Critical Book Report

CALCULUS DIFFERENTIAL
“TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS”

BY:

Jeremia Napitupulu = 4192421021

Maria Angel Afritesia = 4192421016
Claudya Von Munthe = 4191121013

LECTURER :

Andrea Arifsyah Nasution, M.Sc

Badzlan Darari, M.Pd

BILINGUAL PHYSICS

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2019
 CONTENTS

PREFACE…........................................................................................... 3
CONTENS…........................................................................................... 2
Chapter I INTRODUCTION…............................................................ 4
a.Background…........................................................................................ 4
b.Problems…............................................................................................. 4
c.Purpose…............................................................................................... 4

Chapter II DISCUSSION
a.Summary of Book 1…............................................................................ 5
b.Summary of Book 2…............................................................................ 8

Chapter III CONCLUSION

a.Different table............................................................................................ 11
c.Suggestion…............................................................................................ 11
APPENDIX ............................................................................................... 12
 PREFACE

Praise the presence of God Almighty because of His blessings, our group was able to
complete the Critical Book Report (CBR) paper properly and in accordance with a
predetermined time limit.
The main purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill the Critical Book Report assignment in the
Differential calculus course. This paper is the result of our observations of the contents of the
book studied. With humility, we realize that this paper can be completed thanks to the
support and kindness of various parties. Our gratitude and appreciation go to the supervisor
for Differential calculus, who have guided us in the completion of this paper. This paper is
organized in an effort to support and improve the teaching and learning process, so that it is
expected to achieve maximum results.We realize that the preparation of this paper is not free
from mistakes and is far from perfect. Therefore, we look forward to constructive criticism
and suggestions for the perfection of this paper. We hope that this paper can be used properly
and can benefit.

Medan, September 14th 2019

Group 3
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUTION

I.1 BACKGROUND

Calculus is the science of change, as geometry is the science of form and algebra is the
science of workmanship to solve equations and their applications. Calculus has broad
applications in the fields of science, economics, and engineering; and can solve various
problems that cannot be solved by elementary algebra.

Calculus has two main branches, differential calculus and integral calculus which are
interconnected through the basic theorem of calculus. Calculus lessons are the gateway to
other higher mathematics courses, specifically studying functions and limits, which are
generally called mathematical analysis.

Because this calculus has two main branches, but here we want to discuss integral
calculus with the integral matter of trigonometric functions.

I.2 PROBLEMS

A. How trigonometry functions

B. What is the angle size (degrees and radians)

C. What is the trigonometric inverse function?

I.3 PURPOSE

A. To find out the size of the angle (degrees and radians)

B. Know the trigonometric functions

C. Knowing the trigonometric inverse function

D. Complete the Critical Book Report Task

E. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the book

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 SUMMARY OF BOOK 1

The trigonometric functions that will be discussed in this article do not use the angular size in degrees,
but use radians in size. An angle in the field can be measured by radians. The size of the radians is a
corner of the circle which is at the point O and Berjari-jari R units.

Definition

Administered T corner of the center of a circle that Berjari-jari R units and s length of bow faced
angle t. radians of angle T is pre-populated as a value of S/R.

If s = r, then the T-angle is one radians. In other words referred to one radians, written 1 Rad, is the
magnitude of the center corner of the circle that Berjari-jari R unit before the arc of the length of the
circle.

The relationship between the size of the degree and the size of radians Determined as follows:

1circumference circle = 2πrad = 360 ° 1 rad = (360 °) / 2 π = 57.3 °

1 ° = 2 π / (360 °) ≈ 0.0175 rad

.Definition of Sinus and Cosine

Given the real t which represents the length of a unit circle and determines the single point P (x,
y). Cosines and sine angles t, written cos t and sin t, are defined as cos t = x and sin t = y

Since each arc length t determines a single point P (x, y), then the equation x = cos t and y = sin t
define a function. The function defined by x = cos t is called the cosine function and the function
defined by y = sin t is called the sine function. From these functions, four other trigonometric
functions can be defined, namely tangent, cotangent, secant, and kosekan functions.

Value of Tangent, Kotangen, Sekan, and Kosekan

Tangent, cotangent, secant, and consecutive angle t are written tan t, cot t, sec t, and csc t are
defined as

Tan t = sin⁡t / cos⁡t, cot t = cos⁡t / sin⁡t, sec t = 1 / cos⁡t, csc t = 1 / sin⁡t

Trigonometric Equations

1. EVEN ODD EQUATION

Sin (-x) = -sin x
Cos (-x) = cos x
Tan (-x) = -tan x

2. PYTAGHORAS EQUATION
Sin2x + cos2x = 1
1 + tan2x = sec2x
1 + cot2x = csc2x

3. ADDITION EQUATION
Sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
Tan (x + y) =
1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

4. DOUBLE ANGLE EQUATION

Sin2x = 2 sin x cos x
Cos 2x = cos2x sin2x = 2 cos2x – 1=1-2 sin2x
 5. A HALF EQUATION ANGLE
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Sin2x = 2
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Cos2x = 2

6. EQUATION AMOUNT
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
Sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
Cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2

7. EQUATION OF RESULTS TIMES

1
Sin x sin y = − 2 [cos (x + y) – cos (x – y)]
1
Cos x cos y = 2 [cos (x+y) + cos (x-y)
1
Sin x cos y = 2 [sin (x+y) + sin (x-y)

Example
𝜋
a. Tan(− 4 )

𝜋
b Cos(− 3 )

3
c. Sin(− 4 𝜋)

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
a. Tan(− 4 ) = - tan ( 4 ) = -1
𝜋 𝜋 1
b. Cos(− 3 ) = cos ( 3 ) = 2
3 1 1 1
c. Sin(− 4 𝜋) = sin(𝜋 − 4 𝜋) = sin 4 𝜋 = √2
2
2.1 BOOK SUMMARY II

In general, the definition of trigonometric functions is based on unit circles. With the radius of 1
unit and ousat at the origin, have the equation x2 + y2 = 1. Let a be point (1,0) and t be a positive
number. Then there is a single point P (x, y) on circle c such that the length of the arc ap, measured in
counterclockwise directions from a is t. circumference c is 2π. So, if t = π, then p right down the half-
way around the circle starting from point a, in this case p is point a. if t > 2π, more than one complete
rotation of the unit circle is clicked to trace the arc AP.

Definition of sinus and cosine fungi

Let t be the real number that specifies the point p (x, y) then

Sin t = y and cos t = x

THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF SINES AND COSINES

Some facts are immediately apparent from the definition that has just been given. First, because x and
y can be any real number, the origin for both sine and cosine functions is 3. Second, x and y are
always between -1 and 1. So the result for sine and cosine functions is the interval [1, -1] .

Because the unit circle has a circumference of 2π, the values of t and t + 2π determine the same point
P(x, y). so,

Sin t = sin (t + 2π) and cos t = cos (t + 2π)

The points P1 and P2 correspond to t and -t, respectively symmetrical about the x-axis. so the x-
coordinates from P1 and P2 are the same, and koorninat-y is just a different sign. As a result,

Sin (-t) = Sin t and cos (-t) = cos t

In other words, the sine is an odd function and the cosine is an even function.

The points P3 and P4 which correspond respectively to t and π / 2 - t symmetry with the line y = x so
that the coordinates are exchanged this means that

Sin π / 2-t = cos t and cos π / 2-t = sin t

Finally, below is an important identity that links the sine and cosine functions:

Sin2t + cos2t = 1

For each real number t. This identity follows from the fact that the points (x, y) are in the unit circle,
because x and y satisfy x2 + y2 = 1.
 SINE AND COSINE GRAPHS

To illustrate the graphs y = sin t and y = cos t, we follow our standard procedure, create a table
of values, draw corresponding points, and connect these points with a smooth curve. However, so far
we know the sine and cosine values only for a few t values. a number of other values can be
determined from the geometry inheritance. For example, if t = π / 4, the path meets the halfway point
counterclockwise around the unit circle between points (0,1) and (1,0). Based on symmetry, x and y
will be on the line y = x, so y = sin t and x = cos t will be the same. So, the two legs of obp right
triangle are the same, and the hypotenuse is 1. The Pythagorean theorem can be applied to give

1 = x2 + x2 = cos2 π / 4 + cos2 π / 4

From this we conclude that cos π / 4 = 1√2 = √2 / 2. Similarly, sin π / 4 = √2 / 2. We can specify sin t
and cos t for a number of other values t.

Four things can be noted from these graphs:

1. sin t and cos t both range from -1 to 1.

2. both graphs repeat at adjacent intervals along 2π.

3. graph y = sin t symmetric with respect to the origin, y = cos t symmetric with respect to the y axis.

4. the graph y = sin t is the same as y = cos t, but is shifted π / 2 units to the right.

THE PERIOD AND THE APPLICABILITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTION

The function f is said to be periodic if it is with respect to a p number such that

f(x + p) = f (x)

For all x in the origin area f. the smallest positive number p which is called the period f. the sine
function is periodic harena sin (x + 2π) = sin x for all x.

Four other trigonometric functions

We have enough functions and cosines, but it is also important to introduce four other trigonometric
functions: tangent, cotangent, secan and cosekan.
sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
tan t = cos 𝑡
cot = sin 𝑡

1 1
Sec t = cos 𝑡 cosec t = sin 𝑡
 LIST OF IMPORTANT IDENTITIES

We will not discuss proving all of the following identities. The following trigonometric
identities are true for all x and y values, provided that the two segments are defined on the selected x
and y.

ODD IDENTITY - EVEN IDENTITY CO-FUNCTION PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY

ADDITIONAL IDENTITY
𝜋
Sin (-x) = -sin x sin ( 2 - x) = cos x

𝜋
Cos (-x) = cos x cos ( - x) = sin x
2

𝜋
Cos (-x) = -tan x tan ( 2 - x) = cot x

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY ADDITIONAL IDENTITY

Sin 2 + cos2 = 1 sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

1- tan2x = sec x cos (x + y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
1- cot2 x = cosec2 x tan (x + y) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITY HALF-ANGLE IDENTITY

𝑥 √1−cos 𝑥
Sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x sin 2 = ± 2

𝑥 √1−cos 𝑥
Cos 2x = cos2 + sin2 x cos = ±
2 2

= 2 cos2 x -1

= 1- 2 sin2 x

NUMBER IDENTITY
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
Sin x + sin y = 2 sin ( 2
) cos ( 2
)

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
Cos x + cos y = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

DIFFERENCE TABLE

DIFFERENT FIRST BOOK :BUKU AJAR KALKULUS DIFERENSIAL SECOND BOOK : CALCULUS WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ( 9th Edition)

IN THIS BOOK THE MATERIAL IS PRESENT VERY

SUCCINCTY. THERE IS ONE TOPIC THAT SHOULD BE
MARERIAL DISCUSSED BUT NOT DISPLAYED IN THIS BOOK. FOR IN THIS BOOK THE MATERIAL IS PRESENTED SO LONG
EXAMPLE IN THE PERIOD AND AMPLITUDE OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

IN THIS BOOK EXAMPLE OF PROBLEMS PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK EXAMPLE OF PROBLEMS PRESENT AFTER THE UNDERSTANDING
IN THE END THE UNDERSTANDING OF THEORY. THE OF THEORY.IN THIS BOOK THE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS GIVEN ARE SOMEWHAT
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE PROMBLEMS GIVEN ARE QUITE SIMPLE DIFFICULY AND VARIED. AND THE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS SOMETIME ALSO
AND FIT THE DEFINITION DESCRIBED. EXPLAINS THE MATERIAL DISCUSSED

IN THIS BOOK THE SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

IN THIS BOOK THE SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL PROVIDED IS IN THE FROM OF
MATERIAL PROVIDED IS IN THE FORM OF A FUCTION TABLE
A FUNCTION TABLE AND SOME PICTURE OF EACH GRAPH AND CLEAR EVERY
COMPLEMENT AND SOME PICTURE OF EACH GRAPH AND
ASKIOMA AND THE PICTURE GIVEN IS EASIER TO UNDERSTAND BECAUSE IT IS
ATION ASKIOMA WHICH IS QUITE CLEAR BUT DOES NOT
MORE VARIED AND CONTAINS EACH STEP
COVER ALL THE DEFINITIONS
IN THIS BOOK, THE MATERIAL ON TRIGONOMETRIC
TOTAL THE NUMBER OF QUESTIONS IN THIS BOOK AMOUNTED TO 56 GUESTION.
FUNCTION DOES NOT HAVE PROBLEM, ONLY TWO
PROBLEMS HOWEVER, IN EVERY DISCUSSION IS IMMEDIATELY THERE IS A PROBLEM
EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN.

SUGGESTION

It the comparison book the discussion material should be reproduced and the problem
examples include all. In terms of language more simplified so that readers more easily
understand.
 Book Identity

BOOK 1
Title : BUKU AJAR KALKULUS DIFERENSIAL

Year : 2019

Author : Lecturers in FMIPA( Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam)

Publisher : State University of Medan :

ISSN :-

BOOK 2

Title : CALCULUS WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ( 9th Edition)

Year of Publishing : 2007
Author : Dave Varberg, Edwin J. Pursell, Steve E. Rigdon
Series Editor : Lemeda Simarmata, S.T.
Publisher : Penerbit Erlangga
ISBN : 0 13 1429 24 8