TIMBER DESIGN Lawrence Tan Orjalesa, CE, GE, MEng CE, Ph.D.

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DESIGN LOADS

Introduction
- Calculation of design loads, load combinations, and serviceability criteria for design of wood
structures is presented in this chapter.
- This chapter is concerned with distribution of these loads throughout the structure.
- The types of loads are defined in National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 1,
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures.
- Some of these load types act vertically, some act laterally (horizontally), and some include both
vertical and horizontal components.
- The two primary groups of loads: (1) vertical loads—loads acting on the vertical-load-carrying
system and (2) lateral loads—loads acting on the lateral-load-resisting system.

Combination of Loads
ASD Load Combination
The ASD basic load combinations are presented in NSCP V1 Sec. 203.4.1.
𝐷+𝐹 (203-08)
𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇 (203-09)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-10)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75[𝐿 + 𝑇(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)] (203-11)
𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 1.4) (203-12)

LRFD Load Combinations

The LRFD basic load combinations are presented in NSCP V1 Sec. 203.3.1.
1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹) (203-01)
1.2(𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇) + 1.6(𝐿 + 𝐻) + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-02)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊) (203-03)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-04)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 (203-05)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 (203-06)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 (203-07)

where:
𝑓1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of
4.8 kPa and for garage live load, or
= 0.5 for other loads

Symbols and Notations:

𝐷= dead load
𝐸 = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1
𝐹 = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights
𝐻 = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
𝐿 = live load, except roof live load, including permitted live load reduction
𝐿𝑟 = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
𝑃 = ponding load
𝑅 = rain load on the undeflected roof
𝑇 = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential settlement, or combinations thereof
𝑊 = load due to wind pressure

Dead Loads
- Dead loads are addressed in NSCP V1 Sec. 204. Included in dead loads are the weights of
all materials permanently attached to the structure.

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TIMBER DESIGN Lawrence Tan Orjalesa, CE, GE, MEng CE, Ph.D.
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- In the case of a wood roof or wood floor system, this would include the weight of the roof or
floor covering, sheathing, framing, insulation, ceiling (if any), and any other permanent
materials such as piping, automatic fire sprinkler, and ducts.
- Another dead load that must be included is the weight of fixed equipment (Mechanical or air-
conditioning equipment)
- Often this type of load is supported by a built-up member (two or three joists side by side) as
shown in Fig. 2.1.

- The alternative is to design special larger and deeper beams to carry these isolated
equipment loads.

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Relative Densities for Philippine Wood

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TIMBER DESIGN Lawrence Tan Orjalesa, CE, GE, MEng CE, Ph.D.
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Live Loads
- The term 𝐿𝑟 is used to denote roof live loads. The symbols 𝐿 is occupancy of a structure.
- Roof live loads are generally associated with maintenance of the roof. While dead loads are
applied permanently, live loads tend to fluctuate with time.
- NSCP V1 Sec 205.3 specify the minimum roof live loads 𝐿𝑟 and minimum floor live loads 𝐿
that must be used in the design of a structure.
- Table 205-1 and Table 205-2 minimum floor live loads and special loads, 𝐿 in kPa for use in
the design of floor systems, and Table 205-3 unit roof live loads, 𝐿𝑟 in kPa use in the design
of roof system.

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TIMBER DESIGN Lawrence Tan Orjalesa, CE, GE, MEng CE, Ph.D.
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Reduction of Live Loads

- The design live load determined using the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1 for floors and
Table 205-3, for roofs may be reduced on any member supporting more than 15 𝑚2 , including flat
slabs, except for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads greater than 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, in
accordance with the following equation:

𝑅 = 𝑟(𝐴 − 15) (205-1)

- The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one level only, 60
percent for other members or 𝑹, as determined by the following equation:

𝑅 = 23.1(1 + 𝐷⁄𝐿) (205-2)

Where:
𝐴= area of floor or roof supported by the member, 𝑚2
𝐷= dead load per square meter of area supported by the member, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐿= unit live load per square meter of area supported by the member, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅= reduction in percentage
𝑟= rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See Table 205-3 for roofs

- For storage loads exceeding 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, no reduction shall be made, except that design live loads on
columns may be reduced 20 percent.
- The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure
cars having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle.

Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction

- As an alternative to equation 205-1, the unit live loads set forth in Table 205-1 may be reduced in accordance
with equation 205-3 on any member, including flat slabs, having an influence area of 40 𝑚2 or more.
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𝐿 = 𝐿0 [0.25 + 4.57 ( )]
𝐴𝐼
Where
𝐴𝐼 = influence area, 𝑚2
𝐿 = reduced design live load per square meter of area
supported by the member

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