
F1 = EaTB {[h1(T1-T2)/2} Z1 = x-h1/3

F2 = EaTB {[h1T2} Z2 = x-h1/2
F3 = EaTB {[h2T2/2} Z3 = x-h1-h2/3
F4 = EaTB {[h3T3/2} Z4 = -((h-x)-H3/3))
F1
FORCE COMPONENT (KN) DISTANCE FROM N.A (m) F2
F1 = 245.92 Z1 = 0.12
F2 = 142.56 Z2 = 0.105 Z2 Z1 X
F3
F3 = 79.20 Z3 = 0.027 Z3 N.A
F4 = 37.42 Z4 = -0.12
Z4
F4
MT = F1z1+F2z2+F3z3+F4z4
MT = 42.10 KNm
CASE : II
‘Reverse Temperature Difference' (when heat is lost from the top surface of the deck)
T1 = 10.6° h1 = 0.06 m
T2 = 0.7° h2 = 0.075 m
T3 = 0.8° h3 = 0.075 m
T4 = 6.6° h4 = 0.06 m
Restraining Force( FT) :
FT = EaTB {[h1(T1+T2)/2]+[h2T2/2]+[h3T3/2]+[h4(T3+T4)/2}
FT = 244.43 KN
Restraining Moment ( MT) :

F1 = EaTB {[h1(T1-T2)/2} Z1 = x-h1/3
F2 = EaTB {[h1T2} Z2 = x-h1/2
F3 = EaTB {[h2T2/2} Z3 = x-h1-h2/3
F4 = EaTB {[h3T3/2} Z4 = -((h-x)-H4-H3/3)
F5 = EaTB {[h4T3} Z5 = -((h-x)-H4/2)
F6 = EaTB {[h4(T4-T3)/2} Z6 = -((h-x)-H4/3)
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

FORCE COMPONENT (KN) DISTANCE FROM N.A (m) F1

F2
F1 = 117.61 Z1 = 0.13
X Z1 F3
F2 = 16.63 Z2 = 0.12 Z2
F3 = 10.40 Z3 = 0.065 N.A Z3
F4 = 11.88 Z4 = -0.065
Z5 Z4
F5 = 19.01 Z5 = -0.12 Z6
F6 Z6 F4
= 68.90 = -0.13 F5
F6
MT = F1z1+F2z2+F3z3+F4z4+F5z5+F6z6
MT = 5.95 KNm
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS 220 - BARGE IMPACT ON BRIDGES

FIND OUT MAGNITUDE OF BARGE IMPACT FORCE IN SUBSTUCTURE &
220-1 FOUNDATION.(Clause 220.7)
PRELIMINARY DATA:
CLASS OF WATERWAY : VII
VESSEL DISPLACEMENT TONNAGE : 4000 T (LADEN), 1000 T (UNLADEN)
DESIGN SPEED : 4 KNOTS (LADEN), 6 KNOTS (UNLADEN) - AS PER CL. 220.4)
UNDERKEEL CLEARANCE OF MORE THAN 0.5 X DRAFT IS AVAILABLE FOR BARGES
SOLUTION :
CASE I : DWT = 4000 T (Laden weight)
Barge Collision Energy (K.E) = 500 x CH x W x V2
(say that underkeel clearance is
Hydrodynamic coefficient (CH) = 1.05
more than 0.5 x Draft)
Barge Speed (KNOTS) = 4.00 Knots
Barge Speed (m/sec) = 2.10 m/sec
DWT = 4000 MT
Vessel Design Barge Barge Damage Depth Barge Impact Force Barge Impact Force
Displacement Barge Speed Collision ( aB ) PB for PB for
Tonnage Energy ( aB < 100 mm) ( aB ≥ 100mm )
(KE)
aB PB PB
( DWT ) ( m/sec ) ( N.m ) mm KN KN
4000 2.10 9261000 1502.15 8403.44
Barge Impact Force = 8403.44 KN
CASE II : DWT = 1000 T (UnLaden weight)

Barge Collision Energy (K.E) = 500 x CH x W x V2
(say that underkeel clearance is
Hydrodynamic coefficient (CH) = 1.05
more than 0.5 x Draft)
Barge Speed (KNOTS) = 6.00 Knots
Barge Speed (m/sec) = 3.10 m/sec
DWT = 1000 MT
Vessel Design Barge Barge Damage Depth Barge Impact Force Barge Impact Force
Displacement Barge Speed Collision ( aB ) PB for PB for
Tonnage Energy ( aB < 100 mm) ( aB ≥ 100 mm )
(KE)
aB PB PB
( DWT ) ( m/sec ) ( N.m ) mm KN KN
1000 3.10 5045250 889.11 7422.58
Barge Impact Force = 7422.58 KN
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS 221 - SNOW LOAD ON BRIDGES

FIND OUT SNOW LOAD AS PER DIFFERENT CARRIAGEWAY LOAD
221-1 CONDITIONS IN A 2-LANE SIMPLY SUPPORTED DECK OF EFFECTIVE
SPAN LENGTH 30 M
a) Wheeled Vehicles (Class-70R/Class-AA/Class-A/Class-B) Load, considering

snow accumulation upto 0.25 m over the deck.
CL of Bridge
WHEELED VEHICLE
SNOW LOAD
0.25 m
A B
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
SOLUTION :
Overall Span Length (L) = 31.5 m

Effective Span Length (Leff) = 30 m
Unit Weight of Snow = 5 KN/m3
Width of Carriage way = 7.5 m
Thickness of Snow layer = 0.25 m
Snow Load per meter = 0.5 X 0.25 X 7.5
= 9.375 KN/m
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

SPAN LENGTH 30 M
b) Tracked Vehicle (Class 70-R/Class AA) Load, considering snow accumulation

upto 0.5 m over the deck.
CL of Bridge
TRACKED VEHICLE
SNOW LOAD
0.5 m
A B
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
SOLUTION :

= 18.75 KN/m
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:

SPAN LENGTH 30 M
c)Considering Snow accumulation exceeding 0.5 m over the deck and no Live
Load
CL of Bridge
SNOW LOAD
0.7 m
A B
0.75 m 30 m 0.75 m
SOLUTION :

= 26.25 KN/m
No Live Load shall be considered when snow accomulation is more than 0.5 m
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
222 - VEHICLE COLLISION LOADS ON SUPPORTS OF
FIND OUT VEHICLE COLLISION LOAD ON WALL TYPE BRIDGE PIER.
222-1 (Clause 222.3)
a) Nominal Vehicle Collison Laod on Pier, when Speed of the Vehicle is more
than 60 km/hr.
SOLUTION :
TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
BELOW DECK ABOVE DECK
CARRIAGEWAY BELOW
PLAN
ZONE OF
APPLICATION
500 KN 1.5 m 1000 KN 1.5 m

0.75 m CARRIAGEWAY
0.75 m
LEVEL BELOW
NORMAL TO THE PARALLEL TO THE

CARRIAGEWAY BELOW CARRIAGEWAY BELOW
MAIN LOAD COMPONENT
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
222-1 (Clause 222.3)
Note : Loads normal to the carriageway below and loads parallel to the carriageway below shall be
considered to act separately and shall not be combined.
250 KN 3m 500 KN 3m
1m 1m
CARRIAGEWAY
LEVEL BELOW

RESIDUAL LOAD COMPONENT
Note :
Both, Main & Residual loads shall be considered acting simultaneously,if fencing system is not
provided.
Residual Load Components only shall be considered if fencing system provided as per clause
222.3.2(i.e having minimum height of 1.5 m above the carriageway level.)
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
222-1 (Clause 222.3)
b)Nominal Vehicle Collison Laod on Pier , when Speed of the Vehicle is less
than 60 km/hr(i.e 40km/hr)
SOLUTION :
TRAFFIC
BELOW
CARRIAGEWAY BELOW
PLAN
All load are to be Reduced in proportion to the square of the velocity but not
less than 50 percent.
Reduction factor for loads (402/602) = 0.44
250 KN 1.5 m 500 KN 1.5 m

0.75 m CARRIAGEWAY
0.75 m
LEVEL BELOW

MAIN LOAD COMPONENT
CLAUSE NO. & TITLE:
222-1 (Clause 222.3)
Note : Loads normal to the carriageway below and loads parallel to the carriageway below shall be
considered to act separately and shall not be combined.
125 KN 3m 250 KN 3m
1m 1m
CARRIAGEWAY
LEVEL BELOW

RESIDUAL LOAD COMPONENT
Note :
Both, Main & Residual loads shall be considered acting simultaneously,if fencing system is not
provided.
Residual Load Components only shall be considered if fencing system provided as per clause
222.3.2(i.e having minimum height of 1.5 m above the carriageway level.)

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IAStructE DOCUMENT No.

DRAFT DOCUMENT FOR

PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS AND

 The first draft of this document is prepared by :

With assistance from :

 The document is circulated as a “DRAFT FOR

 Comments and feedback may please be

Mr Alok Bhowmick, Mr Rajiv Ahuja,

a) CLASS 70R (WHEELED) VEHICLE 17OKN

b) CLASS 70R (TRACKED) VEHICLE

c) CLASS ‘A’ TRAIN OF VEHICLE

3.200 4.300 3.000 3.000 3.000

INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM-SECTION-1

0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

1. CLASS 70R (WHEELED) LOADING

1.37 3.05 3.96

0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

2. CLASS 70R (TRACKED) LOADING

0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

4. SPECIAL VEHICLE LOADING

180KN 180KN 180KN 180KN

1.50 1.50 (TYP.) 1.50

0.75 30.0 0.75 0.75 30.0 0.75

INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM-SECTION-2

0.75 -2.5KN 30.0 0.75

1. CLASS 70R (WHEELED) LOADING

-2.5KN 0.75 30.0 0.75

2. CLASS 70R (TRACKED) LOADING

3.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

4. SPECIAL VEHICLE LOADING

5x180KN 5x180KN 6x180KN

-2.5KN 1.50 1.50 (TYP.)

0.75 30.0 0.75

INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM-SECTION 3

1. CLASS 70R (WHEELED) LOADING

2. CLASS 70R (TRACKED) LOADING

1.1 3.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0

4. SPECIAL VEHICLE LOADING

205 - REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON BRIDGES

WORKED EXAMPLE NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:

a) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 3-LANES OF

0.45 m 9.6 to 13.1 m 0.45 m

0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.8 m

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A

3-Lanes Structure ,Transverse Direction

BENDING MOMENT REACTION

205 - REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON BRIDGES

WORKED EXAMPLE NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:

b) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER1-LANE OF

0.45 m 12.5 m 0.45 m

0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 1.93 m 1.2 m

CLASS A CLASS 70 R(W)

3-Lane Structure ,Transverse Direction

205 - REDUCTION IN THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT ON BRIDGES

WORKED EXAMPLE NO. TITLE OF WORKED EXAMPLE:

C) INDIVIDUALLY SUPPORTED SUPERSTRUCTURE OF EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH 30 M UNDER 1-LANE OF

0.45 m 12.5 m 0.45 m

0.15 m 1.8 m 1.2 m 2.06 m 1.2 m

CLASS A CLASS 70 R(T)

3-Lane Structure ,Transverse Direction

DESCRIPTION CLASS A CLASS 70R(T) TOTAL