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Reference - DC System Battery Sizing PDF
Reference - DC System Battery Sizing PDF
BASED ON:
09/10/01
1. REQUIRED DATA FOR PERFORMING BATTERY SIZING CALCULATION
Following are the required data for performing battery sizing calculations:
EXAMPLE:
Assume 2.33 Volts per cell (VPC) required for charging and that the maximum allowable
system voltage is 140 V.
The method of calculating the cell capacity on a given duty cycle is based on equation
(1), where capacity rating factor Ct is based on the discharge characteristics of a
particular plate type and size in End of discharge cell voltage.
P=S Ap − A( P −1)
Fs = ∑ (1)
P =1 CT
The maximum capacity ( max Fs) determining the cell size is calculated from the
following general expression:
S =N
Uncorrected cell size = Max Fs + Random section size
S =1
Cell size (number of positive plates) = Uncorrected cell size * Kd*Kt*Ka
Where:
S = Section of the duty cycle being analyzed. Section S contains the first S periods of
the duty cycle (for example section S5 contains periods 1 through 5).
N = Number of periods in the duty cycle.
P = Period being analyzed.
Ap = Amperes required for period P.
T = Time in minutes from the beginning of period P through the end of section S.
Ct = Capacity rating factor for a given cell type, at the T minute discharge rate, at 25° C
( 77° F ), to a definite end-of-discharge voltage.
Kt = Temperature correction factor;
Kd = Design margin factor;
Ka = Aging factor.
2.5.1 Rt method:
Ct = Rt
Where Rt , is the number of amperes that each positive plate can supply for T minutes, at
25° C ( 77° F ), to a definite end-of-discharge voltage.
2.5.2 Kt method:
1
Ct =
Kt
Where Kt , is the ratio of rated ampere-hour capacity (at a standard time rate, at 25° C
(77° F) and to a standard end-of-discharge voltage) of a cell, to the amperes that can be
supplied by that cell for T minutes at 25° C ( 77° F) and to a given end-of discharge
voltage.
2.5.3 KW method
Batteries for UPS systems are normally sized using the KW method. Battery
manufacturers can supply the KW rates for their cells at various end voltages, at 25° C
(77° F), for specific SG. To size batteries using the KW method, factors like temperature
correction, design margin, and aging should be considered. The expression for UPS cell
is as follows:
L × Kt × Kd × Ka
Fw =
No.ofcells
Where:
Fw = Cell rating in KW/cell;
L = Load in KW;
1. Continuous Loads
Loads that are energized throughout the duty cycle, as for instance:
- Lighting;
- Continuously operating motors;
- Inverters;
- Indicating lights;
- Continuously energized coils;
- Annunciator loads.
2. Non-continuous Loads
Loads that are not energized for the entire duration of the duty cycle, as for instance:
- Emergency motors;
- Critical ventilation system motors;
- Communication system power supplies;
- Fire protection systems.
For these Non-continuous Loads which last 1 min or less are classified as Momentary
Load. You need special methods to deal with them; see 2.7.1. The examples of these
are:
- Switchgear operations;
- Motor-driven valve operations;
- Isolating switch operations;
- Field flashing of generators;
- Motor starting current;
- Inrush current.
3. Random
Loads that can occur at any point in the duty cycle, and cannot be confined to
any particular portion of the cycle
In IEEE Std 485-1997, “ IEEE recommended practice for sizing lead-acid batteries for
stationary applications," the following methods are used:
Where: E min batt is the minimum battery voltage, Vdp is the battery voltage drop during
the that period.
Where: EOC is the battery open circuit voltage (typically 0.85+ nominal specific gravity)
BC ∑
m
( I i × Di × DM i )
CAR = ∑ (CI j × DM j ) + × i =1
j =1 CH 60
Where:
CAR = Charger Ampere Rating
CI j = Continuous Load j
DM j = Design Margin for Load j
BC = Battery Constant
= 1.4 ( NiCad ) or 1.1 ( Lead-Acid )
CH = Desired Charging Time in Hours
I i = Noncontinuous Load i
Di = Duration of Load i in Minutes
DM i = Design Margin for Load i
DM = 1.0 for Nominal Calculations
m = Number of continuous loads
n = Number of noncontinuous loads