Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 9

CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped

channel wall stud in compression and bending
This example deals with the design of an external wall stud in compression
and uniaxial bending. The stud has pinned end conditions and is composed
of two thin-walled cold-formed back-to-back lipped channel sections. The
connection between the channels is assumed to be rigid (a welded
connection, for example).

For practical design of light gauge sections to EN1993, designers will normally use software
or refer to manufacturers’ data. This example is presented for illustrative purposes

Basic Data

Height of column H = 2,75 m

Span of floor L=5m
Spacing between floor joists S = 0,6 m
Distributed loads applied to the floor:
- dead load – lightweight slab: 1,0 kN m 2
qG = 1,0 × 0,6 = 0,6 kN m

- imposed load: 2,50 kN m 2

qQ = 2,50 × 0,6 = 1,50 kN m

Ultimate Limit State concentrated load from upper level and roof:
Q = 5,0 kN

Uniform wind pressure: 0,704 kN m 2

qw = 0 ,704 × 0 ,6 = 0 ,4224 kN m
The dimensions of one lipped channel section and the material properties are:
Total height h = 150 mm
Total width of flange b = 40 mm
Total width of edge fold c = 15 mm
Internal radius r = 3 mm
Nominal thickness t nom = 1,2 mm
Steel core thickness t = 1,16 mm
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 2 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

Basic yield strength f yb = 350 N mm 2

Modulus of elasticity E = 210000 N mm 2

Poisson’s ratio ν = 0,3
E
Shear modulus G= = 81000 N mm 2
2(1 + ν )
Partial factors γ M0 = 1,0
EN1993-1-3
γ M1 = 1,0 §2(3)
γ G = 1,35 – permanent loads EN1990

γ Q = 1,50 – variable loads

Properties of the gross cross-section

Area of gross cross-section: A = 592 mm2

Radii of gyration: iy = 57,2 mm ; iz = 18 mm

Second moment of area about strong axis y-y: I y = 1,936 × 106 mm4

Second moment of area about weak axis z-z: I z = 19,13 × 104 mm 4

Warping constant: I w = 4,931 × 108 mm 6

Torsion constant: I t = 266 mm 4

Effective section properties of the cross-section

EN1993-1-3
Effective area of the cross-section when subjected to compression only:
§5.5.3.1
Aeff,c = 322 mm2 §5.5.3.2

Effective section modulus in bending:

EN1993-1-5
• with respect to the flange in compression: Weff, y,c = 22268 mm 3
§4.4 and
SX022,
• with respect to the flange in tension: Weff, y,t = 25580 mm3 SX023
Weff, y,min = min(Weff, y,c ,Weff, y,t ) = 22268 mm3
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 3 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

The applied concentrated load on the external column (compression): EN1990

N Ed = (γ G qG + γ Q qQ )L 2 + Q = (1,35 × 0 ,6 + 1,50 × 1,50 ) × 5 2 + 5 = 12 ,65 kN

The maximum applied bending moment:

M Ed= γ Q qw H 2 8 = 1,5 × 0,4224 × 2,752 8 = 0,6 kNm

Resistance check of the cross-section

The following criterion should be met: EN1993-1-3

N Ed M y, Ed + ΔM y,Ed §6.1.9
+ ≤1
N c, Rd M cy,Rd, com
where: EN1993-1-3
6.1.3
N c, Rd = Aeff f yb γ M0
6.1.4
M cz, Rd, com = Weff, com f yb / γ M0

ΔM y, Ed = N Ed eNy EN1993-1-3

eNy – is the shift of the centroidal y-y axis; but as the cross-section is §6.1.9(2)
doubly symmetric: eNy = 0

The resistance check is:

12,65 × 103 0,6 × 106 + 0
+ = 0,189 < 1 – OK
322 × 350 1,0 22268 × 350 1,0

Buckling resistance check

Members which are subjected to combined axial compression and uniaxial EN1993-1-1
bending should satisfy: §6.3.3
N Ed M + ΔM y,Ed
+ k yy y,Ed ≤1
N Rk M y,Rk
χy χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
N Ed M + ΔM y, Ed
+ k zy y,Ed ≤1
N Rk M y, Rk
χz χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 4 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

where:
N Rk = f yb Aeff = 350 × 322 = 112,7 × 103 N = 112,7 kN

M y,Rk = f ybWeff, y,min = 350 × 22268 = 7,794 × 106 Nmm = 7,794kNm

ΔM y,Ed – additional moment due to the shift of the centroidal axes;

ΔM y,Ed = 0

1 EN1993-1-1
χ= but χ ≤ 1,0
φ + φ2 − λ2 §6.3.1.2

[ (
φ = 0,5 1 + α λ − 0,2 + λ 2 ) ]
α – imperfection factor
The non-dimensional slenderness is:
Aeff f yb
λ=
N cr

N cr – the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode

Determination of the reduction factors χy, χz, χT

Flexural buckling EN1993-1-1

Aeff f yb Lcr Aeff A § 6.3.1.3
λF = =
N cr i λ1
The buckling length:
Lcr, y = Lcr,z = H = 2750 mm

E 210000
λ1 = π =π × = 76,95
f yb 350

Buckling about y-y axis: EN1993-1-3

Lcr, y Aeff A 2750 322 592 Table 6.3
λy = = × = 0,461
iy λ1 57,2 76,95 EN1993-1-1
Table 6.1
α y = 0,21 – buckling curve a
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 5 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

[ ]
φy = 0,5 1 + α y (λy − 0,2 ) + λy 2 = 0,5 × [1 + 0,21 × (0,461 − 0,2) + 0,4612 ] = 0,634
1 1
χy = = = 0,936
φ y + φ y − λy 2 2
0,634 + 0,6342 − 0,4612

Buckling about z-z axis: EN1993-1-3

Lcr, z Aeff A 2750 322 592 Table 6.3
λz = = × = 1,466
iz λ1 18 76,95 EN1993-1-1

α z = 0,34 – buckling curve b Table 6.1

[ ]
φz = 0,5 1 + α z (λz − 0,2 ) + λz 2 = 0,5 × [1 + 0,34 × (1,466 − 0,2) + 1,4662 ] = 1,79
1 1
χz = = = 0,355
φz + φz − λz 2 2
1,79 + 1,792 − 1,4662

Torsional buckling

1 ⎛⎜ π 2 EI w ⎞ EN1993-1-3
N cr,T = GI + ⎟
io ⎜⎝
2 t 2 ⎟ §6.2.3(5)
lT ⎠
where:
2 2 2 2 2
io = i y + i z + y o + z o

yo , z o – the shear centre coordinates with respect to the centroid of

the gross cross-section: yo = z o = 0
2
io = 57,2 2 + 182 + 0 + 0 = 3594 mm 2
lT = H = 2750 mm

The elastic critical force for torsional buckling is:

1 ⎛ π 2 × 210000 × 4,931 × 108 ⎞
N cr,T = × ⎜⎜ 81000 × 266 + ⎟⎟ = 43,57 × 103 N
3594 ⎝ 27502 ⎠
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 6 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

Flexural-torsional buckling
For doubly symmetric cross-sections: N cr,TF = N cr,T EN1993-1-3

The elastic critical force will be: §6.2.3(6)

N cr = N cr, T = N cr, TF = 43,57 kN

The non-dimensional slenderness is:

Aeff f yb 322 × 350
λT = = = 1,608
N cr 43,57 × 103

α T = 0,34 – buckling curve b EN1993-1-1

[ ]
φT = 0,5 1 + α T (λT − 0,2 ) + λT 2 = 0,5 × [1 + 0,34 × (1,608 − 0,2) + 1,6082 ] = 2,032 Table 6.1
EN1993-1-3
The reduction factor for torsional and flexural-torsional buckling is:
Table 6.3
1 1
χT = = = 0,305
φT + φT 2 − λT 2 2,032 + 2,0322 − 1,6082

Determination of the reduction factor χLT

Lateral-torsional buckling
1 EN1993-1-1
χ LT = but χ LT ≤ 1,0
φLT + φLT 2 − λLT 2 §6.3.2.2

[
φ LT = 0,5 1 + α LT (λLT − 0,2 ) + λLT 2 ]
α LT = 0,34 – buckling curve b EN1993-1-1
§6.3.2.2
The non-dimensional slenderness is: Table 6.3
Weff,y,min f yb
λLT =
M cr

M cr – the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

π 2 EI z I w L2GI t NCCI:
M cr = C1 +
L2 I z π 2 EI z
SN003
where C1 = 1,127 for a simply supported beam under uniform loading
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 7 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

π 2 × 210000 × 19,13 × 104 4,932 × 108 27502 × 81000 × 266

M cr = 1,127 × × +
27502 19,13 × 10 4 π 2 × 210000 × 19,13 × 104
M cr = 3,23 kNm
Weff, y,min f yb 22268 × 350
λLT = = = 1,553
M cr 3,23 × 106

α z = 0,34 – buckling curve b

[ ]
φLT = 0,5 1 + α LT (λLT − 0,2 ) + λLT 2 = 0,5 × [1 + 0,34 × (1,553 − 0,2 ) + 1,5532 ] = 1,937
1 1
χ LT = = = 0,323
φLT + φLT − λLT
2 2
1,937 + 1,9372 − 1,5532

Determination of interaction factors kyy and kzy – Method 1

μy EN1993-1-1
k yy = CmyCmLT
1−
N Ed Annex A
N cr,y

μz
kzy = CmyCmLT
N Ed
1−
N cr, y
where:
N Ed N Ed
1− 1−
N cr,y N cr,z
μy = ; μz =
N Ed N
1− χy 1 − χ z Ed
N cr,y N cr,z

π 2 EI y π 2 × 210000 × 1,936 × 106

N cr, y = = = 531 × 103 N = 531 kN
L2cr, y 27502

π 2 EI z π 2 × 210000 × 19,13 × 10 4
N cr, z = 2
= 2
= 52 × 103 N = 52 kN
L cr, z 2750
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 8 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

N Ed 12,65
1− 1−
N cr, y 531
μy = = = 0,998
N Ed 12,65
1 − χy 1 − 0,936 ×
N cr, y 531

N Ed 12,65
1− 1−
N cr, z 52
μz = = = 0,83
N Ed 12,65
1 − χz 1 − 0,355 ×
N cr, z 52

ε y aLT
Cmy = Cmy,0 + (1 − Cmy,0 )
1 + ε y aLT

aLT
CmLT = C my
2

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⎜1 − N Ed ⎟⎜1 − N Ed ⎟
⎜ N ⎟⎜ N ⎟
⎝ cr,z ⎠⎝ cr,T ⎠
N Ed 12,65
Cmy,0 = 1 + 0,03 = 1 + 0,03 × = 1,001
N cr, y 531

M y, Ed Aeff 0,6 × 106 322

εy = = × = 0,685
N Ed Weff, y, min 12,65 × 10 19956
3

It 266
aLT = 1 − =1− =1
Iy 1,936 × 106

0,685 × 1
Cmy = 1 + (1 − 1,001) × =1
1 + 0,685 × 1
1
CmLT = 12 × = 1,364
⎛ 12,65 ⎞ ⎛ 12,65 ⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ × ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 52 ⎠ ⎝ 43,57 ⎠
 Document Ref: SX027a-EN-EU Sheet 9 of 9
CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall
stud in compression and bending
Eurocode Ref EN 1993-1-3
Made by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff Date Jan 2006
Checked by D. Dubina Date Jan 2006

The interaction factors are:

μy 0,998
k yy = CmyCmLT = 1 × 1,364 × = 1,395
N Ed 12,65
1− 1−
N cr, y 531

μz 0,83
kzy = CmyCmLT = 1 × 1,364 × = 1,16
N Ed 12,65
1− 1−
N cr, y 531

Buckling resistance check

N Ed M + ΔM y,Ed
+ k yy y,Ed =
N Rk M y,Rk
χy χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
– OK
12,65 0,6 + 0
= + 1,395 × = 0,452 < 1
112,7 7,794
0,936 × 0,323 ×
1,0 1,0
N Ed M + ΔM y,Ed
+ kzy y, Ed =
N Rk M y,Rk
χz χ LT
γ M1 γ M1
– OK
12,65 0,6 + 0
= + 1,16 × = 0,593 < 1
112,7 7,794
0,355 × 0,323 ×
1,0 1,0
 Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall stud in compression
and bending
SX027a-EN-EU

Quality Record

RESOURCE TITLE Example: Design of a cold-formed steel lipped channel wall stud in
compression and bending

Reference(s)

ORIGINAL DOCUMENT

Name Company Date

Created by V. Ungureanu, A. Ruff BRITT Ltd. Timisoara,

Romania

Technical content checked by D. Dubina BRITT Ltd. Timisoara,

Romania

Editorial content checked by

Technical content endorsed by the

following STEEL Partners:

1. UK G W Owens SCI 12/4/06

2. France A Bureau CTICM 12/4/06

3. Sweden B Uppfeldt SBI 11/4/06

4. Germany C Müller RWTH 11/4/06

5. Spain J Chica Labein 12/4/06

Resource approved by Technical G W Owens SCI 11/9/06

Coordinator

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