King Abdulaziz University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical and
Materials Engineering

Introduction to Chemical Engineering

ChE 201
Chapter 7
IDEAL & REAL GASES

Dr. Belal Al Zaitone Zuriqat

eMail: balzaitone@kau.edu.sa http://balzaitone.kau.edu.sa Office: Building No. 40, Room No. 24G58
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

1 Ideal Gases
1 The Ideal Gas Law

2 Ideal Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressure

3 Material Balances Involving Ideal Gases

2 Real Gases: Equations of State

3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts

4 Real Gas Mixtures

2
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

30 kg I 25 kg No !!! Mass conservation

30 mole I 10 mole Yes, chemical reaction

A B 3A  B

30 mole I 60 mole Yes, chemical reaction

A B
A  2B

30 m3 I 20 m3 Yes, process parameters

A A
P1,T1 P2,T2
3
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law relates the variables of pressure, volume,
temperature, and number of moles of gas within a closed system.

The ideal gas law: PV = nRT

P = Pressure of the confined gas in atmospheres (atm)
V = Volume of the confined gas, in liters (L)
n = Number of moles of gas in moles (mol)
T = Temperature in Kelvin (K)

R = Ideal Gas Constant equal= 0.082057 L·atm/mol·K

R = 0.082057 L·atm/mol·K
R= 62.364 L Torr mol-1 K-1
R= 8.3145 m3 Pa mol-1 K-1
R= 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1

4
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Conditions for a gas to behave as predicted by the ideal gas law:

1. The molecules do not occupy any space; they are infinitesimally
small.
2. No attractive forces exist between the molecules so the molecules
move completely independently of each other.
3. The gas molecules move in random, straight-line motion.
4. The collisions between the molecules, and between the molecules
and the walls of the container, are perfectly elastic.

These condition are met at: high temperature and low pressure.

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Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 7.1 : Calculate the volume, in cubic meters, occupied by 40

kg of CO2 at 1 atm and 0 °C?
Assume CO2 acts as an ideal gas.
CO2= 1.977 kg/m3 (gas at 1 atm and 0 °C)
MWCO2= 44 g/mol
Solution:
40 kg 1 m3
V= = 20.37 m3 at standard conditions
1.977 kg

Calculate CO2 volume at 2 atm and 50 °C!??

We need to know density of CO2 gas at 2 atm and 50 °C!!!!

PV = nRT
6
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 1: Recalculate the volume using ideal gas law the volume,
occupied by 40 kg of CO2 at 1 atm and 0 °C?
Assume the gas acts as an ideal gas.
MWCO2= 44 g/mol
Solution:
𝑚
𝑀𝑊 =
𝑅𝑇 𝑛 𝑚 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑉 =
𝑃 𝑀𝑊 𝑃

40∗1000 𝑔 0.082057 (L·atm/mol·K) 0+273.15 𝐾

𝑉 =
44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

V=20376 L = 20.376 m3

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Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases
40∗1000 𝑔 0.082057 (L·atm/mol·K) 0+273.15 𝐾
𝑉 = =20367 L =20.376 m3
44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

• Calculate the volume 40 kg CO2 at 2 atm and 50 °C!??

40∗1000 𝑔 0.082057 (L·atm/mol·K) 50+273.15 𝐾

𝑉 = =12053 L =12.053 m3
44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑎𝑡𝑚

• Calculate the volume 40 kg CO2 at 0.5 atm and 100 °C!??

• Calculate the volume 40 kg CO2 at 101325 Pa and 273.15 K ??

8
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Specific gravity of gases, SG:

• Defined as the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of air of at
Standard Conditions, SC:
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴 @ 𝑆𝐶
𝑆𝐺 =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑟 @ 𝑆𝐶
Standard Conditions, S.C. of Ideal gas are: 0 °C and 1 atm
Density of ideal gases
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝑊
𝑚 𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑃 = 𝜌
𝑉 𝑀𝑊 𝑀𝑊
𝑀𝑊
Density of ideal gases 𝜌= 𝑃
𝑅𝑇

9
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 2: Calculation of Gas Density

What is the density of N2 at 27°C and 100 kPa in SI Units,
Assume N2 acts as an ideal gas.
MwN2=28 g/mol
Solution:
𝑀𝑊 R = 0.082057 L·atm/mol·K
Density of N2 𝜌= 𝑃 R= 62.364 L Torr mol-1 K-1
𝑅𝑇
R= 8.3145 m3 Pa mol-1 K-1
R= 8.3145 J mol-1 K-1
R=10.73159 ft3 psi R−1 lb-mol−1
R=0.7302413 ft3 atm R−1 lb-mol−1

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Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Gas A @ initial state Gas A @ final state

I II

P1,V1, T1, n1 P2,V2, T2, n2

P1V1= n1 RT1 P2V2= n2 RT2

P1V1 n1 RT1
=
P2V2 n2 RT2
P1V1 n 1 T1
=
P2V2 n 2 T2
P1 V1 n1 T1
=
P2 V2 n2 T2
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Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 7.2: Calculation of Gas Volume

If the volume of CO2 at 0 °C and 1 atm is 20.376 m3
Calculate the CO2 volume at 27°C and 0.5 atm?
Solution:

P1 V1 n1 T1
=
P2 V2 n2 T2

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 20.365 𝑚3 0 + 273.15

=
0.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉2 27 + 273.15

V2= 44.76 m3

12
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 3: Calculation of Gas Density

If the density of N2 at T1=27°C and P1= 100 kPa
is 1=1.122 kg/m3
Calculate the density, 2 of N2 at 48°C and 150 kPa
Assume N2 acts as an ideal gas.
Solution:
𝑀𝑊 𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝜌1 = 𝑃1 𝜌2 = 𝑃2
𝑅𝑇1 𝑅𝑇2

ρ1 P1 T2
=
ρ2 P2 T1

1.122 100 (48 + 273.15)

=
ρ2 150 (27 + 273.15)

2= 1.712 kg/m3

13
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases
Ideal Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressure
Gas A, PA Gas B, PB Gas C, PC

Ptot=PA+PB+PC

Mixture of all three gases 14

Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Partial pressure, pi
The partial pressure of Dalton, namely the pressure that would be
exerted by a single component in a gaseous mixture if it existed
alone in the same volume as that occupied by the mixture and at the
same temperature of the mixture, and is defined by the ideal gas
law:
piVtotal=niRTtotal
where pi is the partial pressure of component i in the mixture.

piVtotal=niRTtotal ptotVtotal=ntotRTtotal

PiVtot ni RTtot ni
= Pi = P Pi = yi ∙ Ptot
PtotVtot ntot RTtot ntot tot
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Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 7.3: Calculation of the Partial Pressures of the

Components in a Gas.
In one process the off-flue gas analyzes 14.0% CO2, 6.0% O2, and
80.0% N2. It is at 400°F and 765.0 mmHg pressure.
Calculate the partial pressure of each component.

Solution:
Ptot= 765.0 mmHg Pi = yi ∙ Ptot

yCO2= 0.14 PC𝑂2 = yCO2 ∙ Ptot =0.14 (765.0)=107.1 mmHg

yO2= 0.06 P𝑂2 = yO2 ∙ Ptot =0.06 (765.0)=45.9 mmHg

yN2= 0.80 PN2 = yN2 ∙ Ptot =0.80 (765.0)=612.0 mmHg

16
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Example 7.4 : Material Balance involving combustion

To evaluate the use of renewable resources, an experiment was
carried out to pyrolize rice hulls. The product gas analyzed 6.4 %
CO2, 0.1 % O2, 39% CO, 51.8% H2, 0.6% CH4, and 2.1 % N2. It
entered the combustion chamber at 90°F and a pressure of 35.0 in.
Hg, and was burned with 40% excess air (dry), which was at 70°F
and an atmospheric pressure of 29.4 in. Hg; 10% of the CO remained
unburned. How many cubic feet of air were supplied per cubic foot
of entering gas? How many cubic feet of product gas were produced
per cubic foot of entering gas if the exit gas was at 29.4 in. Hg and
400°F?
Solution:

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Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases
CO +½ O2  CO2 T= 90 °F 3 T= 400 °F
1 P= 29.4 in.Hg
H2 + O2  H20 P= 35 in.Hg Combs.
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O n1=100 Ibmol n3= Ibmol
y3,CO2
10% of the CO y1,CO2=0.064 2 y3,H2O
y1,O2=0.0010
remained unburned. T= 70°F y3,CO
y1,CO=0.3900
P= 29.4 in.Hg y3,O2
y1,H2=0.5180
n2,Air= Ibmol y3,N2
y1,CH4=0.006
y2,N2=0.79
y1,N2=0.0210
y2,O2=0.21
40% excess air

18
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases

Material Balances Involving Ideal Gases:

Example 7.5 : Material Balance without Reaction
Gas at 15°C and 105 kPa is flowing through an irregular duct. To
determine the rate of flow of the gas, CO2 from a tank is passed into
the gas stream.
The gas analyzes 1.2% CO2 by volume before and 3.4% CO2 by
volume after the addition.
As the CO2 that was injected left the tank, it was passed through a
rotameter, and found to flow at the rate of 0.0917 m3/min at 7°C
and 131 kPa.
What was the rate of flow of the entering gas in the duct in cubic
meters per minute?
Solution:

19
Chapter 7: Ideal & Real Gases
V1(m3/min) 1 3
y1,CO2=0.012 tank V3(m3/min)
y3,CO2=0.034
y1,I=0.988
T= 15 °C y3,I=0.966
P= 105 kPa 2 T= 15 °C
P= 105 kPa

V2,CO2=0.0917 m3/min
T= 7°C
P= 131 kPa

20
Chapter 7: Real Gases

• Real Gases are gases whose behavior does not conform to the
assumptions underlying ideality.
• The ideal gas equation of state(PV=nRT) is not sufficient to
describe the P,V, and T behaviour of most real gases.
Real gases depart from ideal behavior at: Ideal gas gases :
• High pressure. • Low pressure.
• Low temperature • High temperature

21
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility
Corresponding States
• The law of corresponding states expresses the idea that in the critical
state all substances should behave alike.
Critical state (point)
• For a pure component it means: the
maximum temperature and
corresponding pressure at which
liquid and vapor can coexist.
• The critical state for the gas-liquid
transition is the set of physical
conditions at which the density and
other properties of the liquid and
vapor become identical.
• A supercritical fluid is a compound
in a state above its critical point
(Pc,Tc)

Water Tc=373.946 °C (647.096 K) Pc= 217.7 atm (22.06 MPa)

22
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility
Compressibility Factor, Z: Reduced Variables Tr,Pr and Vr:
is a factor that introduced into Are corrected or normalized conditions
the ideal gas law to of temperature, pressure, and volume,
compensate for non-ideality of normalized (divided) by their respective
gas. critical conditions. 𝑇
𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇
𝑐
• Ideal gas law
𝑃
PV=nRT 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃
𝑐
Compressibility factor, Z

• Real gas law: 𝑉

𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉
PV=ZnRT 𝑐

or
P𝑉=ZRT

𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑛 [m3/mol]

Reduced Pressure, Pr 23
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility
Compressibility Charts: a) for lower reduced pressures, Pr
Compressibility factor, Z=PV/RT

Reduced Pressure, Pr 24
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

Compressibility Charts: b) for higher reduced pressures, Pr

𝑉
𝑉𝑟𝑖 =
𝑉𝑐𝑖
Pressure-volume factor, PrVri=ZTr

𝑉
𝑉=
𝑛
𝑅𝑇𝐶
𝑉𝑐𝑖 =
𝑃𝐶
𝑉𝑟𝑖 :Dimensionless
ideal reduced volume.
𝑉𝑐𝑖 :ideal critical
molar-volume.
𝑉:molar-volume.

Reduced Pressure, Pr
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Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

Example 7.7: Use of Z factor to calculate a mass of real gas

A tank of ammonia NH3 (in gas phase) of 3.4 m3, temperature of the tank
is 324.8 k and pressure of the tank is 2115.8 kPa.
Estimate the mass of the ammonia tank assuming:
A) Ammonia is ideal gas
B) Ammonia is real gas
Solution:

26
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

Example 7.8: Use of Z factor to calculate a pressure

A tank of Liquid oxygen of 0.0284 m3 volume is filled with 3.500 kg of
liquid O2 that will vaporize at -25°C.
Will the pressure in the tank exceed the safety limit of the tank specified as
l04 kPa?
Solution:

27
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility
Compressibility Factors, z0 and z1
𝑍 = 𝑍 0 + 𝑍1 𝜔
Z0 & Z1 are function of Tr and Pr, find them from tables in Appendix C.
, Pitzer acentric factor:
The acentric factor  indicates the degree of acentricity or nonsphericity
of a molecule. For helium and argon, co is equal to zero. For higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons and for molecules with increased polarity,
the value of  increases.
Compound Acentric Factor (𝜔) Compound Acentric Factor (𝜔)
Acetone 0.309 Water vapor 0.344
Benzene 0.212 Methane 0.008
Ammonia 0.25 Methanol 0.559
Argon 0 n butane 0.193
Carbon dioxide 0.225 n-pentane 0.251
Carbon monoxide 0.049 Nitric oxide 0.607
Chlorine 0.073 Nitrogen 0.04
Ethane 0.098 Oxygen 0.021
Ethanol 0.635 Propane 0.152 28
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

𝑍 0 Table

29
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

𝑍1 Table

30
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

Real Gas Mixtures, Kay's method

Critical pressure and temperature for gas mixtures :

𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐,𝐴 𝑦𝐴 + 𝑃𝑐,𝐵 𝑦𝐵 +𝑃𝑐,𝐶 𝑦𝐶 + ……
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑐,𝐴 𝑦𝐴 + 𝑇𝑐,𝐵 𝑦𝐵 +𝑇𝑐,𝐶 𝑦𝐶 + ……
𝑃 𝑇
𝑃𝑟 = , 𝑇𝑟 =
𝑃𝑐 𝑇𝑐

31
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility

Example 7.9: Calculation of P-V-T Properties for a Real Gas

Mixture
A gaseous mixture has the following composition (in mole percent):
Methane, CH4, 20%, Ethylene. C2H4, 30% Nitrogen, N2, 50%
at 90 atm pressure and 100°C. Compare the volume per mole as
computed by the methods of: (a) the ideal gas law and (b) the pseudo-
reduced technique (Kay's method).
Solution:

32
Chapter 7: Real Gases: Compressibility
Pressure-volume factor, PrVri=ZTr

Reduced Pressure, Pr

33