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INTRODUCTION
Designing an electrical system is easy and simple,
if only the normal operation of the network is
taken into consideration. However, abnormal
conditions which are likely to occur anytime must
be foreseen and should be taken seriously during
the design stage. A good design must not only be
made simple, but most importantly, safe and
reliable. An Electrical system must operate
continuously during normal and healthy overload
situations; its protective device must also trip
expeditiously to isolate the affected parts of the
system during fault conditions.
Short-Circuit Calculation
Single phase to ground faults are the most common whereas the three
phase short-circuit fault are the most severe faults and also the most
amenable to calculations since these involve symmetrical conditions
only.
For unsymmetrical ground faults, line-to-ground fault on a solidly
grounded system is used to size ground cable as well as to coordinate
ground fault protective devices.
Sources of Fault Power.
All the generating and trandformers which under normal
conditions take power from the system.
Synchronous Machines. Under short-circuit conditions, a drop in
frequency or voltage is common and in this event, synchronous
machines will feed back into the system for a short period.
Large Induction Motor. large induction motor’s flywheel effect will
act as generators in the event of reduces frequency. Where
machines such as these are connected, and they are of size as to
have effect particularly where they are connected to a point close to
that for which short-circuit values are being calculated, they should
be calculated.
Frequency chargers
Short-Circuit Calculation
G x F3
Fig. 1.1 - short-circuit fed from a Fig. 1.2 - short-circuit fed from a source
single generator having more then one generator
Short-Circuit Calculation
In Fig. 1.1, let P and Q represents the bus bars at the power station and
the sub-station respectively. Also F1 represents a feeder outgoing from
the sub-station bus-bars and equipped with circuit breaker at X.
If there is a single feeder connecting P and Q and the generating station
also consists of a single generator as in Fig 1.1, in the event of fault
occurring at any point in on feeder F1, the short-circuit current from the
generating station will be a certain value limited by the impedance of
the generator and the impedance of the feeder up to the point of fault.
Now supposed that an increased load is required to be fed from the
sub-station bus-bars. In that case, it may become necessary to increase
the generating units at the power station and also to install a second
feeder between P and Q to carry the increased load. ( It is assumed that
the original generating unit and feeder between P and Q were fully loaded).
With the increased load, which may be due to additional consuming
apparatus, it may be similarly necessary to have more outgoing feeders
F1 and F2 etc. as shown in Fig. 1.2.
Short-Circuit Calculation
The fault current from the generating station due to a fault occurring
on, say F1 will be greater than that in the original system due to
(i) large kVA of the generating plant,
(ii) smaller impedance of the generating plant. ( the equivalent
impedance of two generators in parallel is smaller than the
individual impedance of each.)
(iii) the smaller impedance of the two feeders connecting P and Q
since they are now in parallel.
The value of fault current which can flow in any system under short-
circuit is limited only by the impedance in that system. Therefore, it is
necessary in any calculation to have knowledge of these impedances.
Short-Circuit Calculation
Ohms Method
480 volts
Fault 1 - ISC1 = = 96 Amps
5 ohms
240 volts
Fault 2 - ISC2 = = 56.5 Amps
4.25 ohms
Short-Circuit Calculation
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2
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2
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(Formula 5)
(Formula 6)
(Formula 9)
Short-Circuit Calculation
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IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
Short-Circuit Calculation
Short-Circuit Calculation